橋　

WordNet

a band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with the midbrain (同)pons Varolii
an immune response (chiefly against viral or fungal invasions or transplanted tissue) that involves T cells
United States coloratura soprano (born in France) (1904-1976) (同)Lily Pons, Alice-Josephine Pons

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/09 14:28:28」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

橋（きょう、［拉］pons）は、脳の部位の一つ。脳幹に含まれ、前後を中脳と延髄とに挟まれる。第四脳室の腹側壁をなす。第四脳室をはさんで背側には小脳がある。

前腹側から脳幹の外観を観察すると、小脳の腹側からのびた強大な線維束（中小脳脚）が、脳幹の一部を乗り越え、これをつつむように盛り上がってみえることから、この部位を小脳からでた「橋」にみたてて、この名がついた。

三叉神経、外転神経、顔面神経、聴神経といった多くの脳神経核が存在する。脳神経が出る部位である。脳幹を経由する多くの伝導路が通過する他、大脳皮質からの運動性出力を橋核、中小脳脚を経由して、小脳へと伝える経路などが存在する。

画像

橋の形を様々な方向から見た動画。橋を赤で、中脳と延髄を茶色で、それ以外の所を半透明にして示してある。（画像出典：Anatomography）
橋の下部の横断面の模式図。外転神経核や顔面神経核、前庭神経核などを含む

外部リンク

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、橋 (脳)に関連するカテゴリがあります。

橋 - 慶應医学部解剖学教室船戸和弥

この項目は、医学に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:医学／Portal:医学と医療）。

The pons /ˈpɒnz/ is part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.^[1] It is also called the pons Varolii ("bridge of Varoli"), after the Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio (1543–75).^[2] It is cranial to the medulla oblongata, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds, this means it is above the medulla, below the midbrain, and anterior to the cerebellum. This white matter includes tracts that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.^[3]

The pons in humans measures about 2.5 cm or 1 inch in length. Most of it appears as a broad anterior bulge rostral to the medulla. Posteriorly, it consists mainly of two pairs of thick stalks called cerebellar peduncles. They connect the cerebellum to the pons and midbrain.^[3]

The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.^[3]

Within the pons is the pneumotaxic center, a nucleus that regulates the change from inhalation to exhalation.^[3]

The pons is implicated in sleep paralysis, and also plays a role in generating dreams.^{[citation needed]}

Structure

Development

During embryonic development, the embryonic metencephalon develops from the rhombencephalon and gives rise to two structures: the pons and the cerebellum.^[3] The alar plate produces sensory neuroblasts, which will give rise to the solitary nucleus and its special visceral afferent (SVA) column; the cochlear and vestibular nuclei, which form the special somatic afferent (SSA) fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve, the spinal and principal trigeminal nerve nuclei, which form the general somatic afferent column (GSA) of the trigeminal nerve, and the pontine nuclei which relays to the cerebellum.

Basal plate neuroblasts give rise to the abducens nucleus,which forms the general somatic efferent fibers (GSE); the facial and motor trigeminal nuclei, which form the special visceral efferent (SVE) column, and the superior salivatory nucleus, which forms the general visceral efferent fibers of the facial nerve.

Nucleus

A number of cranial nerve nuclei are present in the pons:

mid-pons: the 'chief' or 'pontine' nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V)
mid-pons: the motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V)
lower down in the pons: abducens nucleus (VI)
lower down in the pons: facial nerve nucleus (VII)
lower down in the pons: vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII)

Function

The functions of these four nerves include sensory roles in hearing, equilibrium, and taste, and in facial sensations such as touch and pain, as well as motor roles in eye movement, facial expressions, chewing, swallowing, and the secretion of saliva and tears.^[3]

Clinical significance

Central pontine myelinosis is a demyelination disease that causes difficulty with sense of balance, walking, sense of touch, swallowing and speaking. In a clinical setting, it is often associated with transplant. Undiagnosed, it can lead to death or locked-in syndrome.

Other animals

Evolution

The pons first evolved as an offshoot of the medullary reticular formation.^[4] Since lampreys possess a pons, it has been argued that it must have evolved as a region distinct from the medulla by the time the first agnathans appeared, 505 million years ago.^[5]

Additional images

Location and topography of Pons(Animation)
Scheme showing the connections of the several parts of the brain
Superficial dissection of brainstem, lateral view
Superficial dissection of brainstem, ventral view
Axial section of the pons, at its upper part
Dissection showing the projection fibers of the cerebellum
Sagittal section through right cerebellar hemisphere: The right olive has also been cut sagitally.
Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle: The arrow is in the foramen of Majendie.
Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane
Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons
Hind- and mid-brains; posterolateral view
Median sagittal section of brain
Dissection showing the course of the cerebrospinal fibers
Terminal nuclei of the cochlear nerve, with their upper connections
Terminal nuclei of the vestibular nerve, with their upper connections
The hypophysis cerebri in position, shown in sagittal section
Pituitary and pineal glands
Axial section of the brainstem (pons) at the level of the facial colliculus
Human cerebrum lateral view
Human brain frontal (coronal) section
Human brainstem anterior view
Nuclei of the pons and brainstem
Cerebrum. Deep dissection. Inferior dissection.

References

^ O.D.E. 2005
^ Henry Gray (1862). Anatomy, descriptive and surgical. Blanchard and Lea. pp. 514–. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Saladin Kenneth S.(2007)
^ Pritchard and Alloway Medical Neuroscience
^ Butler and Hodos Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: evolution and adaptation

Saladin Kenneth S.(2007) Anatomy & physiology the unity of form and function. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill

Pritchard, TE and Alloway, D (1999). Medical neuroscience. Hayes Barton Press. ISBN 978-1-59377-200-0.

Butler, AB and Hodos, W (2005). Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: evolution and adaptation. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-471-21005-4.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pons.

Diagram at UCC
Stained brain slice images which include the "Pons" at the BrainMaps project

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 後方循環系の脳血管症候群 posterior circulation cerebrovascular syndromes
2. ラクナ梗塞 lacunar infarcts
3. 脳卒中サブタイプの臨床診断 clinical diagnosis of stroke subtypes
4. びまん性橋膠腫 diffuse pontine glioma
5. 閉じ込め症候群 locked in syndrome

English Journal

An autopsied case of adult-onset bulbospinalform Alexander disease with a novel S393R mutation in the GFAP gene.

Iwasaki Y, Saito Y, Mori K, Ito M, Mimuro M, Aiba I, Saito K, Mizuta I, Yoshida T, Nakagawa M, Yoshida M.
Clinical neuropathology.Clin Neuropathol.2015 Jul-Aug;34(4):207-14. doi: 10.5414/NP300806.
A 50-year-old Japanese man with no apparent family history noticed diplopia. He gradually showed gait disturbance and dysuria. Abducens disorder of eye movement with nystagmus, tongue atrophy with fasciculation, spastic tetraparesis, and sensory disturbance were also observed. MRI showed severe atro
PMID 25828773

5-year outcome of cross-arch prostheses supported by four immediately loaded zygomatic implants: A prospective case series.

Davó R, Pons O.
European journal of oral implantology.Eur J Oral Implantol.2015 Summer;8(2):169-74.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcome of maxillary prostheses supported by four immediately loaded zygomatic implants in the rehabilitation of edentulous patients with severe atrophic maxillae after 5 years of function.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Out of a total of 17 consecutive patients with severe
PMID 26021227

Hypertrophic olivary degeneration secondary to pontine haemorrhage.

Wein S1, Yan B2, Gaillard F3.
Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia.J Clin Neurosci.2015 Jul;22(7):1213-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.02.005. Epub 2015 Apr 8.
We report a 58-year-old man who developed hyptertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) after haemorrhage of a cavernous malformation in the pons. Lesions of the triangle of Guillain and Mollaret (the dentatorubro-olivary pathway) may lead to HOD, a secondary transsynaptic degeneration of the inferior ol
PMID 25863998

Japanese Journal

B-8-65 WDM/TDM-PONの予備波長プロテクションにおけるONU多重数と再リンクアップ時間に関する検討(B-8.通信方式,一般セッション)

金子慎,吉田智暁,木村俊二,鈴木謙一,大高明浩
電子情報通信学会総合大会講演論文集 2015年_通信(2), 309, 2015-02-24
NAID 110009928573

Hyperintense Lesion in the Pons in Intravascular Lymphoma

Iwamuro Masaya,Kimura Kosuke,Kondo Eisei,Otsuka Fumio
Internal Medicine 54(18), 2421-2422, 2015
NAID 130005099683

Adult Diffuse Astrocytoma in the Medulla Oblongata: Molecular Biological Analyses Including H3F3A Mutation of Histone H3.3

Uekawa Ken,Nakamura Hideo,Shinojima Naoki,Takezaki Tatsuya,Yano Shigetoshi,Kuratsu Jun-ichi
NMC Case Report Journal advpub(0), 2015
… In addition, most adult brain stem gliomas result predominantly in the pons and are less often found in the medulla oblongata. …
NAID 130005098751

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「脳」「大脳」「前脳」「菱脳」「橋」
拡張検索	「systemic inflammatory response syndrome」

「脳」

Brain: Pons
	Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ (pons visible at center)
	Anteroinferior view of the medulla oblongata and pons
Gray's	p.785
Part of	Brain stem
Artery	pontine arteries
Vein	transverse and lateral pontine veins
NeuroNames	hier-538
MeSH	Pons
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_733

脳: 橋
	大脳間脳中脳橋延髄脊髄小脳脳の矢状断。茶色が橋。脳内での橋の位置。橋を赤で示す。左図は側面から、右図は正面から見たとき（画像出典：Anatomography）
名称
日本語	橋
英語	Pons
関連構造
上位構造	脳幹
構成要素	第四脳室
動脈	橋動脈
静脈	横橋静脈、外側橋静脈
画像
アナトモグラフィー	三次元CG
Digital Anatomist	左側面; 内側; 下方; 前方; 大脳鎌; 小脳テント; 脳幹外側; 脳幹下方; 大脳パーツ; 冠状断（脚間窩）; 冠状断（黒質）; 矢状断
関連情報
IBVD	体積（面積）
Brede Database	階層関係、座標情報
NeuroNames	関連情報一覧
NIF	総合検索
MeSH	Pons
グレイの解剖学	書籍中の説明（英語）
	テンプレートを表示

　　[★]

英: brain
ラ: encephalon
関: 大脳、ブロードマン野

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

解剖

重量：成人の場合体重の2.2%。2-3%ともいわれる。

新生児：約400g、成人：男性約1,350g、女性：約1,250g

脳幹に着目した分類

大脳、小脳、脳幹(中脳・橋・延髄)

発生学

外胚葉

生理学

脳血流量：心拍出量の15%　(心拍出量が5Lとしたら、毎分750ml灌流している事になる)
脳の酸素消費量：全身の消費量の20%
脳のグルコース消費量：全身の消費量の25%。1日100-150g(SCN.3)
血流限界：3分　⇔心臓は10分(see:窒息)

神経内科プリント

	脳での需要量	割合
血液	700～900 ml/分	心拍出量の	約15%
酸素	40～46 ml/分	全身需要量の	約20%
グルコース	310 μmol/分	全身需要量の	約25%

「大脳」

　　[★]

英: cerebrum
関: 脳、ブロードマン野

ブロードマン野

感覚野、運動野

身体各部局在　→

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

機能障害

	優位半球	劣位半球
	左	右
側頭葉	感覚性失語、Wernicke失語、同名性上1/4半盲
頭頂葉	対側の感覚
	ゲルストマン症候群(手指失認、左右識別障害、失算、失書)	半側空間無視、病態失認、自己身体失認など
前頭葉	対側の運動麻痺、眼球運動(対側への追視)障害、運動性失語、知的及び精神的高次機能障害など
後頭葉	対側の同名半盲、両側後頭葉の障害ではアントン症候群
小脳	筋共同運動障害、運動・平衡障害に関係し、運動失調を呈する。測定異常、反復拮抗運動障害、筋緊張低下、運動過多、歩行異常、異常姿勢、発語障害、眼振など

「前脳」

　　[★]

pros 前方に
英: forebrain, prosencephalon
同: 前脳胞
関: 一次脳胞

図：B.3
前脳胞に由来する
終脳と間脳に分かれる

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

「菱脳」

　　[★]

英: rhombencephalon (KL), hindbrain
関: 一次脳胞, 脳、脳胞

発生過程における脳胞の呼称
分化して、後脳と髄脳となる。

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

「橋」

　　[★]

英: pons
同: 橋脳、脳橋、ヴァロリオ橋 Varolian pons

脳神経

臨床関連

脳出血-橋出血：意識障害、四肢麻痺、呼吸不全、眼球異常(pinpoint pupil)

神経内科

ミヤール・ギュブレール症候群 Millard-Gubler syndrome：病変部位と同側の顔面神経麻痺と対側の上下肢麻痺

「systemic inflammatory response syndrome」

　　[★] 全身性炎症反応症候群 SIRS

[1] O.D.E. 2005

[Gray1862-2] Henry Gray (1862). Anatomy, descriptive and surgical. Blanchard and Lea. pp. 514–. Retrieved 10 November 2010.

[Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Saladin Kenneth S.(2007)

[Pritchard-4] Pritchard and Alloway Medical Neuroscience

[Butler-5] Butler and Hodos Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: evolution and adaptation

脳: 橋
大脳間脳中脳橋延髄脊髄小脳脳の矢状断。茶色が橋。脳内での橋の位置。橋を赤で示す。左図は側面から、右図は正面から見たとき（画像出典：Anatomography）
名称
日本語	橋
英語	Pons
関連構造
上位構造	脳幹
構成要素	第四脳室
動脈	橋動脈
静脈	横橋静脈、外側橋静脈
画像
アナトモグラフィー	三次元CG
Digital Anatomist	左側面内側下方前方大脳鎌小脳テント脳幹外側脳幹下方大脳パーツ冠状断（脚間窩）冠状断（黒質）矢状断
関連情報
IBVD	体積（面積）
Brede Database	階層関係、座標情報
NeuroNames	関連情報一覧
NIF	総合検索
MeSH	Pons
グレイの解剖学	書籍中の説明（英語）
テンプレートを表示

Brain: Pons
Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ (pons visible at center)
Anteroinferior view of the medulla oblongata and pons
Gray's	p.785
Part of	Brain stem
Artery	pontine arteries
Vein	transverse and lateral pontine veins
NeuroNames	hier-538
MeSH	Pons
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_733

匿名

検索

案内

pons