- 同
- live, attenuated influenza vaccine
WordNet
- pursue a positive and satisfying existence; "You must accept yourself and others if you really want to live"
- actually being performed at the time of hearing or viewing; "a live television program"; "brought to you live from Lincoln Center"; "live entertainment involves performers actually in the physical presence of a live audience" (同)unrecorded
- abounding with life and energy; "the club members are a really live bunch"
- charged with an explosive; "live ammunition"; "a live bomb"
- exerting force or containing energy; "live coals"; "tossed a live cigarette out the window"; "got a shock from a live wire"; "live ore is unmined ore"; "a live bomb"; "a live ball is one in play"
- highly reverberant; "a live concert hall"
- in current use or ready for use; "live copy is ready to be set in type or already set but not yet proofread"
- lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style; "we had to live frugally after the war"
- not recorded; "the opera was broadcast live"
- of current relevance; "a live issue"; "still a live option"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 『生きている』,生命がある / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人などが〉『生き続ける』 / 〈物事が〉長く続く,存続する / 《場所を表す副詞[句]を伴って》〈人などが〉『住む』,居住する / 《副詞[句]を伴って》『生活する』,暮らす / 生人を楽しむ,おもしろく桟らす / 《a+形容詞癌lifeを目的語にして》〈…を生活〉‘を'する / 〈思想など〉‘を'実銭する
- 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『生きている』 / 『活気のある』 / (問題などが)当面の / 燃えている / (弾丸などが)まだ爆発してない,未発の / まだ動いている(働いている),有効な / 電流が通じている / (放走が)生の,実況の
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/23 18:32:04」(JST)
wiki en
| Vaccine description | |
|---|---|
| Target disease | Influenza |
| Type | Attenuated virus |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Flumist |
| Pregnancy cat. |
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| Legal status |
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| Routes | Intranasally |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | N |
| ATC code | J07BB03 |
| N (what is this?) (verify) | |
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is a type of influenza vaccine in the form of a nasal spray.[1] It is an attenuated vaccine, unlike most influenza vaccines, which are inactivated vaccines. LAIV is administered intranasally,[2] while inactivated vaccines are administered by intramuscular injection. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines are typically trivalent. That is, they contain material from three different influenza virus strains recommended by national and international public health agencies[3][4] as most likely to be protective against seasonal influenza in any given year. LAIV is sold under the trade name FluMist in the United States and Canada, and Fluenz[5] in Europe.
FluMist is manufactured by MedImmune and was first introduced in 2003.[6] It was the first and (as of 2007) the only live attenuated vaccine for influenza available outside of Europe.[7] In September 2009 a LAIV intranasal vaccine for the novel H1N1 influenza virus was approved.[8] In 2011, the vaccine was approved by the European Medicines Agency for use in the European Union under the name Fluenz.[9]
| Influenza (Flu) |
|---|
| Types |
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| Vaccines |
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| Treatment |
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| Pandemics |
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| Outbreaks |
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| See also |
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Contents
- 1 Rationale
- 2 Risks
- 3 Source of LAIV
- 4 Groups for whom FluMist is recommended
- 5 Groups for whom FluMist is not recommended
- 6 Testing pandemic FluMist variants
- 7 History
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Rationale
There is some evidence from clinical studies that LAIV is more effective than inactivated vaccine in young children.[2][10][11]
Risks
Even though the virus in LAIV is attenuated (low in virulence), it is still a living virus, and may cause an infection with complications in people with weakened immune systems or other underlying medical conditions. LAIV is recommended only for people 2–49 years of age, and is not recommended for people who have a weakened immune system, for pregnant women, or for people with certain chronic diseases.[dead link] [12] In contrast, inactivated virus vaccines contain no living virus, and cannot cause a live infection. Persons receiving LAIV may shed small amounts of the vaccine virus during the first week. People coming in contact with the vaccinated person are not considered to be at risk, unless their immune systems are severely weakened (for example, bone marrow transplant recipients).[1]
Source of LAIV
MedImmune is one company that manufactures LAIV, which it sells under the trade name "FluMist" in the United States and "Fluenz"[5] in Europe. For the 2010–2011 flu season, FluMist was the only LAIV approved by the FDA for use in the USA.[4] All other FDA-approved lots were inactivated virus vaccines. In September 2009 a LAIV intranasal vaccine for the novel H1N1 influenza virus was approved[8] and the seasonal intranasal vaccine was approved by the European Medicines Agency for use in the European Union in 2011, though distribution will not likely begin until 2012.[9]
As of 2007, the only other company holding LAIV vaccine rights was BioDiem of Australia.[13] BioDiem licensed rights to private production of the vaccine in China to Changchun BCHT Biotechnology, which also holds public rights for production in China sublicensed from the World Health Organization.[14] BCHT plans to market a trivalent LAIV vaccine for H1N1 flu by the end of 2016.[15] The BCHT flu vaccine is one of several candidates for WHO prequalification in the near future,[16] reflecting a shift of Chinese market priorities from a large domestic market toward export.[17] BioDiem has also licensed production to the Serum Institute of India, which holds exclusive licenses for production in Mexico, Argentina, Peru, South Africa, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and the Government Pharmaceutical Office of Thailand.
Groups for whom FluMist is recommended
Nurse administering the FluMist product to a patient.
Influenza vaccine is a cost-effective counter-measure to the threat of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza.[18][19]
In Canada, the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), the group that advises the Public Health Agency of Canada, currently recommends that everyone aged 2 to 64 years be encouraged to receive annual influenza vaccination, and that children between the age of 6 and 24 months, and their household contacts, should be considered a high priority for the flu vaccine.[20]
In February 2008, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended vaccination for all children and teenagers between six months and 18 years of age.[20]
FluMist is a vaccine of demonstrated effectiveness against seasonal influenza.[21] Reviews conducted in 2008[22] and 2011[23] suggest that FluMist may be equal to or more effective than injected influenza vaccines in children aged 6–71 months and in children aged 6–17 years.
In 2007, FluMist received additional approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) extending the age groups it is approved for, to include healthy children two years old and onward.[24] And the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), endorsed the needle-free vaccine as a good option for healthy (non-asthmatic) children aged 2 through 4 years.[25] This extended approval supplemented approvals for children over four years of age that were already effective. The sum of these approvals is that FluMist is approved and recommended from the child's 25th month through the adult's 49th year of age.
FluMist is currently recommended for all healthy persons at least two years old and under 50 years of age wishing to protect themselves from influenza and its complications, or to avoid spreading the flu to members of certain vulnerable groups:
"All healthy, non-pregnant persons age 49 yrs and younger who want to reduce the likelihood of becoming ill with influenza, or of spreading it to others who meet any of the criteria listed below:
-Working or living with at-risk people as listed in the section above.
-Healthcare personnel or other persons who provide direct care to at-risk people (except persons in close contact with severely immunosuppressed persons).
-Household contacts and out-of-home caregivers of children age 0–59m.
-Travelers who may be among people from areas of the world where there is current influenza activity (e.g., on organized tours).
-Students or other persons in institutional settings (e.g., dormitory residents)." [26]
For comparison, only Sanofi-Aventis's injectable influenza vaccine is approved for children 7 months of age and older; FluMist is approved after the second year, and other injectable vaccines from four years of age onward. Injectable influenza vaccine approvals have no upper age limit, while FluMist has not yet been tested or presented for FDA approval for use by persons 50 or older. FluMist is approved for individuals from 2 years to 59 years of age in Canada.
Within the age groups they are approved for, injectable vaccines do occasionally present mild side effects such as soreness, redness, swelling, fever, and aches, and FluMist sometimes causes brief and mild symptoms such as a runny nose. Side effects of both FluMist and injected vaccines tend to be slightly more prevalent the first year, and to diminish with vaccinations given in subsequent years.[27]
Tests against injected (killed virus) vaccinations have shown that FluMist is more effective than needle shots in preventing influenza, especially in children aged 6 to 17[28][29] but one smaller study in adults showed lower effectiveness against influenza B viruses in adults.[30]
In past years when flu vaccine has been in short supply, healthy people were requested to abstain from vaccination early in the season, to leave the limited supply for the most vulnerable groups. Flu vaccine supplies are now abundant, and since healthy people benefit from vaccination they are now encouraged to protect themselves and others by being vaccinated.
The 2007 recommendations by the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) include six principal changes or updates. These stress that all persons who want to reduce the risk of becoming ill with influenza or of transmitting influenza to others should be vaccinated, and that young children not previously vaccinated should be vaccinated twice, and include these specific recommendations:
ACIP reiterates a previous recommendation that all persons, including school-aged children, who want to reduce the risk of becoming ill with influenza or of transmitting influenza to others should be vaccinated (see Box and Recommendations for Using TIV and LAIV During the 2007--08 Influenza Season).
ACIP emphasizes that immunization providers should offer influenza vaccine and schedule immunization clinics throughout the influenza season (see Timing of Vaccination).
ACIP recommends that health-care administrators consider the level of vaccination coverage among health-care personnel (HCP) to be one measure of a patient safety quality program and implement policies to encourage HCP vaccination (e.g., obtaining signed statements from HCP who decline influenza vaccination) (see Additional Information Regarding Vaccination of Specific Populations).[31]
In 2000, a study found FluMist be well tolerated in 57 adults with asymptomatic HIV and median CD4 counts of 541.[32] The FluMist patient information further clarifies, "Although FluMist was studied in 57 asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic adults with HIV infection [...], data supporting the safety and effectiveness of FluMist administration in immunocompromised individuals are limited."[33] In 2008, FluMist was tested and found safe for children suffering from HIV and taking anti-retrovirals.[34]
However, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control state clearly that people with HIV/AIDS should not receive FluMist [35] and that advice is augmented by the suggestion that close household contacts or caregivers of severely immunocompromised individuals should not receive FluMist due to transmission risks from individuals immunized with FluMist.
The vaccine was approved for use in the European Union by the European Medicines Agency in 2011. Marketing approval in Europe, where it will be called Fluenz, is for the prevention of seasonal influenza in children aged from two to less than 18 years,[5] though distribution will not likely begin until 2012.[9]
Groups for whom FluMist is not recommended
- children <24 months of age, due to increased risk of wheezing [36]
- individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to previous influenza vaccination.[36]
- individuals with a history of hypersensitivity, especially anaphylactic reactions, to eggs, egg proteins, gentamicin, gelatin, or arginine or to any other ingredient in the formulation [36]
- People with a medical condition that places them at high risk for complications from influenza, including those with chronic heart or lung disease, such as asthma or reactive airways disease[21]
- People with medical conditions such as diabetes or kidney failure or people with illnesses that weaken the immune system, or who take medications that can weaken the immune system[21]
- Children less than 5 years old with a history of recurrent wheezing[21]
- Children or adolescents receiving aspirin[21]
- People with a history of Guillain-Barré syndrome, a rare disorder of the nervous system[21]
- Pregnant women[21]
- People who have a severe allergy to chicken eggs or who are allergic to any of the nasal spray vaccine components[21]
It is possible for individuals vaccinated with FluMist to spread the virus to others for up to 21 days after vaccination. For this reason it is recommended that those vaccinated with FluMist avoid close contact with individuals with weak immune systems during that time.[37]
Testing pandemic FluMist variants
FluMist is designed to be quickly modifiable to present the surface antigens of seasonal flu. The modifiability could also allow it to be quickly customized as a vaccine against a pandemic influenza if one were to emerge. In light of the Global spread of H5N1 advance preparation to reduce human mortality in the event of an H5N1 pandemic has begun. Modifying FluMist to serve as a specific human H5N1 vaccine is among the measures studied.[38]
In June 2006, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) began enrolling participants in a Phase 1 H5N1 study of an intranasal influenza vaccine candidate based on MedImmune's live, attenuated vaccine technology.[39]
In September 2006 the NIH NIAID reported that inoculation with a FluMist vaccine modified to present the surface antigens of certain H5N1 variants provided broad protection against other H5N1 variants in the mouse and ferret models.[40] Attenuated live viruses were found protective against H5N1 in mice and chickens in a 2009 study.[41]
Although early work is focusing on the looming H5N1 threat, the CDC team led by Kanta Subbarao and others intends to eventually prepare and store surface antigens for all known strains of influenza, ready to be grafted onto the base attenuated FluMist core virus whenever a pandemic threat might emerge.
"Several trials have reported that LAIVs can boost virus-specific CTLs as well as mucosal and serum antibodies and provide broad cross-protection against heterologous human influenza A viruses." (58, 59)[42] "[V]accine formulas inducing heterosubtypic T cell–mediated immunity may confer broad protection against avian and human influenza A viruses." [42]
In September 2009 a LAIV intranasal vaccine for the novel H1N1 influenza virus was approved.[8]
History
FluMist was originally developed by Hunein "John" Maassab, Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Michigan School of Public Health in Ann Arbor, Michigan and later by Aviron, in Mountain View, California, under the sponsorship of NIH in the mid-1990s. MedImmune, Inc. purchased Aviron in 2002, and the FDA approved FluMist in June 2003.[43] FluMist was first made available in September 2003.
The U.S. FDA initially approved FluMist only for healthy people ages 5 to 49 because of concerns over possible side effects. Now FluMist is approved and recommended for healthy children 24 months of age and older. The FDA approved the current unfrozen refrigerated version for the same age group (ages 5–49) in August 2006 following completion of phase 3 clinical trials.[44] CAIV-T has been approved by the FDA and is the version offered on the market beginning in fall of 2007.
The current version of the vaccine is called CAIV-T, and is stable for storage in a refrigerator, rather than requiring freezer storage as did the originally-approved formulation. Approved for the 2007-2008 flu season, the refrigerated formulation can be distributed more economically, so that the price differential with shots (which had hampered sales of the original frozen version of FluMist) is now largely eliminated. FluMist was initially priced higher than the injectable vaccines, but sold only 500,000 of the 4 million doses it produced its first year on the market, despite a comparative shortage of flu vaccine in fall 2004.[45] The price was sharply lowered the next year, and the company reports distributing 1.6 million doses in 2005.[46] Because of the price drop, despite selling almost three times as many doses in 2005, the company reported $21 million in FluMist sales, compared to $48 million the previous year.[47] Further cuts in pricing had to await FDA approval of a refrigerator-cooled FluMist formulation, as the initial formulation required freezer storage and thawing on demand before administration. Although it is positioned as a premium product, the remaining price premium for FluMist over the cost of needle-injected vaccine is small.[citation needed]
The FDA's regulatory pathway for FluMist has been suggested as a possible precedent for phage therapy.[48]
References
- ^ a b Block, S. L.; Yogev, R.; Hayden, F. G.; Ambrose, C. S.; Zeng, W.; Walker, R. E. (2008). "Shedding and immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza vaccine virus in subjects 5–49 years of age". Vaccine 26 (38): 4940–4946. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.013. PMID 18662737. edit
- ^ a b Belshe, R. B.; Edwards, K. M.; Vesikari, T.; Black, S. V.; Walker, R. E.; Hultquist, M.; Kemble, G.; Connor, E. M.; CAIV-T Comparative Efficacy Study Group (2007). "Live Attenuated versus Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Infants and Young Children". New England Journal of Medicine 356 (7): 685–696. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065368. PMID 17301299. edit
- ^ Influenza vaccine: annual reformulation of flu vaccine.
- ^ a b Influenza Virus Vaccine Composition and Lot Release, US Food and Drug Administration
- ^ a b c Fluenz: EPAR - Summary for the public
- ^ Midthun, Karen; Steven Masiello (2003-07-17). "CBER Approval Letter, Influenza Virus Vaccine, Live, Intranasal (FluMist)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5213a1.htm Recommendations and Reports September 26, 2003 / 52(RR13);1-8 Using Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine for Prevention and Control of Influenza Supplemental Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Prepared by Scott A. Harper, M.D.1 Keiji Fukuda, M.D.1 Nancy J. Cox, Ph.D.1 Carolyn B. Bridges, M.D.2 1Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases National Center for Infectious Diseases 2Epidemiology and Surveillance Division National Immunization Program
- ^ a b c "Update on Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccines". October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
- ^ a b c AstraZeneca's Nasal Flu Vaccine Approved In Europe
- ^ Ambrose, C. S.; Luke, C.; Coelingh, K. (2008). "Current status of live attenuated influenza vaccine in the United States for seasonal and pandemic influenza". Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2 (6): 193–202. doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2008.00056.x. PMC 2710797. PMID 19453395. edit
- ^ Jefferson, T.; Rivetti, A.; Di Pietrantonj, C.; Demicheli, V.; Ferroni, E. (2012). "Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children". In Jefferson, Tom. "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) 8: CD004879. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004879.pub4. PMID 22895945. edit
- ^ FluMist Safety and Eligibility Information
- ^ "MedImmune takeover holds promise for BioDiem". BioTechnologyNews. 2007-04-26.
- ^ "BioDiem licenses LAIV technology to Changchun BCHT". ResearchInChina. 2012-02-10.
- ^ Jinchang Wu (March 2013). "Overview of BCHT and Update to LAIV Project". Changchun BCHT.
- ^ "Progress under GAP Pillar 2 "Increase Production Capacity" Contribution of the WHO Technology Transfer Programme". World Health Organization. 2013-03-18.
- ^ Jiao Li (2013-10-18). "China enters global vaccine marketplace".
- ^ "Comparisons of LAIV and TAIV Efficacy". National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2008-07-06. "Neither the comparative advantages of FluMist in the first study nor the apparent advantages of needle-injected vaccine in the second rose to statistical significance."
- ^ Bright, Rick; Donald Carter, Corey Crevar, Franklin Toapanta, Jonathan Steckbeck, Kelly Cole, Niranjan Kumar, Peter Pushko, Gale Smith, Terrence Tumpey and Ted Ross (January 2008). Rodrigues, Mauricio, ed. "Cross-Clade Protective Immune Responses to Influenza Viruses with H5N1 HA and NA Elicited by an Influenza Virus-Like Particle". PLoS ONE (Public Library of Science) 3 (1): e1501. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001501. PMC 2200794. PMID 18231588. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
- ^ a b "U.S. panel recommends all kids get the flu shot". CTV.ca. 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "The Nasal-Spray Flu Vaccine (Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine [LAIV])". National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ Rhorer J, Ambrose CS, Dickinson S et al. (February 2009). "Efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine in children: A meta-analysis of nine randomized clinical trials". Vaccine 27 (7): 1101–10. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.093. PMID 19095024.
- ^ Ambrose CS, Levin MJ, Belshe RB (March 2011). "The relative efficacy of trivalent live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in children and adults". Influenza Other Respi Viruses 5 (2): 67–75. doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00183.x. PMC 3151550. PMID 21306569.
- ^ http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2007/NEW01705.html FDA Approves Nasal Influenza Vaccine for Use in Younger Children
- ^ CIDRAP >> ACIP endorses FluMist for 2-, 3-, and 4-year-olds
- ^ http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p2011.pdf Summary of Recommendations for Adult Immunization linked from CDC website http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/adult-schedule.htm#print
- ^ Ohmit SE, Gross J, Victor JC, Monto AS (February 2009). "Reduced Reaction Frequencies with Repeated Inactivated or Live-attenuated Influenza Vaccination". Vaccine 27 (7): 1050–4. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.100. PMC 2665993. PMID 19095028.
- ^ FluMist More Effective Than Injections For Small Children And Babies. Medical News Today. 1 May 2006.
- ^ 'FluMist MedImmune clinical data (phase III) (influenza).' R&D Focus Drug News 30 January 2006.
- ^ Study: Flu Shots Better Than FluMist. cbsnews.com. 13 December 2006.
- ^ Primary Changes and Updates in the Recommendations (2007) http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5606a1.htm
- ^ King JC, Treanor J, Fast PE, et al. (February 2000). "Comparison of the safety, vaccine virus shedding, and immunogenicity of influenza virus vaccine, trivalent, types A and B, live cold-adapted, administered to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected adults". J. Infect. Dis. 181 (2): 725–8. doi:10.1086/315246. PMID 10669363.
- ^ 5.4 Altered Immunocompetence, http://www.medimmune.com/pdf/products/flumist_pi.pdf
- ^ New Research Finds Live Influenza Vaccine is Just as Safe for HIV-Infected Children – Current Recommendation Has Been for Inactivated Vaccine http://www.uchsc.edu/news/newsrelease/2008/jul/vaccine.htm[dead link][dead link]
- ^ Seasonal Influenza (Flu): HIV/AIDS and the Flu http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/hiv-flu.htm
- ^ a b c AstraZeneca Inc. (2013). Product Monograph: FluMist. AstraZeneca Inc.
- ^ "Risks of FluMist Vaccine".
- ^ See, e.g., http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1147-G.htm | Volume 12, Number 1, January 2006 Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza Catherine J. Luke* and Kanta Subbarao*
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- ^ MedImmune Press release MedImmune and National Institutes of Health Begin Clinical Testing of a Live, Attenuated Intranasal Vaccine Against an H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus published June 15, 2006
- ^ Suguitan AL, McAuliffe J, Mills KL, et al. (September 2006). "Live, attenuated influenza A H5N1 candidate vaccines provide broad cross-protection in mice and ferrets". PLoS Med. 3 (9): e360. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030360. PMC 1564176. PMID 16968127.
- ^ Steel J, Lowen AC, Pena L, et al. (February 2009). "Live attenuated influenza viruses containing NS1 truncations as vaccine candidates against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza". J. Virol. 83 (4): 1742–53. doi:10.1128/JVI.01920-08. PMC 2643794. PMID 19073731.
- ^ a b Lee LY, Ha do LA, Simmons C, et al. (October 2008). "Memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection cross-react with avian influenza A (H5N1) in healthy individuals". J. Clin. Invest. 118 (10): 3478–90. doi:10.1172/JCI32460. PMC 2542885. PMID 18802496.
- ^ Appleby, Julie (2004-01-07). "Nasal FluMist overcomes obstacles to reach public". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ "MedImmune begins shipping live intranasal flu vaccine for 2006-2007 after U.S. FDA release". Lab Law Weekly. 2006-08-25. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ Rosenwald, Michael (2005-01-06). "FluMist Sales Falling Short, Survey Finds". The Washington Post. p. E05. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ "MedImmune reports revenues of $1.2 billion". Pharma Business Week. 2006-02-27. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ Rosenwald, Michael (2006-02-03). "Sales of MedImmune's Flu Vaccine Drop Sharply". The Washington Post. p. D04. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ Keen, E. C. (2012). "Phage Therapy: Concept to Cure". Frontiers in Microbiology 3. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00238. edit
External links
- FluMist nasal flu vaccine - Official website
- FluMist information on University of Michigan, School of Public Health website
- Live Attenuated Vaccine in Russia presentation on Russian live influenza vaccines since 1961
- CDC Vaccine Information Statement Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine
- CDC Vaccine Information Statement 2009 H1N1 LAIV
- Summary of the European public assessment report (EPAR) for Fluenz
- FDA prescribing information
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 小児における季節性インフルエンザ：ワクチン接種による予防 seasonal influenza in children prevention with vaccines
- 2. 最新の診療アップデート practice changing updates
- 3. 成人における季節性インフルエンザワクチン seasonal influenza vaccination in adults
- 4. 卵アレルギーのある人におけるインフルエンザワクチン influenza vaccination in individuals with egg allergy
- 5. 妊娠中の予防接種 immunizations during pregnancy
English Journal
- Efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine against influenza illness in children as a function of illness severity.
- Ambrose CS1, Wu X2, Caspard H3, Belshe RB4.
- Vaccine.Vaccine.2014 Sep 29;32(43):5546-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.097. Epub 2014 Aug 12.
- A recent study of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children aged 3-8 years demonstrated higher efficacy against moderate/severe influenza. A meta-analysis of all previous published randomized clinical trials of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) that collected information on illness seve
- PMID 25131746
- Intranasal seasonal influenza vaccine and a TLR-3 agonist, rintatolimod, induced cross-reactive IgA antibody formation against avian H5N1 and H7N9 influenza HA in humans.
- Overton ET1, Goepfert PA2, Cunningham P3, Carter WA4, Horvath J5, Young D6, Strayer DR7.
- Vaccine.Vaccine.2014 Sep 22;32(42):5490-5. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.078. Epub 2014 Aug 13.
- The intranasal use of rintatolimod, a specific TLR-3 agonist, combined with trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine generated cross-protection against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in mice. The purpose of this clinical trial is to assess the safety and impact of rintatolimod on intranasal infl
- PMID 25128802
- Distinct Cross-reactive B-Cell Responses to Live Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza Vaccines.
- Sasaki S1, Holmes TH2, Albrecht RA3, García-Sastre A4, Dekker CL5, He XS6, Greenberg HB7.
- The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2014 Sep 15;210(6):865-74. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu190. Epub 2014 Mar 27.
- BACKGROUND: The immunological bases for the efficacies of the 2 currently licensed influenza vaccines, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), are not fully understood. The goal of this study was to identify specific B-cell responses correlated with the know
- PMID 24676204
Japanese Journal
- 公衆衛生 米国における生ワクチン接種の現状
- 宮崎 千明
- インフルエンザ 9(3), 229-233, 2008-07-00
- NAID 40016159676
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| リンク元 | 「live」 |
| 関連記事 | 「LA」 |
「live」
- [liv]
- vt.
- vi.
- [laiv]
- adj.
- 同
- LAIV