同: 大脳半球

WordNet

anterior portion of the brain consisting of two hemispheres; dominant part of the brain in humans
of or relating to the cerebrum or brain; "cerebral hemisphere"; "cerebral activity"
involving intelligence rather than emotions or instinct; "a cerebral approach to the problem"; "cerebral drama" (同)intellectual
half of a sphere
either half of the cerebrum (同)cerebral_hemisphere
half of the terrestrial globe

PrepTutorEJDIC

大脳,脳
大脳の,脳の / 頭脳的な,知的な
(地球の)『半球』 / 半球体

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/04/05 19:39:16」(JST)

wiki en

A cerebral hemisphere is one of the two regions of the vertebrate brain that are delineated by the median plane, (medial longitudinal fissure). The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is supported by an inner layer of white matter. In eutherian, i.e., placental, mammals (but not in non-eutherian mammals such as marsupials or in other vertebrates, the hemispheres are linked by the corpus callosum, a very large bundle of nerve fibers. Smaller commissures also join the hemispheres, both in eutherian and in other vertebrates, including the anterior commissure (which is present in marsupials), posterior commissure, and hippocampal commissure. These commissures transfer information between the two hemispheres to coordinate localized functions.

Macroscopically the hemispheres are roughly mirror images of each other, with only subtle differences (e.g. Yakovlevian torque). On a microscopic level, the architecture, types of cells, types of neurotransmitters and receptor subtypes are markedly asymmetrical between the two hemispheres.^{[citation needed]} However, while some of these hemispheric distribution differences are consistent across human beings, or even across some species, many observable distribution differences vary from individual to individual within a given species.

Embryological development

The cerebral hemispheres are derived from the telencephalon. They arise five weeks after conception as bilateral invaginations of the walls. The hemispheres grow round in a C-shape and then back again, pulling all structures internal to the hemispheres (such as the ventricles) with them. The interventricular foramen (sometimes called the interventricular foramena of munro) allows communication with the lateral ventricle. The choroid plexus is formed from ependymal cells and vascular mesenchyme.

Hemisphere lateralization

Main article: Lateralization of brain function

Broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about certain functions (e.g. logic, creativity) being lateralized, that is, located in the right or left side of the brain. These claims are often inaccurate, as most brain functions are actually distributed across both hemispheres. Most scientific evidence for asymmetry relates to low-level perceptual functions rather than the higher-level functions popularly discussed (e.g. subconscious processing of grammar, not "logical thinking" in general).^[1]^[2]

Cerebral hemispheres of 8 weeks human embryo

The best evidence of lateralization for one specific ability is language. Both of the major areas involved in language skills, Broca's area and Wernicke's area, are in the left hemisphere.

Perceptual information is processed in both hemispheres, but is laterally partitioned: information from each side of the body is sent to the opposite hemisphere (visual information is partitioned Optic radiation, but still lateralized). Similarly, motor control signals sent out to the body also come from the hemisphere on the opposite side. Thus, Hand preference (which hand someone prefers to use) is also related to hemisphere lateralization.

Neuropsychologists (e.g. Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga) have studied split-brain patients to better understand lateralization. Sperry pioneered the use of lateralized tachistoscopes to present visual information to one hemisphere or the other. Scientists have also studied people born without a corpus callosum to determine specialization of brain hemispheres.

The magnocellular pathway of the visual system sends more information to the right hemisphere, while the parvocellular pathway sends more information to the left hemisphere.

In some respects, the hemispheres are asymmetrical. There are higher levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine on the right and higher levels of dopamine on the left. There is more white matter (longer axons) on right and more grey matter (cell bodies) on the left.^[3]

Linear reasoning functions of language such as grammar and word production are often lateralized to the left hemisphere of the brain. In contrast, holistic reasoning functions of language such as intonation and emphasis are often lateralized to the right hemisphere of the brain. Other integrative functions such as intuitive or heuristic arithmetic, binaural sound localization, emotions, etc. seem to be more bilaterally controlled.^[4]

Left hemisphere functions	Right hemisphere functions
numerical computation (exact calculation, numerical comparison, estimation) left hemisphere only: direct fact retrieval^[4]^[5]	numerical computation (approximate calculation, numerical comparison, estimation)^[4]^[5]
language: grammar/vocabulary, literal^[6]	language: intonation/accentuation, prosody, pragmatic, contextual^[6]

References

^ Western et al. 2006 "Psychology: Australian and New Zealand edition" John Wiley p.107
^ "Neuromyth 6" http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,3746,en_2649_35845581_34555007_1_1_1_1,00.html Retrieved October 15, 2011.
^ R. Carter, Mapping the Mind, Phoenix, London, 2004, Originally Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dehaene S, Spelke E, Pinel P, Stanescu R, Tsivkin S (1999). "Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence". Science 284 (5416): 970–4. doi:10.1126/science.284.5416.970. PMID 10320379.
^ ^a ^b Dehaene Stanislas, Piazza Manuela, Pinel Philippe, Cohen Laurent (2003). "Three parietal circuits for number processing". Cognitive Neuropsychology 20 (3): 487–506. doi:10.1080/02643290244000239. PMID 20957581.
^ ^a ^b Taylor, Insup & Taylor, M. Martin (1990). Psycholinguistics: learning and using language. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. p. 367. ISBN 0-13-733817-1.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Physiological and behavioural indices of hostility: An extension of the capacity model to include exposure to affective stress and right lateralized motor stress.

Holland AK1, Newton SE, Hinson DW, Hardin J, Coe M, Harrison DW.
Laterality.Laterality.2014 Sep;19(5):560-84. doi: 10.1080/1357650X.2014.886586. Epub 2014 Feb 27.
Right hemisphere functional cerebral systems have reliably been associated with sympathetic nervous system arousal and the perception of negative affective events. The goal of the current research was to provide additional support for the capacity model of hostility by examining changes attributable
PMID 24575850

Dynamic stimuli: Accentuating aesthetic preference biases.

Friedrich TE1, Harms VL, Elias LJ.
Laterality.Laterality.2014 Sep;19(5):549-59. doi: 10.1080/1357650X.2014.886585. Epub 2014 Feb 17.
Despite humans' preference for symmetry, artwork often portrays asymmetrical characteristics that influence the viewer's aesthetic preference for the image. When presented with asymmetrical images, aesthetic preference is often given to images whose content flows from left-to-right and whose mass is
PMID 24527986

Children below 9 years use both verbal cues and lateralized cues to orient their attention in an emotional dichotic listening task.

Donnot J1, Phelip M, Blättler C, Vauclair J.
Laterality.Laterality.2014 Sep;19(5):533-48. doi: 10.1080/1357650X.2013.868470. Epub 2013 Dec 20.
The current study aimed to demonstrate that children below 9 years of age efficiently orient their auditory attention with both verbal cues and lateralized cues to identify emotional stimuli. The use of emotional stimuli is an optimal condition according to the assumption that a multi-component task
PMID 24359279

Japanese Journal

血管内皮傷害と口腔細菌

梅村和夫,外村和也,松本祐直
脳循環代謝（日本脳循環代謝学会機関誌） 26(2), 141-143, 2015
要旨マウス頭蓋内出血モデルを用い，S. mutans（標準的な株であるMT8148 株（MT）と頭蓋内出血患者から分離した高病原性TW295 株（TW））を静脈より投与し，24 時間後の頭蓋内出血の程度を検討した．頭蓋内出血量はMT 群では，コントロール群と比べ変化がなかったが，TW 群では有意に増加した．TW は菌表層にコラーゲン結合蛋白質（Cnm）を有しているが，MT は有していない．そこで …
NAID 130005093685

CAS 後過灌流症候群の発症予測に関する研究

岩田智則
脳循環代謝（日本脳循環代謝学会機関誌） 26(2), 173-176, 2015
要旨 CAS 後の過灌流症候群発症の術前と術後の予測因子を明らかにし，SPECT とTCCS の有用性をretrospectiveに検討した．待機的CAS を施行し，SPECT とTCCS を術前と術後3 時間以内に施行した患者を対象とした．過灌流症候群の術前予測因子と術後予測因子を単変量と多変量解析で明らかにした．対象となった64 症例中で9 症例に過灌流症候群が出現した．過灌流症候群発症有無で …
NAID 130005093679

前意識段階における視空間情報弁別の非対称性

大場かおり,寳珠山稔
理学療法科学 30(2), 301-305, 2015
〔目的〕視空間情報が認知される前の情報弁別脳反応を脳磁計により検出し，その特性を明らかにすることを目的とした．〔対象〕神経的・精神的疾患の既往がない視力0.8以上の右利き健常成人10名を対象とした．〔方法〕仮現運動を利用し，同一方向に頻回に移動する標準刺激と反対方向に移動する逸脱刺激によるミスマッチ脳磁場反応（mismatch field, MMF）を測定後，上下左右方向への刺激で生じるMMFの推 …
NAID 130005083772

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「脳」「大脳」「前脳」「菱脳」「cerebrum」
関連記事	「cerebral」

「脳」

Brain: Cerebral hemisphere
	The human brain as viewed from above, showing the cerebral hemis. The anterior aspect (front) of the brain is to the right.
Latin	Hemisphaerium cerebri
Code	TA A14.1.09.002

　　[★]

英: brain
ラ: encephalon
関: 大脳、ブロードマン野

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

解剖

重量：成人の場合体重の2.2%。2-3%ともいわれる。

新生児：約400g、成人：男性約1,350g、女性：約1,250g

脳幹に着目した分類

大脳、小脳、脳幹(中脳・橋・延髄)

発生学

外胚葉

生理学

脳血流量：心拍出量の15%　(心拍出量が5Lとしたら、毎分750ml灌流している事になる)
脳の酸素消費量：全身の消費量の20%
脳のグルコース消費量：全身の消費量の25%。1日100-150g(SCN.3)
血流限界：3分　⇔心臓は10分(see:窒息)

神経内科プリント

	脳での需要量	割合
血液	700～900 ml/分	心拍出量の	約15%
酸素	40～46 ml/分	全身需要量の	約20%
グルコース	310 μmol/分	全身需要量の	約25%

「大脳」

　　[★]

英: cerebrum
関: 脳、ブロードマン野

ブロードマン野

感覚野、運動野

身体各部局在　→

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

機能障害

	優位半球	劣位半球
	左	右
側頭葉	感覚性失語、Wernicke失語、同名性上1/4半盲
頭頂葉	対側の感覚
	ゲルストマン症候群(手指失認、左右識別障害、失算、失書)	半側空間無視、病態失認、自己身体失認など
前頭葉	対側の運動麻痺、眼球運動(対側への追視)障害、運動性失語、知的及び精神的高次機能障害など
後頭葉	対側の同名半盲、両側後頭葉の障害ではアントン症候群
小脳	筋共同運動障害、運動・平衡障害に関係し、運動失調を呈する。測定異常、反復拮抗運動障害、筋緊張低下、運動過多、歩行異常、異常姿勢、発語障害、眼振など

「前脳」

　　[★]

pros 前方に
英: forebrain, prosencephalon
同: 前脳胞
関: 一次脳胞

図：B.3
前脳胞に由来する
終脳と間脳に分かれる

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

「菱脳」

　　[★]

英: rhombencephalon (KL), hindbrain
関: 一次脳胞, 脳、脳胞

発生過程における脳胞の呼称
分化して、後脳と髄脳となる。

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

「cerebrum」

　　[★] 大脳

関: cerebral、cerebral hemisphere、cerebri

「cerebral」

　　[★]

adj.

大脳の、大脳性の、脳性の、脳の

関: brain、cerebri、cerebro、cerebrum、encephalic、encephalo、encephalon

[Western_2006-0] Western et al. 2006 "Psychology: Australian and New Zealand edition" John Wiley p.107

[1] "Neuromyth 6" http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,3746,en_2649_35845581_34555007_1_1_1_1,00.html Retrieved October 15, 2011.

[Carter_1998-2] R. Carter, Mapping the Mind, Phoenix, London, 2004, Originally Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998.

[Dehaene_1-3] Dehaene S, Spelke E, Pinel P, Stanescu R, Tsivkin S (1999). "Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence". Science 284 (5416): 970–4. doi:10.1126/science.284.5416.970. PMID 10320379.

[Dehaene2003-4] Dehaene Stanislas, Piazza Manuela, Pinel Philippe, Cohen Laurent (2003). "Three parietal circuits for number processing". Cognitive Neuropsychology 20 (3): 487–506. doi:10.1080/02643290244000239. PMID 20957581.

[Talyor-5] Taylor, Insup & Taylor, M. Martin (1990). Psycholinguistics: learning and using language. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. p. 367. ISBN 0-13-733817-1.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

cerebral hemisphere