lower motor neuron disease

WordNet

1. unrefined in character; "low comedy"
2. an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow" (同)depression
3. a low level or position or degree; "the stock market fell to a new low"
4. used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency (同)low-pitched
5. very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf" (同)low-toned
6. in a low position; near the ground; "the branches hung low"
7. less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is low"
8. literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low bow"
9. move something or somebody to a lower position; "take down the vase from the shelf" (同)take_down, let down, get_down, bring_down
10. cause to drop or sink; "The lack of rain had depressed the water level in the reservoir" (同)depress
11. set lower; "lower a rating"; "lower expectations" (同)lour
12. an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
13. machine that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy and so imparts motion
14. a nonspecific agent that imparts motion; "happiness is the aim of all men and the motor of all action"
15. the act of causing something to move to a lower level (同)letting down
16. the act of causing to become less

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (高さ・位置が)『低い』,低い所にある / (価格・数量・程度などが)『低い』,少ない / (身分・地位などが)『低い』,卑しい / (人格・行為などが)『卑しい』,下劣な,下品な / 《補語にのみ用いて》(体が)『弱った』;元気のない,憂うつな / (供給が)不十分な;(…が)乏しい《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / (音・声が)低い,小さい / (生物が)下等な / 『低く』,低い所に / (価格・程度などが)『安く』,低く / 低い声(調子)で;静かに / 最低点,最低水準
2. (牛の)モーという鳴き声 / (牛が)モーと鳴く
3. (lowの比較級)『もっと低い』,(価格が)もっと安い / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『下級の』;低い(下の)ほうの / …‘を'『下げる』,降ろす / 〈価格・程度・量・調子など〉‘を'『下げる』,小さくする,低下させる / 〈人〉‘を'品位(品格)を落とす / 低くなる,下がる,滅る
4. (…に向かって)顔をしかめる,まゆをひそめる《+『at(on, upon)』+『名』》 / 〈空模様が〉険悪になる,〈雨などが〉降りそうな / しかめっつら / 険悪な空模様
5. (体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
6. 女性の話術芸人 =diseur
7. (電気の)『モーター』,電動機 / エンジン,(特に)内燃機関 / 《英》自動車(motorcar) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》 / モーターの;エンジンの;自動車の / モーター(エンジン)による,自動車による / (神経・筋肉について)運動の / 自動車で行く / …‘を'自動車で運ぶ
8. 低くする,低下させる;堕落させる
9. (空模様が)険悪な,荒れ模様の / しかめっつらの,(顔つきが)不機嫌な

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/11 16:08:54」(JST)

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Lower motor neuron lesion
Lower motor neuron in red
Classification and external resources
DiseasesDB	22143

A lower motor neuron lesion is a lesion which affects nerve fibers traveling from the anterior grey column of the spinal cord to the relevant muscle(s) – the lower motor neuron.

One major characteristic used to identify a lower motor neuron lesion is flaccid paralysis – paralysis accompanied by loss of muscle tone. This is in contrast to an upper motor neuron lesion, which often presents with spastic paralysis – paralysis accompanied by severe hypertonia.

Symptoms

• Muscle paresis or paralysis
• fibrillations
• fasciculations
• hypotonia or atonia- Tone is not velocity dependent.
• Hyporeflexia -Along with deep reflexes even cutaneous reflexes are also decreased or absent
• Strength -weakness is limited to segmental or focal pattern, Root innervated pattern

The extensor Babinski reflex is usually absent. Muscle paresis/paralysis, hypotonia/atonia, and hyporeflexia/areflexia are usually seen immediately following an insult. Muscle wasting, fasciculations and fibrillations are typically signs of end-stage muscle denervation and are seen over a longer time period. Another feature is the segmentation of symptoms - only muscles innervated by the damaged nerves will be symptomatic.

Etiology

Most common causes of lower motor neuron injuries are trauma to peripheral nerves that sever the axons - a virus that selectively attacks ventral horn cells. Disuse atrophy of the muscle occurs i.e., shrinkage of muscle fibre finally replaced by fibrous tissue (fibrous muscle) Other causes include Guillain-Barré syndrome, C. botulism, polio, and cauda equina syndrome; another common cause of Lower Motor neuron degeneration is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Differential Diagnosis

• Myasthenia gravis - synaptic transmission at motor end-plate is impaired
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - causes death of motor neurons, although exact cause is unknown it has been suggested that abnormal built-up of proteins proves toxic for the neurons.

See also

• Lower motor neuron
• Upper motor neuron
• Upper motor neuron lesion

References

External links

• http://library.med.utah.edu/neurologicexam/html/motor_anatomy.html#06

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. Clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other forms of motor neuron disease
• 2. 筋力低下患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with muscle weakness
• 3. Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other forms of motor neuron disease
• 4. スティッフパーソン症候群 stiff person syndrome
• 5. 脊髄性筋萎縮症 spinal muscular atrophy

English Journal

• Experimental transmissibility of mutant SOD1 motor neuron disease.

• Ayers JI1, Fromholt S, Koch M, DeBosier A, McMahon B, Xu G, Borchelt DR.
• Acta neuropathologica.Acta Neuropathol.2014 Dec;128(6):791-803. doi: 10.1007/s00401-014-1342-7. Epub 2014 Sep 28.
• By unknown mechanisms, the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) seem to spread along neuroanatomical pathways to engulf the motor nervous system. The rate at which symptoms spread is one of the primary drivers of disease progression. One mechanism by which ALS symptoms could spread is by
• PMID 25262000

• Methyl pyruvate rescues mitochondrial damage caused by SIGMAR1 mutation related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

• Tagashira H1, Shinoda Y1, Shioda N1, Fukunaga K2.
• Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Dec;1840(12):3320-34. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.012. Epub 2014 Aug 29.
• BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease caused by motor neuron degeneration. Recently, a novel SIGMAR1 gene variant (p.E102Q) was discovered in some familial ALS patients.METHODS: We address mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration caused by the mutation using Neuro2A cells overe
• PMID 25175561

• Membrane-shaping disorders: a common pathway in axon degeneration.

• Hübner CA1, Kurth I2.
• Brain : a journal of neurology.Brain.2014 Dec;137(Pt 12):3109-21. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu287. Epub 2014 Oct 3.
• Neurons with long projections are particularly liable to damage, which is reflected by a large group of hereditary neurodegenerative disorders that primarily affect these neurons. In the group of hereditary spastic paraplegias motor axons of the central nervous system degenerate, while distal pure m
• PMID 25281866

Japanese Journal

• 筋萎縮性側索硬化症に対する治療法の開発

• 青木 正志
• 保健医療科学 60(2), 125-129, 2011-04-00
• 筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)は神経・筋疾患のなかでも治療法が極めて乏しく全身の筋萎縮が進行する過酷な疾患であり,神経難病の象徴的疾患とされている.ALSは神経疾患のなかで最も過酷な疾患とされ,現在治療薬として唯一認可されているリルゾール(リルテック)の効果も限局的であるため,早期に病因の解明と有効な治療法の確立が求められている.家族性ALSにおいてはSOD1やFUS/TLSなどの原因遺伝子が報告さ …
• NAID 110009587755

• Survival motor neuron (SMN) protein in the spinal anterior horn cells of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

• Piao Yingshan,Hashimoto Tomoyo,Takahama Sachiko,Kakita Akiyoshi,Komori Takashi,Morita Takashi,Takahashi Hitoshi,Mizutani Toshio,Oyanagi Kiyomitsu
• BRAIN RESEARCH 1372, 152-159, 2011-02-04
• … Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease involving mainly the upper and lower motor neurons of adult humans. … With regard to the pathomechanism of spinal anterior horn cell (AHC) degeneration in ALS, copy number abnormalities of the survival motor neuron (SMN) genes have been reported in sporadic (s) ALS. …
• NAID 120005248074

• Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with a Novel G85S Mutation of Superoxide Dismutase 1 Gene: Clinical Features of Lower Motor Neuron Disease

• Takazawa Takanori,Ikeda Ken,Hirayama Takehisa,Kawabe Kiyokazu,Nakamura Yoshikazu,Ito Hirono,Kano Osamu,Yoshii Yasuhiro,Tanaka Fumiaki,Sobue Gen,Iwasaki Yasuo
• Internal Medicine 49(2), 183-186, 2010
• … Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disease characterized by upper and lower motor neuron damage. … A 37-year-old woman (the proband) noticed muscle weakness in the left lower limb. … Her mother had developed progressive lower motor neuron signs in four extremities at 38 years of age. …
• NAID 130000142286

Related Links

• Motor Neuron Diseases

This site describes symptoms, signs, diagnosis and treatment of Motor Neuron Diseases; resources include books, support groups, forums and blogs with ... What is Motor Neuron Disease? Personal stories about motor neuron ...

• Motor neuron disease; Lateral Sclerosis; Anterior Horn Cell ...

Motor neuron disease; Lateral Sclerosis; Anterior Horn Cell Disease; Familial Motor Neuron Disease; Motor Neuron Disease, Lower; Motor Neuron Disease, Upper. On-line free medical diagnosis assistant. Ranked list of possible ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「secondary motor neuron disease」「lateral sclerosis」「motor system disease」「anterior horn cell disease」「下位運動ニューロン疾患」
関連記事	「disease」「lower」「low」「motor」「lowering」

「secondary motor neuron disease」

　　[★]

二次運動ニューロン病

関

anterior horn cell disease、lateral sclerosis、lower motor neuron disease、motor neuron disease、motor system disease、primary lateral sclerosis、upper motor neuron disease

「lateral sclerosis」

　　[★] 側索硬化症

関

anterior horn cell disease、lower motor neuron disease、motor neuron disease、motor system disease、primary lateral sclerosis、secondary motor neuron disease、upper motor neuron disease

「motor system disease」

　　[★]

• 運動系疾患

関

anterior horn cell disease、lateral sclerosis、lower motor neuron disease、motor neuron disease、primary lateral sclerosis、secondary motor neuron disease、upper motor neuron disease

「anterior horn cell disease」

　　[★]

• 前角細胞疾患

関

lateral sclerosis、lower motor neuron disease、motor neuron disease、motor system disease、primary lateral sclerosis、secondary motor neuron disease、upper motor neuron disease

「下位運動ニューロン疾患」

　　[★]

英

lower motor neuron disease

関

神経変性疾患

「disease」

　　[★]

• n.

疾患：illnessより厳密な概念。「ある臓器に明確な障害が確認され、それによって症状が出ているとはっきり説明できる場合」 (PSY.9)

特定の原因、病態生理、症状、経過、予後、病理組織所見が全てそろった場合 (PSY.9)

• something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society.

関

ail、ailment、disease entity、disorder、ill、illness、malady、sick、sickness

• 注意

disease ≠ illness ≠ disorder

　 　 　

「lower」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (low比較級)より低い、下位の、下等な、低次の、低下させる、低減させる

関

decline、decrease、depression、drop、fall、inferio、inferior、inferiorly、low level、lower dimension、lower level、lower order、lowering、reduction

　 　 　 　 　

「low」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (比較級lower-最上級lowest)低い、不十分な

関

deficient、inadequate、insufficiency、insufficient、insufficiently、poorly、scanty

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「motor」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 運動の

• n.

• モーター

関

exercise、kinesis、locomote、locomotive、motility、motion、move、movement

　 　 　

「lowering」

　　[★]

• n.

• 低下、低減

関

decline、decrease、depression、drop、fall、lower、reduction