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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/25 13:48:23」(JST)
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| Brain: Prosencephalon (Forebrain) |
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| Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain structures. |
| Gray's |
subject #189 741 |
| NeuroLex ID |
birnlex_1509 |
In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the prosencephalon (or forebrain) is the rostral-most (forward-most) portion of the brain. The prosencephalon, the mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) are the three primary portions of the brain during early development of the central nervous system. It controls body temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping, and any display of emotions.
At the five-vesicle stage, the prosencephalon separates into the diencephalon (prethalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and pretectum) and the telencephalon (cerebrum). The cerebrum consists of the cerebral cortex, underlying white matter, and the basal ganglia.
By 5 weeks in utero, it is visible as a single portion toward the front of the fetus. At 8 weeks in utero, the prosencephalon splits into the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
When the embryonic prosencephalon fails to divide the brain into two lobes, it results in a condition known as holoprosencephaly.
Additional images
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Embryo between eighteen and twenty-one days.
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Head of chick embryo of about thirty-eight hours’ incubation, viewed from the ventral surface. X 26
See also
- List of regions in the human brain
External links
- NIF Search - Forebrain via the Neuroscience Information Framework
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Nervous system (TA A14, GA 9)
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| Central nervous system |
- Meninges
- Spinal cord
- Brain
- Rhombencephalon
- Medulla oblongata
- Pons
- Cerebellum
- Mesencephalon
- Prosencephalon
- Diencephalon
- Telencephalon
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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Somatic
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- Sensory nerve
- Motor nerve
- Cranial nerve
- Spinal nerve
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Autonomic
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- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
- Enteric nervous system
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anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp
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noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
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anat(h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys(r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp
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noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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Human brain: diencephalon (TA A14.1.08, GA 9.807)
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| Epithalamus |
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Surface
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Pineal body · Habenula · Habenular trigone · Habenular commissure
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Grey matter
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Pretectal area · Habenular nuclei · Subcommissural organ
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| Thalamus |
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Surface
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Stria medullaris of thalamus · Thalamic reticular nucleus · Taenia thalami
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Grey matter/
nuclei
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paired: AN · Ventral (VA/VL, VP/VPM/VPL) · Lateral (LD, LP, Pulvinar nuclei) · Metathalamus (MG, LG)
midline: MD · Intralaminar (Centromedian) · Midline nuclear group · Interthalamic adhesion
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White matter
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Mammillothalamic fasciculus · Pallidothalamic tracts (Ansa lenticularis, Lenticular fasciculus, Thalamic fasciculus) · PCML (Medial lemniscus, Trigeminal lemniscus) · Spinothalamic tract · Lateral lemniscus · Dentatothalamic tract · Acoustic radiation · Optic radiation · Subthalamic fasciculus · Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
Medullary laminae
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| Hypothalamus |
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Surface
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Median eminence/Tuber cinereum · Mammillary body · Infundibulum
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Grey matter
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Autonomic zones
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Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) · Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
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Endocrine
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posterior pituitary: Paraventricular (magnocellular, parvocellular)/Supraoptic (oxytocin/vasopressin)
other: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) · Preoptic (GnRH) · Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
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Emotion
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Lateral · Ventromedial · Dorsomedial
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White matter
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afferent (SN → Medial forebrain bundle) · efferent (Mammillothalamic fasciculus → AN, Stria terminalis → Amygdala, Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus → SC)
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Pituitary
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Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular
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| Subthalamus |
Subthalamic nucleus · Zona incerta
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Ventricular system:
Third ventricle |
recesses: (Optic recess, Infundibular recess, Suprapineal recess, Pineal recess)
Hypothalamic sulcus · Tela chorioidea of third ventricle
Subfornical organ
Apertures: Interventricular/Monro
Posterior commissure
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anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp
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noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
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UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Midline Destructive Lesions in a Cocaine User.
- Stelten BM1, Post B2.
- The New England journal of medicine.N Engl J Med.2016 Mar 10;374(10):969. doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm1503043.
- PMID 26962731
- Principles Underlying the Classification of Diseases of the Nervous System.
- Jelliffe SE, White WA.
- JAMA.JAMA.2016 Mar 8;315(10):1059. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.17077.
- PMID 26954425
- Melatonin receptor deficiency decreases and temporally shifts ecto-5'-nucleotidase mRNA levels in mouse prosencephalon.
- Homola M1, Pfeffer M1, Robson SC2, Fischer C1, Zimmermann H3, Korf HW4.
- Cell and tissue research.Cell Tissue Res.2016 Feb 26. [Epub ahead of print]
- Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN) is the major extracellular adenosine-producing ecto-enzyme in mouse brain. Via the production of adenosine, eN participates in many physiological and pathological processes, such as wakefulness, inflammation, nociception and neuroprotection. The mechanisms regulating the ex
- PMID 26917036
Japanese Journal
- 脳静脈の機能解剖(<特集>手術訓練としての外科解剖実習(2):手術合併症を防ぐために-第23回微小脳神経外科解剖セミナーより-)
- 小宮山 雅樹
- 脳神経外科ジャーナル 18(11), 821-829, 2009-11-20
- … 程を経る.神経管の両側に形成されるprimary head veinを基本に,脳の発達とともに形を変えながら,脳硬膜静脈洞(dural sinus)や脳静脈(pial vein)が形成される.神経管の閉鎖により脈絡叢からの導出は1本のmedial vein of prosencephalonが担うようになり,これは一対の内大脳静脈の形成により,こちらに移行され,さらにgreat vein of Galenに導出される.大きく発達する大脳の表在性静脈(Sylvian,Trolard,and Labbe veins)の間には,互いに十分な吻合が形成 …
- NAID 110007486942
- Parsing the prosencephalon
Related Links
- prosencephalon pros·en·ceph·a·lon (prŏs'ěn-sěf'ə-lŏn') n. The most anterior of the three primary regions of the embryonic brain, from which the telencephalon and diencephalon develop. The segment of the adult brain that develops from ...
- pros·en·ceph·a·lon (prŏs′ĕn-sĕf′ə-lŏn′) n. The forebrain. pros′en·ce·phal′ic (-sə-făl′ĭk) adj. prosencephalon (ˌprɒsɛnˈsɛfəlɒn) n, pl-la (-lə) 1. (Anatomy) the part of the brain that develops from the anterior portion of the neural tube.
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- brain
- ラ
- encephalon
- 関
- 大脳、ブロードマン野
発生学
解剖
- 重量：成人の場合体重の2.2%。2-3%ともいわれる。
- 新生児：約400g、成人：男性約1,350g、女性：約1,250g
脳幹に着目した分類
発生学
生理学
- 脳血流量：心拍出量の15% (心拍出量が5Lとしたら、毎分750ml灌流している事になる)
- 脳の酸素消費量：全身の消費量の20%
- 脳のグルコース消費量：全身の消費量の25%。1日100-150g(SCN.3)
- 血流限界：3分 ⇔心臓は10分(see:窒息)
神経内科プリント
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脳での需要量
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割合
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| 血液
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700～900 ml/分
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心拍出量の
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約15%
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| 酸素
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40～46 ml/分
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全身需要量の
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約20%
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| グルコース
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310 μmol/分
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全身需要量の
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約25%
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[★]
- 英
- cerebrum
- 関
- 脳、ブロードマン野
感覚野、運動野
発生学
機能障害
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優位半球
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劣位半球
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| 左
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右
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| 側頭葉
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感覚性失語、Wernicke失語、同名性上1/4半盲
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| 頭頂葉
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対側の感覚
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| ゲルストマン症候群(手指失認、左右識別障害、失算、失書)
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半側空間無視、病態失認、自己身体失認など
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| 前頭葉
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対側の運動麻痺、眼球運動(対側への追視)障害、運動性失語、知的及び精神的高次機能障害など
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| 後頭葉
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対側の同名半盲、両側後頭葉の障害ではアントン症候群
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| 小脳
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筋共同運動障害、運動・平衡障害に関係し、運動失調を呈する。測定異常、反復拮抗運動障害、筋緊張低下、運動過多、歩行異常、異常姿勢、発語障害、眼振など
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[★]
- pros 前方に
- 英
- forebrain, prosencephalon
- 同
- 前脳胞
- 関
- 一次脳胞
発生学
[★]
- 英
- rhombencephalon (KL), hindbrain
- 関
- 一次脳胞, 脳、脳胞
発生学
[★]
-
- ex. proselyte
- ex. prosencephalon
- ex. prosthesis