liver insufficiency

肝不全

WordNet

1. pursue a positive and satisfying existence; "You must accept yourself and others if you really want to live"
2. actually being performed at the time of hearing or viewing; "a live television program"; "brought to you live from Lincoln Center"; "live entertainment involves performers actually in the physical presence of a live audience" (同)unrecorded
3. abounding with life and energy; "the club members are a really live bunch"
4. charged with an explosive; "live ammunition"; "a live bomb"
5. exerting force or containing energy; "live coals"; "tossed a live cigarette out the window"; "got a shock from a live wire"; "live ore is unmined ore"; "a live bomb"; "a live ball is one in play"
6. highly reverberant; "a live concert hall"
7. in current use or ready for use; "live copy is ready to be set in type or already set but not yet proofread"
8. lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style; "we had to live frugally after the war"
9. not recorded; "the opera was broadcast live"
10. of current relevance; "a live issue"; "still a live option"
11. a lack of competence; "pointed out the insufficiencies in my report"; "juvenile offenses often reflect an inadequacy in the parents" (同)inadequacy
12. (pathology) inability of a bodily part or organ to function normally
13. lack of an adequate quantity or number; "the inadequacy of unemployment benefits" (同)inadequacy, deficiency
14. a person who has a special life style; "a high liver"
15. large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat; synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood; sy
16. liver of an animal used as meat
17. someone who lives in a place; "a liver in cities"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『生きている』,生命がある / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人などが〉『生き続ける』 / 〈物事が〉長く続く,存続する / 《場所を表す副詞[句]を伴って》〈人などが〉『住む』,居住する / 《副詞[句]を伴って》『生活する』,暮らす / 生人を楽しむ,おもしろく桟らす / 《a+形容詞癌lifeを目的語にして》〈…を生活〉‘を'する / 〈思想など〉‘を'実銭する
2. 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『生きている』 / 『活気のある』 / (問題などが)当面の / 燃えている / (弾丸などが)まだ爆発してない,未発の / まだ動いている(働いている),有効な / 電流が通じている / (放走が)生の,実況の
3. 不十分な[点],不足;不適当,不向き
4. (ある態度で)生活する人;居住者
5. 〈C〉『肝臓』 / 〈U〉(食用にする)動物の肝臓,レバー

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/28 16:37:37」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Hepatic disease
Micrograph of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Gastroenterology
MedlinePlus	000205

Liver disease (also called hepatic disease) is a type of damage to or disease of the liver.

Associated medical conditions

Types

Ground glass hepatocytes

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Budd-chiari syndrome

There are more than a hundred kinds of liver disease, these are some of the most common:

• Fascioliasis, a parasitic infection of liver caused by a Liver fluke of the Fasciola genus, mostly the Fasciola hepatica.
• Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, is caused by various viruses (viral hepatitis) also by some liver toxins (e.g. alcoholic hepatitis), autoimmunity (autoimmune hepatitis) or hereditary conditions.
• Alcoholic liver disease is a hepatic manifestation of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Analogous terms such as "drug-induced" or "toxic" liver disease are also used to refer to disorders caused by various drugs.
• Fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis) is a reversible condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum of disease associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
• Hereditary diseases that cause damage to the liver include hemochromatosis, involving accumulation of iron in the body, and Wilson's disease. Liver damage is also a clinical feature of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and glycogen storage disease type II.
• In transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis, the liver produces a mutated transthyretin protein which has severe neurodegenerative and/or cardiopathic effects. Liver transplantation can give a curative treatment option.
• Gilbert's syndrome, a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism found in a small percent of the population, can cause mild jaundice.
• Cirrhosis is the formation of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) in the place of liver cells that have died due to a variety of causes, including viral hepatitis, alcohol overconsumption, and other forms of liver toxicity. Cirrhosis causes chronic liver failure.
• Primary liver cancer most commonly manifests as hepatocellular carcinoma and/or cholangiocarcinoma; rarer forms include angiosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma of the liver. (Many liver malignancies are secondary lesions that have metastasized from primary cancers in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs, such as the kidneys, lungs.)
• Primary biliary cirrhosis is a serious autoimmune disease of the bile capillaries.
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a serious chronic inflammatory disease of the bile duct, which is believed to be autoimmune in origin.
• Budd–Chiari syndrome is the clinical picture caused by occlusion of the hepatic vein.

Mechanism

Liver disease can occur through several mechanisms. A common form of liver disease is viral infection. Viral hepatitides such as Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus can be vertically transmitted during birth via contact with infected blood. According to a 2012 NICE publication, "about 85% of hepatitis B infections in newborns become chronic". In occult cases, Hepatitis B virus is present by HBV DNA, but testing for HBsAg is negative. High consumption of alcohol can lead to several forms of liver disease including alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. In the earlier stages of alcoholic liver disease, fat builds up in the liver's cells due to increased creation of triglycerides and fatty acids and a decreased ability to break down fatty acids. Progression of the disease can lead to liver inflammation from the excess fat in the liver. Scarring in the liver often occurs as the body attempts to heal and extensive scarring can lead to the development of cirrhosis in more advanced stages of the disease. Approximately 3-10% of individuals with cirrhosis develop a form of liver cancer known as hepatocellular carcinoma.

Diagnosis

A number of liver function tests (LFTs) are available to test the proper function of the liver. These test for the presence of enzymes in blood that are normally most abundant in liver tissue, metabolites or products. serum proteins, serum albumin, serum globulin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time.

Treatment

Ursodeoxycholic acid

Anti-viral medications are available to treat infections such as hepatitis B. Other conditions may be managed by slowing down disease progression, for example:

• By using steroid-based drugs in autoimmune hepatitis.
• Regularly removing a quantity of blood from a vein (venesection) in the iron overload condition, hemochromatosis.
• Wilson’s disease, a condition where copper builds up in the body, can be managed with drugs which bind copper allowing it to be passed from your body in urine.
• In cholestatic liver disease, (where the flow of bile is affected due to cystic fibrosis) a medication called ursodeoxycholic acid (URSO, also referred to as UDCA) may be given.

References

Further reading

• Friedman, Lawrence S.; Keeffe, Emmet B. (2011-08-03). Handbook of Liver Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 1455723169. 

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 成人における急性肝不全：マネージメントおよび予後 acute liver failure in adults management and prognosis
• 2. 肝酵素および肝機能検査値の異常が認められた患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with abnormal liver biochemical and function tests
• 3. 嚢胞性線維症：肝胆道系疾患 cystic fibrosis hepatobiliary disease
• 4. 成人における確定診断を得られていない低血圧やショックの評価および初期アプローチ evaluation of and initial approach to the adult patient with undifferentiated hypotension and shock
• 5. 肝疾患患者における止血異常 hemostatic abnormalities in patients with liver disease

English Journal

• The economic burden of disease-related undernutrition in selected chronic diseases.

• Benković V1, Kolčić I2, Ivičević Uhernik A3, Vranešić Bender D4, Oreb I5, Stevanović R6, Krznarić Z7.
• Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland).Clin Nutr.2014 Aug;33(4):689-93. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.09.006. Epub 2013 Sep 18.
• BACKGROUND & AIMS: Undernutrition is a common and aggravating problem in people suffering from various chronic diseases as well as a source of material costs. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of disease-related undernutrition among adults in Croatia in the year 2012, as we
• PMID 24090684

• Prevention of periprosthetic joint infection: what are the effective strategies?

• Alijanipour P, Heller S, Parvizi J.
• The journal of knee surgery.J Knee Surg.2014 Aug;27(4):251-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1376332. Epub 2014 May 3.
• Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following total knee arthroplasty is a major burden for patients and health systems. Prevention of this challenging complication through implementation of effective strategies should be a priority. These strategies should encompass various levels of patient care.
• PMID 24792971

• Surgical results of reoperative tricuspid surgery: analysis from the Japan Cardiovascular Surgery Database†.

• Umehara N1, Miyata H2, Motomura N2, Saito S3, Yamazaki K3.
• Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg.2014 Jul;19(1):82-7. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivu064. Epub 2014 Apr 4.
• OBJECTIVES: Tricuspid valve insufficiency (TI) following cardiovascular surgery causes right-side heart failure and hepatic failure, which affect patient prognosis. Moreover, the benefits of reoperation for severe tricuspid insufficiency remain unclear. We investigated the surgical outcomes of reope
• PMID 24706173

Japanese Journal

• ステロイド補充療法開始時に肝障害の急性増悪を来した続発性副腎皮質機能低下症の１例

• 井上 広基,住友 弘幸,中内 佳奈子,岩﨑 優,村上 尚嗣,島田 直,金崎 淑子,新谷 保実
• 徳島赤十字病院医学雑誌 19(1), 84-89, 2014-03-01
• NAID 120005444922

• Splenectomy prolongs the effects of corticosteroids in mouse models of autoimmune hepatitis.

• Maruoka Ryutaro,Aoki Nobuhiro,Kido Masahiro,Iwamoto Satoru,Nishiura Hisayo,Ikeda Aki,Chiba Tsutomu,Watanabe Norihiko
• Gastroenterology 145(1), 209-220.e9, 2013-07
• … We examined whether splenectomy overcomes corticosteroid insufficiency and reduces the severity of AIH in these mice. … Splenectomy reduced liver inflammation in these mice and in BALB/c PD-1^{–/–} mice with AIH. … Splenectomy overcomes corticosteroid insufficiency in mice and prolongs the effects of dexamethasone. …
• NAID 120005315980

• Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis with a T Cell-dominant Profile of Infiltrating Cells and Granulomas in Both Organs

• Iwakura Takamasa,Fujigaki Yoshihide,Matsuyama Takashi,Fujikura Tomoyuki,Ohashi Naro,Yasuda Hideo,Kato Akihiko,Baba Satoshi
• Internal Medicine 52(4), 467-471, 2013
• … A 46-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for an evaluation of progressive renal insufficiency and elevated liver enzymes. … Her laboratory findings indicated primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), which was confirmed with a liver biopsy. … CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells with granuloma formation were the predominant cells infiltrating into the interstitium of the kidneys and liver. …
• NAID 130003365903

Related Links

• liver insufficiency definition of liver insufficiency in the Free ...

liver, largest glandular organ of the body, weighing about 3 lb (1.36 kg). It is reddish brown in color and is divided into four lobes of unequal size and shape. The liver lies on the right side of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm.

• liver insufficiency - definition of liver insufficiency in the ...

Definition of liver insufficiency in the Medical Dictionary. liver insufficiency explanation. Information about liver insufficiency in Free online English dictionary. What is liver insufficiency? Meaning of liver insufficiency medical term ...

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「肝不全」
関連記事	「insufficiency」「live」「liver」

「肝不全」

　　[★]

英

hepatic failure, liver failure, hepatic insufficiency, liver insufficiency

同

肝機能不全

関

肝障害, 肝機能障害, 肝臓障害, 肝機能異常

• 病態(肝機能の低下)で定義される疾患概念。

病型と病因

• 1. 急性肝不全：劇症肝炎(急激に肝予備能が低下。ウイルス性、薬剤性など)など。
• 2. 慢性肝不全：非代償性肝硬変、末期肝癌など

症候

• 1. 全身倦怠感および消化器症状(悪心、嘔吐など)
• 2. 肝性脳症

• 意識障害などの精神症状、羽ばたき振戦、肝性口臭など
• 肝の機能低下および門脈大循環の側副血行路のため、血中に蓄積した物質が脳代謝障害を起こすと考えられる。
• 血中アンモニア値上昇、フィッシャー比(血中分岐鎖アミノ酸/芳香族アミノ酸比)の低下、脳波の徐波化と三相波出現がみられる。

• 3. 黄疸

• ビリルビンの代謝障害(抱合や輸送)による血中ビリルビン値の上昇。

• 4. 腹水

• 1) 膠質浸透圧低下：↓肝でのアルブミン産生量　→　↓膠質浸透圧　→　↑組織外液
• 2) 門脈圧亢進

• 5. 出血性素因(凝固機能低下)

• 凝固因子産生量低下

「insufficiency」

　　[★]

• n.

• 不全、不全症、機能不全、機能不全症、不足、不十分、(心臓)弁閉鎖不全、弁閉鎖不全症

関

dearth、deficient、deficit、dysfunction、failing、failure、hypofunction、imperfecta、in short、inadequate、incompetence、insufficient、insufficiently、lack、low、malfunction、paucity、poorly、regurgitation、scanty、scarce、scarcity、short、shortage、shortness、stun

　 　 　 　

「live」

　　[★]

[liv]

• vt.
• vi.

---

[laiv]

• adj.

同

LAIV

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「liver」

　　[★] 肝臓