関: ERK、extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase

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place signs, as along a road; "sign an intersection"; "This road has been signed"
(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease; "there were no signs of asphyxiation"
a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened); "he showed signs of strain"; "they welcomed the signs of spring" (同)mark
a character indicating a relation between quantities; "dont forget the minus sign"
a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; "The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure
a gesture that is part of a sign language
a public display of a message; "he posted signs in all the shop windows"
engage by written agreement; "They signed two new pitchers for the next season" (同)contract, sign on, sign_up
approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation; "All parties ratified the peace treaty"; "Have you signed your contract yet?" (同)ratify
communicate silently and non-verbally by signals or signs; "He signed his disapproval with a dismissive hand gesture"; "The diner signaled the waiters to bring the menu" (同)signal, signalize, signalise
mark with ones signature; write ones name (on); "She signed the letter and sent it off"; "Please sign here" (同)subscribe
be engaged by a written agreement; "He signed to play the casino on Dec. 18"; "The soprano signed to sing the new opera"
communicate in sign language; "I dont know how to sign, so I could not communicate with my deaf cousin"
notably out of the ordinary; "the year saw one signal triumph for the Labour party"
an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes
any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message; "signals from the boat suddenly stopped" (同)signaling, sign
any incitement to action; "he awaited the signal to start"; "the victory was a signal for wild celebration"
bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations; "We cannot regulate the way people dress"; "This town likes to regulate" (同)regularize, regularise, order, govern
fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of; "regulate the temperature"; "modulate the pitch" (同)modulate
an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme
located or occurring outside a cell or cells; "extracellular fluid"

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(ある事実・状態・感情などの)『表れ』,印,気配,徴侯(indication);(…の)こん跡,計跡《+『of』+『名』》・『身ぶり』,手まね,合図 / 『標識』,看板 / (数学・音楽などの)記号 / (…の)『象徴』,シンボル(symbol)《+『of』+『名』》・《文》(…の)『前兆』,きざし《+『of』+『名』》・宮(きゅう)(黄道12区分の一つ) ・〈手紙・書類・作品など〉‘に'『署名する』・(…に)〈名前など〉‘を'書く《+『名』+『on』(『to』)+『名』》 / …‘を'雇う契約に署名する・…‘を'合図する,知らせる;…に合図する・署名する・契約書に署名して雇われる
(警告・指示・情報などを伝える)『信号』,合図 / (…の)きっかけ,動機,導火線《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈人・車など〉‘に'『合図する』,信号を送る / …‘を'『合図』(信号)『で知らせる』 / 『合図する』,信号する / 合図の,信号の / めざましい,顕著な
(規則などで)…‘を'『規制する』,『統制する』 / 〈機械など〉‘を'『調整する』 / 〈量や率など〉‘を'ある限度内におさえる

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/20 23:38:55」(JST)

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In molecular biology, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, transforming agents, and carcinogens, activate the ERK pathway.^{[citation needed]}

The term, "extracellular-signal-regulated kinases", is sometimes used as a synonym for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but has more recently been adopted for a specific subset of the mammalian MAPK family. In the MAPK/ERK pathway, Ras activates c-Raf, followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (abbreviated as MKK, MEK, or MAP2K) and then MAPK1/2 (below). Ras is typically activated by growth hormones through receptor tyrosine kinases and GRB2/SOS, but may also receive other signals. ERKs are known to activate many transcription factors, such as ELK1,^[1] and some downstream protein kinases. Disruption of the ERK pathway is common in cancers, especially Ras, c-Raf and receptors such as HER2.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) is also known as "extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2" (ERK2). Two similar (85% sequence identity) protein kinases were originally called ERK1 and ERK2.^[2] They were found during a search for protein kinases that are rapidly phosphorylated after activation of cell surface tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor receptor. Phosphorylation of ERKs leads to the activation of their kinase activity.

The molecular events linking cell surface receptors to activation of ERKs are complex. It was found that Ras GTP-binding proteins are involved in the activation of ERKs.^[3] Another protein kinase, Raf-1, was shown to phosphorylate a "MAPK kinase", thus qualifying as a "MAPK kinase kinase".^[4] The MAPK kinase was named "MAPK/ERK kinase" (MEK).^[5]

Receptor-linked tyrosine kinases, Ras, Raf, MEK, and MAPK could be fitted into a signaling cascade linking an extracellular signal to MAPK activation.^[6] See: MAPK/ERK pathway.

Transgenic gene knockout mice lacking MAPK1 have major defects in early development.^[7]

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) is also known as "extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1" (ERK1). Transgenic gene knockout mice lacking MAPK3 are viable and it is thought that MAPK1 can fulfill most MAPK3 functions in most cells.^[8] The main exception is in T cells. Mice lacking MAPK3 have reduced T cell development past the CD4⁺CD8⁺ stage.

External links

The Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases
MAP Kinase Resource .
Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
MAPK1
MAPK3 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway

References

^ Rao VN, Reddy ES (July 1994). "elk-1 proteins interact with MAP kinases". Oncogene 9 (7): 1855–60. PMID 8208531.
^ Boulton TG, Cobb MH (May 1991). "Identification of multiple extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) with antipeptide antibodies". Cell Regul. 2 (5): 357–71. doi:10.1091/mbc.2.5.357. PMC 361802. PMID 1654126.
^ Leevers SJ, Marshall CJ (February 1992). "Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK2, by p21ras oncoprotein". EMBO J. 11 (2): 569–74. PMC 556488. PMID 1371463.
^ Kyriakis JM, App H, Zhang XF et al. (July 1992). "Raf-1 activates MAP kinase-kinase". Nature 358 (6385): 417–21. doi:10.1038/358417a0. PMID 1322500.
^ Crews CM, Erikson RL (September 1992). "Purification of a murine protein-tyrosine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates and activates the Erk-1 gene product: relationship to the fission yeast byr1 gene product". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (17): 8205–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.17.8205. PMC 49886. PMID 1381507.
^ Itoh T, Kaibuchi K, Masuda T et al. (February 1993). "A protein factor for ras p21-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase through MAP kinase kinase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (3): 975–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.3.975. PMC 45793. PMID 8381539.
^ Yao Y, Li W, Wu J et al. (October 2003). "Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 is necessary for mesoderm differentiation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (22): 12759–64. doi:10.1073/pnas.2134254100. PMC 240691. PMID 14566055.
^ Pagès G, Guérin S, Grall D et al. (November 1999). "Defective thymocyte maturation in p44 MAP kinase (Erk 1) knockout mice". Science 286 (5443): 1374–7. doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1374. PMID 10558995.

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Japanese Journal

Targeting the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway in Cancer Therapy (Target Therapy for Cancer : Anti-cancer Drugs Targeting Growth-Factor Signaling Molecules)

KOHNO Michiaki,TANIMURA Susumu,OZAKI Kei-ichi
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NAID 40019073243

Targeting the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway in Cancer Therapy

Kohno Michiaki,Tanimura Susumu,Ozaki Kei-ichi
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34(12), 1781-1784, 2011-12
… The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is a major determinant in the control of diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, and motility. …
NAID 120003659810

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細胞外シグナル制御キナーゼ」「extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase」
拡張検索	「extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1」「extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2」「extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3」「extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5」
関連記事	「regulate」「sign」「signaling」「kinase」「extracellular」

「細胞外シグナル制御キナーゼ」

mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
Identifiers
Symbol	MAPK3
Alt. symbols	PRKM3
Entrez	5595
HUGO	6877
OMIM	601795
RefSeq	NM_001040056
UniProt	P27361
Other data
Locus	Chr. 16 p11.2

mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
Identifiers
Symbol	MAPK1
Alt. symbols	PRKM2, PRKM1
Entrez	5594
HUGO	6871
OMIM	176948
RefSeq	NM_002745
UniProt	P28482
Other data
Locus	Chr. 22 q11.2