WordNet

lying away from the median and sagittal plane of a body; "lateral lemniscus"
situated at or extending to the side; "the lateral branches of a tree"; "shot out sidelong boughs"- Tennyson (同)sidelong
comparative of the adverb `late; "he stayed later than you did"
coming at a subsequent time or stage; "without ulterior argument"; "the mood posterior to" (同)ulterior, posterior
a bundle of sensory nerve fibers going to the thalamus (同)fillet

PrepTutorEJDIC

横の,側面の;横からの / (音声が)側音の / 側面,(道路の)側溝(そっこう) / 側音(英語の[1]など)
《補語にのみ用いて》(人などが)(…するのが)『もっと遅い』《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (時刻・時期が)『もっと遅い』,もっと後の / 後で,のちほど / (lateの比較級)(定刻・予定時間・他の人(物))より遅れて,遅く

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/14 00:02:59」(JST)

wiki en

The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus.

Connections

The brainstem nuclei include:

the superior olive
the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (INLL)
the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL)
the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL)

Fibers leaving these brainstem nuclei ascending to the inferior colliculus rejoin the lateral lemniscus. In that sense, this is not a 'lemniscus' in the true sense of the word (second order, decussated sensory axons), as there is third (and out of the lateral superior olive, fourth) order information coming out of some of these brainstem nuclei.

The lateral lemniscus is located where the cochlear nuclei and the pontine reticular formation (PRF) crossover. The PRF descends the reticulospinal tract where it innervates motor neurons and spinal interneurons. It is the main auditory tract in the brainstem that connects the superior olivary complex (SOC) with the inferior colliculus (IC). The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) has input from the LL and output to the contralateral LL via the ipsilateral and contralateral Dorsal Acoustic Stria.

There are three small nuclei on each of the lateral lemnisci: the ventral, dorsal, and the intermediate. The two lemnisci communicate via the commissural fibers of Probst.

Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus

The function of the lateral lemniscus is not known; however it has good temporal resolution compared to other cells higher than the cochlear nuclei and is sensitive to both timing and amplitude changes in sound. It is also involved in the acoustic startle reflex; the most likely region for this being the VNLL.

DNLL

The cells of the DNLL respond best to bilateral inputs, and have onset and complexity tuned sustained responses. The nucleus is primarily GABAergic,^[1] and projects bilaterally to the inferior colliculus, and contralaterally to the DNLL, with different populations of cells projecting to each IC.^[2]

In rat, the DNLL has a prominent columnar organization. Nearly all neurons are stained for GABA, especially in the central part of the nucleus, and the remaining GABA negative cells are interspersed with the positive, and often stain for glycine. Two populations of GABA+ cells are visible: larger, lightly stained cells that project to the contralateral IC, and smaller, darker stained cells that project ipsilaterally. GABAergic axon terminals form dense groups surrounded by GABA-lemniscal fibers throughout the nucleus, and synapse on both somata and in the neuropil. Glycinergic axon terminals, on the other hand, are more finely localized, with the majority of recipient neurons located laterally in the nucleus.^[3]

INLL

INLL also has little spontaneous activity and broad tuning curves. The temporal responses are significantly different from cells of the VNLL.

This structure is greatly hypertrophied in the rat, forming a prominent bulge on the surface of the brainstem. GAD, GABA, and Glycine staining reveals several distinct regions that are not evident in standard cytoarchitectural preparations. A modest number of GABA-stained neurons are arranged in small groups, generally in the center of the nucleus, whereas glycine-stained neurons are more common and widely dispersed, with regional concentrations in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral portions of the nucleus. Most GABA+ cells are gly+ as well.^[1]^{[broken footnote]}

VNLL

Sound in the contralateral ear leads to the strongest responses in the VNLL, which deals with some temporary processing. The VNLL may also be essential to the IC’s decoding of amplitude modulated sounds.

VNLL cells have little spontaneous activity, broad and moderately complex tuning curves; they have both phasic and tonic responses and are involved in temporal processing.

In rat, the VNLL is composed of two subdivisions, the ventral (columnar) and dorsal (non columnar) regions. The columnar region contains many glycine-positive (0 GABA+) neurons, whereas the dorsal region contains clusters of GABA+ neurons intermingled with gly+ cells, with some cells containing both.^[1]

Inputs and outputs to nuclei

The table below shows that each of the nuclei have a complicated arrangement of ipsilateral and contralateral afferent inputs and outputs:^{[citation needed]}

Nucleus	Input		Output
	Contralateral	Ipsilateral	Contralateral	Ipsilateral
VNLL	Anterior and posterior ventral cochlear nuclei	Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body		Inferior Colliculus DNLL
INLL	Anterior and posterior Ventral Cochlear Nucleus	Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body		Medial Geniculate body Inferior Colliculus
DNLL	Anterior Ventral Cochlear nucleus (and Bilateral)	Medial superior Olivary Nucleus Lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (and Bilateral)	DNLL Inferior Colliculus Mid brain reticular formation Superior Olivary Complex	Inferior Colliculus Medial Geniculate Body Mid brain reticular formation Superior Olivary Complex

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Adams, J. C. and E. Mugnaini (1984). "Dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus: a nucleus of GABAergic projection neurons." Brain Res Bull 13(4): 585-90.
^ Bajo, V. M., M. A. Merchan, et al. (1993). "Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat." J Comp Neurol 334(2): 241-62.
^ Winer, J. A., D. T. Larue, et al. (1995). "GABA and glycine in the central auditory system of the mustache bat: structural substrates for inhibitory neuronal organization." J Comp Neurol 355(3): 317-53.

Additional images

Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
Deep dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.
Dissection of brain-stem. Dorsal view.
Coronal section through mid-brain.
Transverse section of mid-brain at level of inferior colliculi.
Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the lemniscus; medial lemniscus in blue, lateral in red.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 筋萎縮性側索硬化症およびその他の運動ニューロン疾患の臨床的特徴 clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other forms of motor neuron disease
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English Journal

[Response characteristics of neurons to tone in dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of the mouse].

Si WJ1, Cheng YL1, Yang DD1, Wang X2.
Sheng li xue bao : [Acta physiologica Sinica].Sheng Li Xue Bao.2016 Feb 25;68(1):1-11.
The dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus (DNLL) is a nucleus in the auditory ascending pathway, and casts inhibitory efferent projections to the inferior colliculus. Studies on the DNLL are less than studies on the auditory brain stem and inferior colliculus. To date, there is no information about r
PMID 26915316

ON and OFF Inhibition as Mechanisms for Forward Masking in the Inferior Colliculus: A Modeling Study.

Gai Y1.
Journal of neurophysiology.J Neurophysiol.2016 Feb 24:jn.00892.2015. doi: 10.1152/jn.00892.2015. [Epub ahead of print]
Masking effects of a preceding stimulus on the detection or perception of a signal have been found in several sensory systems in mammals, including humans and rodents. In the auditory system, it has been hypothesized that a central "OFF-inhibitory" mechanism, which is generated by neurons that respo
PMID 26912597

En1 is necessary for survival of neurons in the ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus.

Altieri SC1, Zhao T1, Jalabi W2, Romito-DiGiacomo RR2, Maricich SM1,3.
Developmental neurobiology.Dev Neurobiol.2016 Feb 23. doi: 10.1002/dneu.22388. [Epub ahead of print]
The ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) are part of the central auditory system thought to participate in temporal sound processing. While the timing and location of VNLL neurogenesis have been determined, the genetic factors that regulate VNLL neuron development are unknown. Here, we use
PMID 26914477

Japanese Journal

Neuronal specializations for the processing of interaural difference cues in the chick.

Ohmori Harunori
Frontiers in neural circuits 8, 2014-05-09
… Neurons in the nucleus angularis (NA) are specialized for coding sound level information in birds and the ILD is processed in the posterior part of the dorsal lateral lemniscus nucleus (LLDp). …
NAID 120005439538

Generation of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs) in Man:III. Vascular Lesions

臨床神経生理学 40(3), 147-166, 2012
… Similarly, wave IV ipsilateral stimulation to the lesion and wave V contralateral stimulation to the lesion were affected by the same discrete lesion at the mid portion of the pons, and the lesion anatomically included the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. … These data suggest that wave IVs are generated by the ipsilateral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. …
NAID 130005003291

Anatomical Details of the Brainstem and Cranial Nerves Visualized by High Resolution Readout-segmented Multi-shot Echo-planar Diffusion-weighted Images using Unidirectional MPG at 3T

, , , , ,
Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS 10(4), 269-275, 2011-12-01
… DWI by rs-EPI was significantly better than DWI by single-shot EPI for visualizing the medial longitudinal fasciculus, lateral lemniscus, corticospinal tract, and seventh/eighth cranial nerves and offered significantly less distortion of the brainstem. …
NAID 10030284698

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「聴覚」「外側毛帯」
関連記事	「lateral」「lemniscus」

「聴覚」

Lateral lemniscus
	Lateral lemniscus in red, as it connects the cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus and the inferior colliculus. Seen from behind.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	lemniscus lateralis
NeuroNames	hier-605
NeuroLex ID	Lateral lemiscus
Dorlands; /Elsevier	l_06/12483107
TA	A14.1.05.317; A14.1.08.670
FMA	72502
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: audition, hearing
同: 聴感覚

音

圧変動(振動:縦波)の終発

単位

dB = 20 log10 (被験音圧)/(基準音圧)

可聴域

20Hz-20kHz (20-20000)

検知閾

1kHzで最低

会話言語域

100Hz-4kHz

聴覚の受容器

1. 外耳

集音・共振による音圧増強: 20dB

鼓膜面積：アブミ骨底面積比と耳小骨連鎖のてこ比による音圧増強: 27dB

3. 内耳

蝸牛器官

蝸牛器官の構造

前庭階

ライスネル膜

中央階

基底膜の幅・柔らかさ・外有毛細胞による伸縮作用が異なる。

前庭階の入り口に近い基底膜が高周波数に応じて振動する (SP.240)

鼓室階

基底膜振動の伝播と進行波

進行波

SP. 　基底膜振動の伝播は進行波と呼ばれる。

周波数同調

-周波数同調特性
SP. 240,251,252
-同調曲線
SP. 240,250,251 
-特徴周波数
SP. 240,250

同調曲線上で、応答の閾値が最小値をとる周波数はその系が最も応答しやすい周波数(=特徴周波数)となる。

-周波数帯域
周波数帯SP. 239
-周波数局在性
SP. 202,206,241,250,258,260

振動周波数が高くなるに従い、振動の頂点は蝸牛管基部に生じる
蝸牛器官、らせん神経節、蝸牛神経核、上オリーブ核、台形体核、外側毛帯核、下丘、内側膝状体、聴皮質はすべて周波数局在性を有する(SP.250)

コルチ器 (2007年後期生理学授業プリント)

蝸牛基底部から頂部に至るらせん状の構造を全体として形成する

内有毛細胞 inner hair cell

蝸牛の回転の内側に配列する
1列
3500個/蝸牛
感覚毛(不動毛。×動毛)
受容器細胞として主役
求心線維の90-95%が分布

内柱細胞 inner pillar cell
コルチのトンネル tunnel of Corti
外柱細胞 outer pillar cell
外有毛細胞 outer hair cell

SP. 240-243,245-252,259

蝸牛の回転の外側に配列する
3-4列
20000個/蝸牛
感覚毛(不動毛。×動毛)
遠心性細胞が分布
膜電位に応じて長さを変化させ、基底膜同調特性に非線形的な増強を与えると考えられている。

ダイテルス細胞 Deiters cell

外有毛細胞を支持

ヘンゼン細胞 Hensen cell
網状板(=網様膜)
蓋膜
蝸牛神経線維

遠心性線維(蝸牛神経節経由)
求心性線維(上オリーブ核(延髄)由来)

らせん神経節 spiral ganglion

疑似双極細胞

受容器電位 receptor potential

SP. 50,185,219,220,243

受容器電位の発生から聴神経におけるインパルス発生まで

1. 有毛細胞の感覚毛屈曲
2. 有毛細胞における受容器電位の発生
3. 有毛細胞から求心性線維への神経伝達物質（グルタミン酸）放出
4. 求心性線維終末におけるEPSP発生
5. 求心性線維終末における活動電位の発生

蝸牛マイクロフォン電位 cochlear microphonics potential, CM

SP. 247

聴覚刺激を与えることで、内耳および内耳周辺では刺激をを忠実に反映した電気信号が記録される。この電位をマイクロホン電位と呼ぶ(SP.247)

蝸牛マイクロフォン電位は感覚毛の振動で生じた受容器電位の総和(PT.163)

内リンパ腔電位 endolymph potential (=蝸牛内直流電位)

SP. 246,247

難聴

伝音性難聴

伝音性難聴とは、伝音機能の不良（音の伝達不良）によって起こる難聴であり、鼓膜破損や耳小骨硬化、慢性中耳炎などで起こり、骨伝導には問題がない。低音域で障害があらわれ、補聴器で補正できる。

感音性難聴

感音性難聴とは、音の受容に問題があって起こる難聴であり、コルチ器官や聴神経あるいは聴神経核などの障害、利尿剤・老化による有毛細胞の変性などで起こる。高音域で障害があらわれ、補聴器で補正できない。

聴覚の伝導路

SP. 254-

1. 蝸牛・コルチ器官・有毛細胞
2. 蝸牛神経線維
3. らせん神経節(=蝸牛神経節) [一次ニューロン]
4. 蝸牛神経核 cochlear nucleus
5. 上オリーブ核群
6. 台形核
7. 外側毛帯
8. 外側毛体格
9. 下丘
10. 内側膝状体
11. 視床枕・網様核
12. 大脳皮質第一次聴覚野
13. 大脳皮質聴覚連合野
14. 大脳皮質感覚性言語中枢

(Q.book p.107)

organ of Corti -> spiral ganglion in the cochlea -> vestibulocochlear nerve(CN VIII) -> cochlear nuclei(dorsal and ventral) -> superior olivary nuclei -> lateral lemniscus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus(MGN) -> primary auditory cortex(Heschl's gyrus)

伝導路における交叉

交叉は台形体・下丘で行われるが、反対皮質の優位性は低い
聴覚は両側性に中枢に伝わる
4-6個のニューロンを比較的多数のシナプスを中継して中枢に至る

「外側毛帯」

　　[★]

英: lateral lemniscus
関: 内側毛帯

聴覚の伝導路

「lateral」

　　[★]

adj.

側面の、外側の、側の、外側性の、ラテラル

関: aspect、external、externally、flanking、laterale、lateralis、laterally、outer、outside、profile、side、sided、sidedness

「lemniscus」

　　[★]

n.

(Anatomy)a band of fibers, esp. of white nerve fibers in the brain.
毛帯

関: lemniscal

ex.

[Adams-1] Adams, J. C. and E. Mugnaini (1984). "Dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus: a nucleus of GABAergic projection neurons." Brain Res Bull 13(4): 585-90.

[2] Bajo, V. M., M. A. Merchan, et al. (1993). "Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat." J Comp Neurol 334(2): 241-62.

[R1-3] Winer, J. A., D. T. Larue, et al. (1995). "GABA and glycine in the central auditory system of the mustache bat: structural substrates for inhibitory neuronal organization." J Comp Neurol 355(3): 317-53.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

lateral lemniscus