vestibulocochlear nerve

CN VIII, 聴神経, acoustic nerve

WordNet

1. any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body (同)nervus
2. control of your emotions; "this kind of tension is not good for my nerves"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉『神経』 / 〈C〉《複数形で》『神経過敏』,いらだち / 〈U〉『勇気』,度胸(courage) / 〈U〉《時にa ~》厚かましさ,ずぶとさ;無礼 / 〈C〉葉脈;(昆虫の)翅脈(しみゃく) / 〈人,特に自分〉‘に'力を与える,‘を'元気づける

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/02 11:57:07」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Vestibulocochlear nerve
The course and connections of the facial nerve in the temporal bone
Inferior view of the human brain, with the cranial nerves labelled.
Details
Latin	Nervus vestibulocochlearis
To	Cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve
Identifiers
Gray's	p.860
MeSH	A08.800.800.120.910
TA	A14.2.01.121
FMA	50869
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

Cranial nerves
CN 0 – Terminal CN I – Olfactory CN II – Optic CN III – Oculomotor CN IV – Trochlear CN V (1,2,3) – Trigeminal CN VI – Abducens CN VII – Facial CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear CN IX – Glossopharyngeal CN X – Vagus CN XI – Accessory CN XII – Hypoglossal
Overview Table

The vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory vestibular nerve), known as the eighth cranial nerve, transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.

Structure

The vestibulocochlear nerve consists mostly of bipolar neurons and splits into two large divisions: the cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve.

The cochlear nerve travels away from the cochlea of the inner ear where it starts as the spiral ganglia. Processes from the organ of Corti conduct afferent transmission to the spiral ganglia. It is the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti that are responsible for activation of afferent receptors in response to pressure waves reaching the basilar membrane through the transduction of sound. The exact mechanism by which sound is transmitted by the neurons of the cochlear nerve is uncertain; the two competing theories are place theory and temporal theory.

The vestibular nerve travels from the vestibular system of the inner ear. The vestibular ganglion houses the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons and extends processes to five sensory organs. Three of these are the cristae located in the ampullae of the semicircular canals. Hair cells of the cristae activate afferent receptors in response to rotational acceleration. The other two sensory organs supplied by the vestibular neurons are the maculae of the saccule and utricle. Hair cells of the maculae in the utricle activate afferent receptors in response to linear acceleration while hair cells of the maculae in the saccule respond to vertically directed linear force.

Development

The vestibulocochlear nerve is derived from the embryonic otic placode.

Function

This is the nerve along which the sensory cells (the hair cells) of the inner ear transmit information to the brain. It consists of the cochlear nerve, carrying information about hearing, and the vestibular nerve, carrying information about balance. It emerges from the pontomedullary junction and exits the inner skull via the internal acoustic meatus (or internal auditory meatus) in the temporal bone.

The vestibulocochlear nerve carries axons of type SSA, special somatic afferent, which carry the modalities of hearing and equilibrium.

Clinical significance

Symptoms of damage

Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve may cause the following symptoms:

• hearing loss
• vertigo
• false sense of motion
• loss of equilibrium (in dark places)
• nystagmus
• motion sickness
• gaze-evoked tinnitus.

Examination

History

Etymology

Some older texts call the nerve the acoustic or auditory nerve, but these terms have fallen out of widespread use because they fail to recognize the nerve's role in the vestibular system. Vestibulocochlear nerve is therefore preferred by most.

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see anatomical terminology.

• Auditory system

References

Additional images

• Vestibulocochlear nerve

• Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.

• Dissection showing the projection fibers of the cerebellum.

• Hind- and mid-brains; postero-lateral view.

• Upper part of medulla spinalis and hind- and mid-brains; posterior aspect, exposed in situ.

• Position of the right bony labyrinth of the ear in the skull, viewed from above.

• Vestibulo-ocular reflex

• Vestibulocochlear nerve

External links

• MedEd at Loyola GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn8.htm
• cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (VIII)
• Notes on Vestibulocochlear Nerve

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 浮動性めまい患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with dizziness
• 2. 回転性めまい患者の評価 evaluation of the patient with vertigo
• 3. 回転性めまいの治療 treatment of vertigo
• 4. 前庭神経鞘腫（聴神経腫） vestibular schwannoma acoustic neuroma
• 5. 良性発作性頭位めまい症 benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

English Journal

• Utility of MRIs in Adult Cochlear Implant Evaluations.

• Jiang ZY1, Odiase E, Isaacson B, Roland PS, Kutz JW Jr.
• Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology.Otol Neurotol.2014 Jun 2. [Epub ahead of print]
• OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of MRI abnormalities in adults undergoing cochlear implantation and to correlate abnormalities to audiology data.STUDY DESIGN: Case series.SETTING: Academic medical center.METHODS: Adult patients (>18 yr old) undergoing cochlear implant evaluation from Janu
• PMID 24892366

• Vestibular involvement in peripheral neuropathy: a review.

• Buetti B1, Luxon LM.
• International journal of audiology.Int J Audiol.2014 Jun;53(6):353-9. doi: 10.3109/14992027.2014.885121. Epub 2014 Mar 3.
• OBJECTIVE: This paper reviews the current literature on involvement of the vestibular division of the eighth cranial nerve in peripheral neuropathies. The literature abounds with references to auditory neuropathy, which is frequently related to more generalized neuropathies, but there is a marked pa
• PMID 24588465

• Vestibular function in children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder.

• Nash R1, Veness J2, Wyatt M3, Raglan E2, Rajput K4.
• International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.2014 May 21. pii: S0165-5876(14)00276-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.05.008. [Epub ahead of print]
• OBJECTIVE: Children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) account for about 10% of paediatric patients referred for cochlear implantation. Vestibulopathy may be associated with ANSD, and may have implications when formulating management plans in this patient group. We wanted to determine
• PMID 24880924

Japanese Journal

• The anatomical classification of AICA/PICA branching and configurations in the cerebellopontine angle area on 3D-drive thin slice T2WI MRI.

• Kazawa Nobukata,Togashi Kaori,Ito Juichi
• Clinical imaging 37(5), 865-870, 2013-09-00
• … [Purpose]The purpose was to demonstrate the courses and configurations of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) branch including the internal auditory artery in the CPA cistern and evaluate the relationship between the facial–vestibulocochlear (VIIth–VIIIth) nerves and AICA/PICA on high-resolution, thin-slice, three-dimensional T2-weighted MRI using driven equilibrium pulse. …
• NAID 120005341876

• Immunohistochemical Mapping of TRK-Fused Gene Products in the Rat Brainstem

• Takeuchi Shigeko,Masuda Chiaki,Maebayashi Hisae,Tooyama Ikuo
• ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA 45(1), 57-64, 2012
• … In the brainstem, neurons intensely positive for TFG were distributed in the raphe nuclei, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, the reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons, and some cranial nerve nuclei such as the trigeminal nuclei, the vestibulocochlear nuclei, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. …
• NAID 130001854315

• 動眼神経麻痺，内耳神経麻痺で発症した肺癌による癌性髄膜症の１例

• 鈴木 妙子,濱口 俊一,神田 響,須谷 顕尚,久良木 隆繁,礒部 威
• 肺癌 51(6), 730-735, 2011
• 背景．脳神経症状を初発症状とした癌性髄膜症は非常にまれであるとされる．症例．89歳，男性．2007年秋より左難聴を自覚し，翌年1月より急激に悪化，右眼瞼下垂，眼痛も出現し，当院脳外科を紹介され受診した．頭部単純MRIで陳旧性脳梗塞と診断されたが，その後も右眼瞼下垂の進行と右眼球運動障害の出現を認め，Tolosa-Hunt syndromeの疑いでステロイド治療が開始された．しかしその後も症状は悪化 …
• NAID 130001284831

Related Links

• Vestibulocochlear Nerve - Stritch School of Medicine

CN VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve The vestibulocochlear nerve is a sensory nerve that conducts two special senses: hearing (audition) and balance (vestibular). The receptor cells for these special senses are located in the ...

• vestibulocochlear nerve - definition of vestibulocochlear nerve ...

nerve (nerv) a cordlike structure comprising a collection of nerve fibers that convey impulses between a part of the central nervous system and some other body region. abducent nerve sixth cranial nerve; origin, a nucleus in the pons ...

• Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve - Cranial Nerves

Learn more about vestibulocochlear (viii) nerve in the Boundless open textbook. The vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth of twelve cranial nerves which carry information about hearing and balance. ... The innervation of the vestibulocochlear nerve ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「聴覚」「内耳神経」「聴神経」「eighth cranial nerve」「cranial nerve VIII」
関連記事	「nerve」

「聴覚」

　　[★]

英

audition, hearing

同

聴感覚

• 音

• 圧変動(振動:縦波)の終発

• 単位

• dB = 20 log10 (被験音圧)/(基準音圧)

• 可聴域

• 20Hz-20kHz (20-20000)

• 検知閾

• 1kHzで最低

• 会話言語域

• 100Hz-4kHz

聴覚の受容器

• 1. 外耳

集音・共振による音圧増強: 20dB

• 耳介
• 外耳道
• 鼓膜
• 2. 中耳

鼓膜面積：アブミ骨底面積比と耳小骨連鎖のてこ比による音圧増強: 27dB

• ツチ骨
• キヌタ骨
• アブミ骨

• 3. 内耳

• 蝸牛器官

蝸牛器官の構造

• 前庭階

• ライスネル膜

• 中央階

• コルチ器
• 血管条
• 基底膜

基底膜の幅・柔らかさ・外有毛細胞による伸縮作用が異なる。

前庭階の入り口に近い基底膜が高周波数に応じて振動する (SP.240)

• 鼓室階

基底膜振動の伝播と進行波

• 進行波

SP. 　基底膜振動の伝播は進行波と呼ばれる。

• 周波数同調

-周波数同調特性
SP. 240,251,252
-同調曲線
SP. 240,250,251 
-特徴周波数
SP. 240,250

• 同調曲線上で、応答の閾値が最小値をとる周波数はその系が最も応答しやすい周波数(=特徴周波数)となる。

-周波数帯域
周波数帯SP. 239
-周波数局在性
SP. 202,206,241,250,258,260 

• 振動周波数が高くなるに従い、振動の頂点は蝸牛管基部に生じる
• 蝸牛器官、らせん神経節、蝸牛神経核、上オリーブ核、台形体核、外側毛帯核、下丘、内側膝状体、聴皮質はすべて周波数局在性を有する(SP.250)

コルチ器 (2007年後期生理学授業プリント)

蝸牛基底部から頂部に至るらせん状の構造を全体として形成する

• 内有毛細胞 inner hair cell

• 蝸牛の回転の内側に配列する
• 1列
• 3500個/蝸牛
• 感覚毛(不動毛。×動毛)
• 受容器細胞として主役
• 求心線維の90-95%が分布

• 内柱細胞 inner pillar cell
• コルチのトンネル tunnel of Corti
• 外柱細胞 outer pillar cell
• 外有毛細胞 outer hair cell

SP. 240-243,245-252,259

• 蝸牛の回転の外側に配列する
• 3-4列
• 20000個/蝸牛
• 感覚毛(不動毛。×動毛)
• 遠心性細胞が分布
• 膜電位に応じて長さを変化させ、基底膜同調特性に非線形的な増強を与えると考えられている。

• ダイテルス細胞 Deiters cell

• 外有毛細胞を支持

• ヘンゼン細胞 Hensen cell
• 網状板(=網様膜)
• 蓋膜
• 蝸牛神経線維

• 遠心性線維(蝸牛神経節経由)
• 求心性線維(上オリーブ核(延髄)由来)

• らせん神経節 spiral ganglion

• 疑似双極細胞

受容器電位 receptor potential

SP. 50,185,219,220,243

• 受容器電位の発生から聴神経におけるインパルス発生まで

• 1. 有毛細胞の感覚毛屈曲
• 2. 有毛細胞における受容器電位の発生
• 3. 有毛細胞から求心性線維への神経伝達物質（グルタミン酸）放出
• 4. 求心性線維終末におけるEPSP発生
• 5. 求心性線維終末における活動電位の発生

蝸牛マイクロフォン電位 cochlear microphonics potential, CM

SP. 247

聴覚刺激を与えることで、内耳および内耳周辺では刺激をを忠実に反映した電気信号が記録される。この電位をマイクロホン電位と呼ぶ(SP.247)

• 蝸牛マイクロフォン電位は感覚毛の振動で生じた受容器電位の総和(PT.163)

内リンパ腔電位 endolymph potential (=蝸牛内直流電位)

SP. 246,247

難聴

• 伝音性難聴

• 伝音性難聴とは、伝音機能の不良（音の伝達不良）によって起こる難聴であり、鼓膜破損や耳小骨硬化、慢性中耳炎などで起こり、骨伝導には問題がない。低音域で障害があらわれ、補聴器で補正できる。

• 感音性難聴

• 感音性難聴とは、音の受容に問題があって起こる難聴であり、コルチ器官や聴神経あるいは聴神経核などの障害、利尿剤・老化による有毛細胞の変性などで起こる。高音域で障害があらわれ、補聴器で補正できない。

聴覚の伝導路

SP. 254-

• 1. 蝸牛・コルチ器官・有毛細胞
• 2. 蝸牛神経線維
• 3. らせん神経節(=蝸牛神経節) [一次ニューロン]
• 4. 蝸牛神経核 cochlear nucleus
• 5. 上オリーブ核群
• 6. 台形核
• 7. 外側毛帯
• 8. 外側毛体格
• 9. 下丘
• 10. 内側膝状体
• 11. 視床枕・網様核
• 12. 大脳皮質第一次聴覚野
• 13. 大脳皮質聴覚連合野
• 14. 大脳皮質感覚性言語中枢

(Q.book p.107)

• organ of Corti -> spiral ganglion in the cochlea -> vestibulocochlear nerve(CN VIII) -> cochlear nuclei(dorsal and ventral) -> superior olivary nuclei -> lateral lemniscus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus(MGN) -> primary auditory cortex(Heschl's gyrus)

伝導路における交叉

• 交叉は台形体・下丘で行われるが、反対皮質の優位性は低い
• 聴覚は両側性に中枢に伝わる
• 4-6個のニューロンを比較的多数のシナプスを中継して中枢に至る

「内耳神経」

　　[★]

英

vestibulocochlear nerve (N)

ラ

nervus vestibulocochlearis

同

第8脳神経 eighth cranial nerve CN VIII

関

脳神経、内耳道 internal auditory meatus

• 橋の底部から脳幹の外に出る

一般感覚性

臓性感覚性

特殊感覚性

体性運動性

臓性運動性

鰓弓運動性

神経細胞(中枢神経外)

神経細胞(中脳)

神経細胞(橋)

神経細胞(延髄)

神経細胞(脊髄)

○-< 節後ニューロン

頭蓋からの出口

分布と機能

○

膝神経節

内耳道、顔神経管、茎乳突孔

外耳道の皮膚の感覚

○

膝神経節

舌の2/3，口腔底、口蓋の味覚

○

○

翼口神経節、顎下神経節

副交感神経：顎下腺、舌下腺、涙腺、鼻と口蓋の腺

○

○

支配筋：顔の表情筋、中耳のアブミ骨、茎突舌骨筋、顎二腹筋の後腹

臨床関連

• 前庭神経鞘腫 vestibular schwannoma(聴神経鞘腫 acoustic neurinoma)

• 神経線維腫症2型 neurofibromatosis type II NF II

「聴神経」

　　[★]

英

auditory nerve

同

CN VIII, vestibulocochlear nerve, acoustic nerve

関

内耳神経、蝸牛神経

「eighth cranial nerve」

　　[★]

第VIII脳神経、第8脳神経、第八脳神経

関

cranial nerve VIII、vestibulocochlear nerve

「cranial nerve VIII」

　　[★]

第VIII脳神経

関

eighth cranial nerve、vestibulocochlear nerve

「nerve」

　　[★]

• n.

• 神経

関

nervi、nervous、nervus、neural、neuro、neuron