regulation

• 制御、調節、レギュレーション、(法律)規制

関

accommodation、accommodative、adjust、adjustment、baffle、control、modulate、modulation、regulate、regulatory

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. prescribed by or according to regulation; "regulation army equipment"
2. (embryology) the ability of an early embryo to continue normal development after its structure has been somehow damaged or altered
3. the state of being controlled or governed
4. the act of bringing to uniformity; making regular (同)regularization, regularisation
5. the act of controlling or directing according to rule; "fiscal regulations are in the hands of politicians" (同)regulating
6. an authoritative rule (同)ordinance
7. (physiology) the automatic adjustment in focal length of the natural lens of the eye
8. living quarters provided for public convenience; "overnight accommodations are available"
9. the act of providing something (lodging or seat or food) to meet a need
10. a settlement of differences; "they reached an accommodation with Japan"
11. in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality
12. verify by using a duplicate register for comparison; "control an account"
13. a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another; "measures for the control of disease"; "they instituted controls over drinking on campus"
14. a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine; "the speed controller on his turntable was not working properly"; "I turned the controls over to her" (同)controller
15. (physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc; "the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired"; "he had lost control of his sphincters"
16. the activity of managing or exerting control over something; "the control of the mob by the police was admirable"
17. a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance
18. power to direct or determine; "under control"
19. the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc.; "they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls"
20. exercise authoritative control or power over; "control the budget"; "Command the military forces" (同)command
21. lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits; "moderate your alcohol intake"; "hold your tongue"; "hold your temper"; "control your anger" (同)hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate
22. check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard; "Are you controlling for the temperature?" (同)verify
23. adapt or conform oneself to new or different conditions; "We must adjust to the bad economic situation" (同)conform, adapt
24. alter or regulate so as to achieve accuracy or conform to a standard; "Adjust the clock, please"; "correct the alignment of the front wheels" (同)set, correct
25. make correspondent or conformable; "Adjust your eyes to the darkness"
26. decide how much is to be paid on an insurance claim
27. bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations; "We cannot regulate the way people dress"; "This town likes to regulate" (同)regularize, regularise, order, govern
28. fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of; "regulate the temperature"; "modulate the pitch" (同)modulate
29. the act of modifying or adjusting according to due measure and proportion (as with regard to artistic effect)
30. a manner of speaking in which the loudness or pitch or tone of the voice is modified (同)inflection
31. (electronics) the transmission of a signal by using it to vary a carrier wave; changing the carriers amplitude or frequency or phase
32. change the key of, in music; "modulate the melody"
33. adjust the pitch, tone, or volume of
34. vary the frequency, amplitude, phase, or other characteristic of (electromagnetic waves)

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉『規則』,『規定』;法規,条例 / 〈U〉(…の)『規制』,『調整』《+『of』+『名』》 / 正規の,規定どおりの
2. 〈U〉『宿泊』;《複数形で》(旅館などの)『宿泊設備』 / 〈C〉便宜,助け / 〈U〉(…への)『適応』,順応《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉調停,和解
3. 〈U〉(…に対する)『統制』,抑制,制御《+『over』(『of』+『名』) / 〈C〉《複数形で》(…を)統整する手段,統御法《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…を)『抑制する力』,(…の)統整力,支配力《+『over』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《単数扱い》(機械の)操縦装置 / 〈C〉(実験結果の)照査基準 / …'を'『支配する』,統御する,管理する,監督する / 〈感情など〉'を'『抑制する』,抑える / …'を'照らし合わせて調べる,照査する
4. …'を'『調節する』;(…に)…'を'合わせる《+『名』+『to』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈争い・不和〉'を'調停する / (…に)順応する,適応する《+『to』+『名』》
5. (規則などで)…‘を'『規制する』,『統制する』 / 〈機械など〉‘を'『調整する』 / 〈量や率など〉‘を'ある限度内におさえる
6. 調節,調整,変調 / (音楽の)転調 / (周波数の)変調
7. ‘を'調節する,調整する / 〈声など〉‘の'調子(強さ,速さ)を変える / 〈ラジオなど〉‘の'周波数を変える / 〈楽曲が〉(ある調子から他の調子へ)転調する《+『from』+『名』+『to』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/22 23:05:18」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Regulation (disambiguation).

Regulation is an abstract concept of management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:

• in biology, gene regulation allows living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis
• in government, typically a regulation specifically means a piece of delegated legislation drafted by subject matter experts to enforce a statutory instrument (primary legislation)
• in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set rules with less government involvement
• in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals

Social

Regulation can take many forms: legal restrictions promulgated by a government authority, contractual obligations (for example, contracts between insurers and their insureds), social regulation (e.g. norms), co-regulation, third-party regulation, certification, accreditation or market regulation.

State-mandated regulation is government intervention in the private market in an attempt to implement policy and produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur, ranging from consumer protection to faster growth or technological advancement. The regulations may prescribe or proscribe conduct ("command-and-control" regulation), calibrate incentives ("incentive" regulation), or change preferences ("preferences shaping" regulation"). Common examples of regulation include controls on market entries, prices, wages, development approvals, pollution effects, employment for certain people in certain industries, standards of production for certain goods, the military forces and services. The economics of imposing or removing regulations relating to markets is analysed in regulatory economics.

Reasons

Regulations may create costs as well as benefits and may produce unintended reactivity effects, such as defensive practice. Efficient regulations can be defined as those where total benefits exceed total costs.

Regulations can be advocated for a variety of reasons, including:

• Market failures - regulation due to inefficiency. Intervention due to what economists call market failure.
  • To constrain sellers' options in markets characterized by monopoly
  • As a means to implement collective action, in order to provide public goods
  • To assure adequate information in the market
  • To mitigate undesirable externalities
• Collective desires - regulation about collective desires or considered judgments on the part of a significant segment of society
• Diverse experiences - regulation with a view of eliminating or enhancing opportunities for the formation of diverse preferences and beliefs
• Social subordination - regulation aimed to increase or reduce social subordination of various social groups
• Endogenous preferences - regulation intended to affect the development of certain preferences on an aggregate level
• Irreversibility - regulation that deals with the problem of irreversibility – the problem in which a certain type of conduct from current generations results in outcomes from which future generations may not recover from at all.
• Professional conduct - the regulation of members of professional bodies, either acting under statutory or contractual powers.
• Interest group transfers - regulation that results from efforts by self-interest groups to redistribute wealth in their favor, which may be disguised as one or more of the justifications above.

The study of formal (legal and/or official) and informal (extra-legal and/or unofficial) regulation constitutes one of the central concerns of the sociology of law.

History

Regulation of businesses existed in the ancient early Egyptian, Indian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. Standardized weights and measures existed to an extent in the ancient world, and gold may have operated to some degree as an international currency. In China, a national currency system existed and paper currency was invented. Sophisticated law existed in Ancient Rome. In the European Early Middle Ages, law and standardization declined with the Roman Empire, but regulation existed in the form of norms, customs, and privileges; this regulation was aided by the unified Christian identity and a sense of honor in regard to contracts.

Beginning in the late 19th and 20th century, much of regulation in the United States was administered and enforced by regulatory agencies which produced their own administrative law and procedures under the authority of statutes. Legislators created these agencies to allow experts in the industry to focus their attention on the issue. At the federal level, one of the earliest institutions was the Interstate Commerce Commission which had its roots in earlier state-based regulatory commissions and agencies. Later agencies include the Federal Trade Commission, Securities and Exchange Commission, Civil Aeronautics Board, and various other institutions. These institutions vary from industry to industry and at the federal and state level. Individual agencies do not necessarily have clear life-cycles or patterns of behavior, and they are influenced heavily by their leadership and staff as well as the organic law creating the agency. In the 1930s, lawmakers believed that unregulated business often led to injustice and inefficiency; in the 1960s and 1970s, concern shifted to regulatory capture, which led to extremely detailed laws creating the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

See also

• Consumer protection
• Rulemaking
• Regulatory state
• Deregulation
• Environmental law
• Public administration
• Regulation of science
• Regulatory capture
• Regulatory economics
• Tragedy of the commons
• Public choice theory
• Precautionary principle

References

External links

• Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE)
• New Perspectives on Regulation (2009) and Government and Markets: Toward a New Theory of Regulation (2009)
• US/Canadian Regulatory Cooperation: Schmitz on Lessons from the European Union, Canadian Privy Council Office Commissioned Study
• A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law

Wikibooks

• Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy
• Lawrence A. Cunningham, A Prescription to Retire the Rhetoric of 'Principles-Based Systems' in Corporate Law, Securities Regulation and Accounting (2007)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 羊水量調節の生理学 physiology of amniotic fluid volume regulation
• 2. マグネシウムバランスの調節 regulation of magnesium balance
• 3. 鉄のバランス調節 regulation of iron balance
• 4. 赤血球産生調節 regulation of erythropoiesis
• 5. 骨髄造血の制御 regulation of myelopoiesis

English Journal

• A new approach to mitigate the effect of force variation on pattern recognition for myoelectric control.

• Xiangxin Li, Rui Xu, Samuel OW, Lan Tian, Haiqing Zou, Xiufeng Zhang, Shixiong Chen, Peng Fang, Guanglin Li.
• Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference.Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc.2016 Aug;2016:1684-1687. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2016.7591039.
• In myoelectric prosthetic control, the motion classification performance would be decayed if an electromyography (EMG) pattern to be recognized differs significantly from the one used for classifier training. Generally, the training signals are acquired when a subject performs motions with a proper
• PMID 28268651

• A mathematical model of ultradian sleep-wake regulation in rodents.

• Hao Wang, Yaghouby F, Sunderam S.
• Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference.Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc.2016 Aug;2016:1656-1659. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2016.7591032.
• Rodent models are widely used for the experimental analysis of sleep. While this is motivated by similarities in brain circuitry and electrophysiological rhythms, unlike the circadian sleep-wake cycle in humans, rodent sleep is polyphasic, containing multiple bouts of sleep and wake minutes to hours
• PMID 28268648
• PMID 28268645

• Mechanisms of stochastic focusing and defocusing in biological reaction networks: insight from accurate chemical master equation (ACME) solutions.

• Gursoy G, Terebus A, Youfang Cao, Jie Liang.
• Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference.Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc.2016 Aug;2016:1480-1483. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2016.7590989.
• Stochasticity plays important roles in regulation of biochemical reaction networks when the copy numbers of molecular species are small. Studies based on Stochastic Simulation Algorithm (SSA) has shown that a basic reaction system can display stochastic focusing (SF) by increasing the sensitivity of
• PMID 28268606

Japanese Journal

• 生体リズムを調節するGPCR (第5土曜特集 GPCR研究の最前線2016) -- (GPCR機能の新展開)

• 医学のあゆみ 256(5), 623-628, 2016-01-30
• NAID 40020717289

• 情動調節における各種オピオイド受容体の役割 (第5土曜特集 GPCR研究の最前線2016) -- (GPCR機能の新展開)

• 医学のあゆみ 256(5), 616-622, 2016-01-30
• NAID 40020717265

• βアドレナリン受容体の脱感作制御 : ニトロシル化のターゲットとしてのGRK2 (第5土曜特集 GPCR研究の最前線2016) -- (GPCR研究のあらたな基盤と視点)

• 医学のあゆみ 256(5), 413-417, 2016-01-30
• NAID 40020716750

• GPCRの構造解析からめざすもの (第5土曜特集 GPCR研究の最前線2016) -- (GPCR研究のあらたな基盤と視点)

• 医学のあゆみ 256(5), 357-364, 2016-01-30
• NAID 40020716572

Related Links

• Regulation | Define Regulation at Dictionary.com

a law, rule, or other order prescribed by authority, especially to regulate conduct. 2. the act of regulating or the state of being regulated. 3. Machinery. the percentage difference in some quantity related to the operation of an apparatus or ...

• Regulations.gov

Portal for Federal rulemaking. Allows the public to find, review, and submit comments on Federal documents that are open for comment and published in the Federal Register, the Government's legal newspaper.

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「control」「adjust」「accommodative」「regulate」「modulation」
拡張検索	「autoregulation」「operant behavior of thermoregulation」

「control」

　　[★]

• n.

• コントロール、対照、調節、制御、支配、規制

• v.

• 管理する、調節する、制御する、規制する

関

accommodation、accommodative、adjust、adjustment、administer、administrate、administration、baffle、contrast、dominate、govern、government、manage、management、modulate、modulation、predominance、regulate、regulation、regulatory

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「adjust」

　　[★]

• v.

• 調整する、調節する、適合させる

関

accommodation、accommodative、adjustment、baffle、conform、conformity、control、fit、matching、modulate、modulation、regulate、regulation、tune、tuning

　 　 　 　 　

「accommodative」

　　[★]

• 順応的な、適応性の、調節の、(眼科)遠近調節の

関

accommodation、adaptability、adjust、adjustment、applicability、baffle、compliance、control、modulate、modulation、regulate、regulation

　 　

「regulate」

　　[★]

• 制御する、調節する、(法的に)規制する

関

accommodation、accommodative、adjust、adjustment、baffle、control、modulate、modulation、regulation、regulatory

　 　 　

「modulation」

　　[★]

• n.

• 調整、調節。(音声・リズムの)変化、抑揚。(電)変調

関

accommodation、accommodative、adjust、adjustment、baffle、control、modulate、regulate、regulation

　 　 　 　

「autoregulation」

　　[★]

• n.

• 自己調節、自動調節

関

autoregulate、autoregulatory、homeostasis

　

「operant behavior of thermoregulation」

　　[★] オペラント体温調節行動