後脳
- 関
- hind brain、metencephalon、rhombencephalon
WordNet
- the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem (同)rhombencephalon
- the part of the hindbrain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/22 23:03:54」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| Hindbrain |
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Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain structures.
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Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle.
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| Identifiers |
| MeSH |
A08.186.211.132.810 |
| NeuroNames |
hier-531 |
| NeuroLex ID |
Rhombencephalon |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
r_12/12709581 |
| TA |
A14.1.03.002 |
| FMA |
67687 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
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The hindbrain or rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Together they support vital bodily processes.[1]
The hindbrain can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres bad can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh8-Rh1. Rostrally, the isthmus demarcates the boundary with the midbrain.
A rare disease of the rhombencephalon—"rhombencephalosynapsis"—is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia.
The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure.[2]
Contents
- 1 Myelencephalon
- 2 Metencephalon
- 3 Evolution
- 4 Additional images
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Myelencephalon
Rhombomeres Rh8-Rh4 form the myelencephalon.
The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata in the adult brain; it contains:
- a portion of the fourth ventricle,
- the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX),
- vagus nerve (CN X),
- accessory nerve (CN XI),
- hypoglossal nerve (CN XII),
- and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).
Metencephalon
Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon.
The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; it contains:
- a portion of the fourth ventricle,
- the trigeminal nerve (CN V),
- abducens nerve (CN VI),
- facial nerve (CN VII),
- and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).
Evolution
The hindbrain is homologous to a part of the arthropod brain known as the sub-oesophageal ganglion, in terms of the genes that it expresses and its position in between the brain and the nerve cord.[3] On this basis, it has been suggested that the hindbrain first evolved in the Urbilaterian - the last common ancestor of chordates and arthropods - between 570 and 555 million years ago.[3][4]
Additional images
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Chicken embryo of thirty-three hours’ incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect. X 30.
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Human embryo between eighteen and twenty-one days.
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Hindbrain of human embryo
References
- Haycock DE (2011). Being and Perceiving. Manupod Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-9569621-0-2.
- ^ "Brain atlas - Hindbrain". Lundbeck Institute - Brain explorer. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
- ^ SpringerLink - Journal Article
- ^ a b Ghysen A (2003). "The origin and evolution of the nervous system". Int. J. Dev. Biol. 47 (7–8): 555–62. PMID 14756331.
- ^ Haycock, DE Being and Perceiving
External links
- NIF Search - Hindbrain via the Neuroscience Information Framework
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Look up hindbrain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Nervous system
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| Central nervous system |
- Meninges
- Spinal cord
- Brain
- Rhombencephalon
- Midbrain
- Forebrain
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| Peripheral nervous system |
| Somatic |
- Sensory nerve
- Motor nerve
- Cranial nerve
- Spinal nerve
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| Autonomic |
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
- Enteric
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Anatomy of the medulla
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| Grey matter |
| Cranial nuclei |
| afferent: |
- Solitary nucleus
- tract
- Dorsal respiratory group
- Gustatory nucleus
- Vestibular nuclei
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| efferent: |
- Hypoglossal nucleus
- Nucleus ambiguus
- Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
- Inferior salivatory nucleus
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| Dorsal |
- Gracile nucleus
- Cuneate nucleus
- Accessory cuneate nucleus
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| Ventral |
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- Ventral respiratory group
- Arcuate nucleus of medulla
- Rostral ventromedial medulla
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| White matter |
| Dorsal |
- Sensory
- Sensory decussation
- Medial lemniscus
- Juxtarestiform body
- Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Motor
- Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
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| Ventral |
- Descending tracts
- Olivocerebellar tract
- Rubro-olivary tract
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| Surface |
| Front |
- Pyramid
- decussation
- Anterior median fissure
- Anterolateral sulcus
- Olive
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| Back |
- Posterior median sulcus
- Posterolateral sulcus
- Area postrema
- Vagal trigone
- Hypoglossal trigone
- Medial eminence
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
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| Grey |
- Reticular formation
- Gigantocellular
- Parvocellular
- Ventral
- Lateral
- Paramedian
- Raphe nuclei
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Anatomy of the pons
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Dorsal/
(tegmentum) |
| Surface |
- Cerebellopontine angle
- Superior medullary velum
- Sulcus limitans
- Medial eminence
- Facial colliculus
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| White: Sensory |
- Trapezoid body
- Trigeminal lemniscus
- Dorsal trigeminal tract
- Ventral trigeminal tract
- Medial lemniscus
- Lateral lemniscus
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
- Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
- Central tegmental tract
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| White: Motor |
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
- Vestibulocerebellar tract
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Medial vestibulospinal tract
- Lateral vestibulospinal tract
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| Grey: Cranial nuclei |
| afferent: |
- GSA
- Cochlear nucleus
- Vestibular nuclei
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| efferent: |
- SVE: Trigeminal motor nucleus
- Facial motor nucleus
- GSE: Abducens nucleus
- GVE: Superior salivary nucleus
- Inferior salivary nucleus
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| Other |
- Apneustic center
- Parabrachial area
- Pneumotaxic center
- Subparabrachial nucleus
- Medial parabrachial nucleus
- Lateral parabrachial nucleus
- Superior olivary nucleus
- Caerulean nucleus
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Ventral/
(base) |
| Grey |
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| White: Motor/descending |
- Corticospinal tract
- Corticobulbar tract
- Corticopontine fibers
- MCP
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| Surface |
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Other grey: Raphe/
reticular |
- Reticular formation
- Caudal
- Oral
- Tegmental
- Paramedian
- Raphe nuclei
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The ventricular system of the human brain
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| Lateral ventricles |
- Anterior horn
- Body
- Lamina affixa
- Stria terminalis
- Collateral eminence
- Occipital horn
- Temporal horn
- Septum pellucidum
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| Third ventricle |
- Recesses
- Optic recess
- Infundibular recess
- Suprapineal recess
- Pineal recess
- Hypothalamic sulcus
- Tela chorioidea
- Subfornical organ
- Apertures
- Posterior commissure
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| Fourth ventricle |
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Roof
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- Superior medullary velum
- Inferior medullary velum
- Taenia
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Floor
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- Upper
- Facial colliculus
- Locus coeruleus
- Lower
- Vagal trigone
- Hypoglossal trigone
- Area postrema
- Obex
- Medial eminence
- Sulcus limitans
- Fastigium
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Apertures
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- Median/Magendie
- Lateral recess to Lateral/Luschka
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Other
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- Rhomboid fossa
- Tela chorioidea
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| Cerebrospinal fluid |
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Anatomy of the cerebellum
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| Surface |
| Lobes |
- Anterior lobe
- Posterior lobe
- Flocculonodular lobe
- Primary fissure
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| Medial/lateral |
- Vermis: anterior
- Central lobule
- Culmen
- Lingula
- posterior
- Vallecula of cerebellum
- Hemisphere: anterior
- posterior
- Biventer lobule
- Cerebellar tonsil
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| Grey matter |
| Deep cerebellar nuclei |
- Dentate
- interposed
- Fastigial
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| Cerebellar cortex |
- Molecular layer
- Stellate cell
- Basket cell
- Purkinje cell layer
- Purkinje cell
- Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell
- Granule cell layer
- Golgi cell
- Granule cell
- Unipolar brush cell
- Fibers: Mossy fibers
- Climbing fiber
- Parallel fiber
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| White matter |
| Internal |
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| Peduncles |
- Inferior (medulla): Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
- Olivocerebellar tract
- Cuneocerebellar tract
- Juxtarestiform body (Vestibulocerebellar tract)
- Trigeminocerebellar fibers
- Middle (pons): Pontocerebellar fibers
- Superior (midbrain): Ventral spinocerebellar tract
- Dentatothalamic tract
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Galanin gene expression and effects of its knock-down on the development of the nervous system in larval zebrafish.
- Podlasz P, Sallinen V, Chen YC, Kudo H, Fedorowska N, Panula P.SourceNeuroscience Center and Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
- The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2012 Dec 1;520(17):3846-62. doi: 10.1002/cne.23131.
- Despite the known importance of galanin in the nervous system of vertebrates, the galanin gene structure and expression and the consequences of galanin deficiency in developing zebrafish are unknown. We cloned the galanin gene and analyzed its expression by using in situ hybridization, PCR, and immu
- PMID 22522977
- Developmental dynamics of PAFAH1B subunits during mouse brain development.
- Escamez T, Bahamonde O, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Vieta E, Martinez S, Echevarria D.SourceUnidad Mixta de Investigación UVEG-UMH-CIBERSAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; Biobanco En Red De La Región De Murcia (BIOBANC-Mur-Nodo Arrixaca), Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias de la Región de Murcia (FFIS), 30008 Murcia, Spain.
- The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2012 Dec 1;520(17):3877-94. doi: 10.1002/cne.23128.
- Platelet-activating factor (PAF) mediates an array of biological processes in the mammalian central nervous system as a bioactive lipid messenger in synaptic function and dysfunction (plasticity, memory, and neurodegeneration). The intracellular enzyme that deacetylates the PAF (PAFAH1B) is composed
- PMID 22522921
Japanese Journal
- 二分脊椎の原因と予防 : 特に母体の葉酸摂取が予防に働くメカニズムについて
- 脳神経外科ジャーナル = Japanese journal of neurosurgery 22(4), 256-268, 2013-04-20
- NAID 10031151311
- Damage in brain development by morpholino knockdown of zebrafish dax1(GENETICS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, AND GENE ENGINEERING)
Related Links
- Hindbrain definition, the most posterior of the three primary divisions of the brain in the embryo of a vertebrate or the part of the adult brain derived from this tissue, including the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata Thesaurus ...
- 後脳または菱脳(Rhombencephalon)：延髄、橋、小脳で構成。後脳は中脳や前脳の中枢構造と一緒になって、脳幹(Brainstem)を構成する。 延髄(Meddula)は脊髄のすぐ上に位置し、頭部の皮膚と筋肉は12対の脳神経で脳へ繋がって ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- brain
- ラ
- encephalon
- 関
- 大脳、ブロードマン野
発生学
解剖
- 重量：成人の場合体重の2.2%。2-3%ともいわれる。
- 新生児：約400g、成人：男性約1,350g、女性：約1,250g
脳幹に着目した分類
発生学
生理学
- 脳血流量：心拍出量の15% (心拍出量が5Lとしたら、毎分750ml灌流している事になる)
- 脳の酸素消費量：全身の消費量の20%
- 脳のグルコース消費量：全身の消費量の25%。1日100-150g(SCN.3)
- 血流限界：3分 ⇔心臓は10分(see:窒息)
神経内科プリント
|
|
脳での需要量
|
割合
|
| 血液
|
700～900 ml/分
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心拍出量の
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約15%
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| 酸素
|
40～46 ml/分
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全身需要量の
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約20%
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| グルコース
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310 μmol/分
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全身需要量の
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約25%
|
[★]
- 英
- cerebrum
- 関
- 脳、ブロードマン野
感覚野、運動野
発生学
機能障害
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優位半球
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劣位半球
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| 左
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右
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| 側頭葉
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感覚性失語、Wernicke失語、同名性上1/4半盲
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| 頭頂葉
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対側の感覚
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| ゲルストマン症候群(手指失認、左右識別障害、失算、失書)
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半側空間無視、病態失認、自己身体失認など
|
| 前頭葉
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対側の運動麻痺、眼球運動(対側への追視)障害、運動性失語、知的及び精神的高次機能障害など
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| 後頭葉
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対側の同名半盲、両側後頭葉の障害ではアントン症候群
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| 小脳
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筋共同運動障害、運動・平衡障害に関係し、運動失調を呈する。測定異常、反復拮抗運動障害、筋緊張低下、運動過多、歩行異常、異常姿勢、発語障害、眼振など
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[★]
- pros 前方に
- 英
- forebrain, prosencephalon
- 同
- 前脳胞
- 関
- 一次脳胞
発生学
[★]
- 英
- rhombencephalon (KL), hindbrain
- 関
- 一次脳胞, 脳、脳胞
発生学
[★]
後脳
- 関
- hindbrain、metencephalon、rhombencephalon