WordNet

located or occurring outside a cell or cells; "extracellular fluid"

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/07 10:47:59」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular (or sometimes extracellular space) means "outside the cell". This space is usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. The term is used in contrast to intracellular (inside the cell).

According to the Gene Ontology database the extracellular space is a cellular component defined as: "That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. For multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term".^[1]

The composition of the extracellular space includes metabolites, ions, various proteins and non-protein substances (i.e. DNA, RNA, lipids, microbial products etc.) that might affect cellular function. For example, hormones, growth factors, cytokines and chemokines act by travelling the extracellular space towards biochemical receptors on cells. Other proteins that are active outside the cell are various enzymes, including digestive enzymes (Trypsin, Pepsin), extracellular proteinases (Matrix metalloproteinases, ADAMTSs, Cathepsins) and antioxidant enzymes (extracellular superoxide dismutase). Often, proteins present in the extracellular space are stored outside the cells by attaching to various Extracellular matrix components (Collagens, Proteoglycans, etc.).^[2] In addition, Extracellular matrix proteolytic products are also present in the extracellular space, especially in tissues undergoing remodelling [2].^[3]

References

^ Extracellular Space by Gene Ontology database (EMBL-EBI)
^ Didangelos, A.; Yin, X.; Mandal, K.; Baumert, M.; Jahangiri, M.; Mayr, M. (2010). "Proteomics Characterization of Extracellular Space Components in the Human Aorta". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 9 (9): 2048–2062. doi:10.1074/mcp.M110.001693. PMC 2938114. PMID 20551380. .
^ Fleischhauer J, Lehmann L, Kléber AG (August 1995). "Electrical resistances of interstitial and microvascular space as determinants of the extracellular electrical field and velocity of propagation in ventricular myocardium". Circulation 92 (3): 587–94. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.92.3.587. PMID 7634473.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. Chapter 12A：細胞内‐ECF間のカリウム分布 chapter 12a distribution of potassium between the cells and ecf
2. 成人における体液量減少の病因、臨床症状、および診断 etiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of volume depletion in adults
3. 同種造血細胞移植後の免疫再構築のための戦略 strategies for immune reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
4. 小児における高カリウム血症の原因、診断、および評価 causes diagnosis and evaluation of hyperkalemia in children
5. 光による老化 photoaging

English Journal

Occurrence, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Aeromonas spp. in marine species of shrimps cultured at inland low salinity ponds.

Yano Y1, Hamano K2, Tsutsui I3, Aue-Umneoy D4, Ban M5, Satomi M6.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2015 May;47:21-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.11.003. Epub 2014 Nov 15.
We aimed to document the risk of Aeromonas spp. in marine shrimp species cultured in inland low salinity ponds in Thailand. In 14 of 18 shrimp samples retrieved from inland grow-up ponds, Aeromonas spp. were detected at ranges from 4667 to 1,500,000 CFU/g body weight. The phylogenetic tree construc
PMID 25583334

Detection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in vitro using a hippocampal neuronal network-based biosensor with extracellular potential analysis of neurons.

Hu L1, Wang Q2, Qin Z2, Su K2, Huang L3, Hu N4, Wang P5.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Apr 15;66:572-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.12.019. Epub 2014 Dec 8.
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter in regulating emotions and related behaviors in mammals. To detect and monitor the 5-HT, effective and convenient methods are demanded in investigation of neuronal network. In this study, hippocampal neuronal networks (HNNs) endogenously ex
PMID 25530536

Jetting microfluidics with size-sorting capability for single-cell protease detection.

Jing T1, Ramji R2, Warkiani ME3, Han J4, Lim CT5, Chen CH6.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Apr 15;66:19-23. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.11.001. Epub 2014 Nov 4.
Activated proteases such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secreted from cancer cells can degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) and contribute to tumour formation and metastasis. Measuring MMP activity in individual cancer cells can provide important insights on cancer cell heterogeneity and dise
PMID 25460876

Japanese Journal

Irciniastatin A Induces Potent and Sustained Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and Thereby Promotes Ectodomain Shedding of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 in Human Lung Carcinoma A549 Cells

Quach Hue Tu,Hirano Seiya,Fukuhara Sayuri [他]
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 38(6), 941-946, 2015-06
NAID 40020471602

Development of impedance/external field potential dual measurement system for evaluation of electrophysiological properties of cells on microelectrodes

Nomura Fumimasa,Matsuura Kenji,Hattori Akihiro,Odaka Masao,Sugio Yoshihiro,Kurotobi Hiromi,Terazono Hideyuki,Yasuda Kenji
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(6S1), 06FN06, 2015-05-28
… A combination of extracellular field potential (FP) and impedance measurement technologies for multielectrode array (MEA) chip architecture is developed for the simultaneous evaluation of information on the ion current and resistance of cells and microelectrodes. …
NAID 150000110771

Controlled processing of a full-sized porcine liver to a decellularized matrix in 24 h

Buhler Nicola Elena Maria,Schulze-Osthoff Klaus,Konigsrainer Alfred [他]
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 119(5), 609-613, 2015-05
NAID 40020471573

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「exocytic」「細胞外」「extracellularly」
拡張検索	「extracellular matrix protein」「extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2」