rhombencephalon

菱脳

関

菱脳胞、後脳胞

WordNet

1. the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem (同)rhombencephalon

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/24 22:48:50」(JST)

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Hindbrain
Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain structures.
Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle.
Identifiers
MeSH	A08.186.211.132.810
NeuroNames	hier-531
NeuroLex ID	Rhombencephalon
TA	A14.1.03.002
FMA	67687
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

The hindbrain or rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Together they support vital bodily processes.

Rhombencephalon

The hindbrain can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh8-Rh1. Rostrally, the isthmus demarcates the boundary with the midbrain.

A rare disease of the rhombencephalon—"rhombencephalosynapsis"—is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia.

The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure.

Myelencephalon

Rhombomeres Rh8-Rh4 form the myelencephalon.

The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata in the adult brain; it contains:

• a portion of the fourth ventricle,
• the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX),
• vagus nerve (CN X),
• accessory nerve (CN XI),
• hypoglossal nerve (CN XII),
• and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

Metencephalon

Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon.

The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; it contains:

• a portion of the fourth ventricle,
• the trigeminal nerve (CN V),
• abducens nerve (CN VI),
• facial nerve (CN VII),
• and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

Evolution

The hindbrain is homologous to a part of the arthropod brain known as the sub-oesophageal ganglion, in terms of the genes that it expresses and its position in between the brain and the nerve cord. On this basis, it has been suggested that the hindbrain first evolved in the Urbilaterian - the last common ancestor of chordates and arthropods - between 570 and 555 million years ago.

Additional images

• Chicken embryo of thirty-three hours’ incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect. X 30.

• Human embryo between eighteen and twenty-one days.

• Hindbrain of human embryo

References

• Haycock DE (2011). Being and Perceiving. Manupod Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-9569621-0-2. 

External links

• NIF Search - Hindbrain via the Neuroscience Information Framework

English Journal

• Neurons diversify astrocytes in the adult brain through sonic hedgehog signaling.

• Farmer WT1, Abrahamsson T1, Chierzi S1, Lui C1, Zaelzer C1, Jones EV1, Bally BP1, Chen GG2, Théroux JF2, Peng J3, Bourque CW1, Charron F3, Ernst C4, Sjöström PJ1, Murai KK5.
• Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2016 Feb 19;351(6275):849-54. doi: 10.1126/science.aab3103.
• Astrocytes are specialized and heterogeneous cells that contribute to central nervous system function and homeostasis. However, the mechanisms that create and maintain differences among astrocytes and allow them to fulfill particular physiological roles remain poorly defined. We reveal that neurons
• PMID 26912893

• Cellular neuroscience. Differences among astrocytes.

• Stevens B1, Muthukumar AK2.
• Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2016 Feb 19;351(6275):813. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf2849.
• PMID 26912878

• IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Central Pontine Myelinolysis.

• Tavare AN1, Murray D.
• The New England journal of medicine.N Engl J Med.2016 Feb 18;374(7):e8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm1504134.
• PMID 26886548

Japanese Journal

• D-アミノ酸代謝酵素システムの機能と構造に関する疾患酸素学研究

• 福井 清
• ビタミン 86(2), 63-73, 2012-02-25
• … The immunoreactivity for DAO was detected in glial cells of rhombencephalon and in choroid plexus (CP) in the human brain. …
• NAID 110009419211

• Regional Concentration and Chromatographic Characterization of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) in the Brain of the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana(Endocrinology)

• Matsuda Kouhei,Kawaura Hiromi,Onoue Satomi [他],Kashimoto Kazuhisa,Uchiyama Minoru,Mochizuki Tohru,Kikuyama Sakae
• Zoological science 20(8), 1003-1009, 2003-08-25
• … The average concentrations of immunoreactive PACAP in the regions of the telencephalon, diencephalon, tectum, cerebellum, rhombencephalon, and spinal cord were 213.84, 767.14, 524.94, 192.71, 237.67, and 362.04 pmol/g wet weight of tissue, respectively. …
• NAID 110006162782

• The central nervous system in microcephalic primordial dwarfism : Is there a characteristic developmental brain pathology in Seckel or Seckel-like syndrome?

• Schmitt Horst P.,Sergi Consolato
• Congenital anomalies 40(1), 32-39, 2000-03
• NAID 110002785620

Related Links

• Rhombencephalon | Define Rhombencephalon at Dictionary.com

rhombencephalon rhom·ben·ceph·a·lon (rŏm'běn-sěf'ə-lŏn', -lən) n. The portion of the embryonic brain from which the metencephalon and myelencephalon develop, including the pons, cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata. Also called hindbrain

• rhombencephalon - definition of rhombencephalon by Medical ...

rhombencephalon /rhomb·en·ceph·a·lon/ (romb″en-sef´ah-lon) hindbrain. 1. the part of the brain developed from the posterior of the three primary brain vesicles of the embryonic neural tube; it comprises the metencephalon (cerebellum and ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「脳」「大脳」「前脳」「菱脳」「hindbrain」

「脳」

　　[★]

英

brain

ラ

encephalon

関

大脳、ブロードマン野

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
		間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
				小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

解剖

• 重量：成人の場合体重の2.2%。2-3%ともいわれる。

新生児：約400g、成人：男性約1,350g、女性：約1,250g

脳幹に着目した分類

• 大脳、小脳、脳幹(中脳・橋・延髄)

発生学

• 外胚葉

生理学

• 脳血流量：心拍出量の15%　(心拍出量が5Lとしたら、毎分750ml灌流している事になる)
• 脳の酸素消費量：全身の消費量の20%
• 脳のグルコース消費量：全身の消費量の25%。1日100-150g(SCN.3)
• 血流限界：3分　⇔心臓は10分(see:窒息)

神経内科プリント

	脳での需要量	割合
血液	700～900 ml/分	心拍出量の	約15%
酸素	40～46 ml/分	全身需要量の	約20%
グルコース	310 μmol/分	全身需要量の	約25%

「大脳」

　　[★]

英

cerebrum

関

脳、ブロードマン野

感覚野、運動野

• 身体各部局在　→

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
		間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
				小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

機能障害

	優位半球	劣位半球
	左	右
側頭葉	感覚性失語、Wernicke失語、同名性上1/4半盲
頭頂葉	対側の感覚
	ゲルストマン症候群(手指失認、左右識別障害、失算、失書)	半側空間無視、病態失認、自己身体失認など
前頭葉	対側の運動麻痺、眼球運動(対側への追視)障害、運動性失語、知的及び精神的高次機能障害など
後頭葉	対側の同名半盲、両側後頭葉の障害ではアントン症候群
小脳	筋共同運動障害、運動・平衡障害に関係し、運動失調を呈する。測定異常、反復拮抗運動障害、筋緊張低下、運動過多、歩行異常、異常姿勢、発語障害、眼振など

「前脳」

　　[★]

pros 前方に

英

forebrain, prosencephalon

同

前脳胞

関

一次脳胞

• 図：B.3
• 前脳胞に由来する
• 終脳と間脳に分かれる

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
		間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
				小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

「菱脳」

　　[★]

英

rhombencephalon (KL), hindbrain

関

一次脳胞, 脳、脳胞

• 発生過程における脳胞の呼称
• 分化して、後脳と髄脳となる。

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
		間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
				小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

「hindbrain」

　　[★]

後脳

関

hind brain、metencephalon、rhombencephalon