調べる、尋問する

関: check、evaluate、examine、interrogation、investigate、look

WordNet

transmit (a signal) for setting off an appropriate response, as in telecommunication
pose a series of questions to; "The suspect was questioned by the police"; "We questioned the survivor about the details of the explosion" (同)question
write out a check on a bank account
a written order directing a bank to pay money; "he paid all his bills by check" (同)bank check, cheque
make cracks or chinks in; "The heat checked the paint" (同)chink
arrest the motion (of something) abruptly; "He checked the flow of water by shutting off the main valve"
the act of inspecting or verifying; "they made a check of their equipment"; "the pilot ran through the check-out procedure" (同)checkout, check-out procedure
a mark left after a small piece has been chopped or broken off of something (同)chip
(chess) a direct attack on an opponents king
a textile pattern of squares or crossed lines (resembling a checkerboard); "she wore a skirt with checks"
obstructing an opponent in ice hockey
the bill in a restaurant; "he asked the waiter for the check" (同)chit, tab
put a check mark on or near or next to; "Please check each name on the list"; "tick off the items"; "mark off the units" (同)check off, mark, mark_off, tick off, tick
be verified or confirmed; pass inspection; "These stories dont check!" (同)check_out
examine so as to determine accuracy, quality, or condition; "check the brakes"; "Check out the engine" (同)check up on, look into, check_out, suss out, check over, go over, check into
mark into squares or draw squares on; draw crossed lines on (同)checker, chequer
slow the growth or development of; "The brain damage will retard the childs language development" (同)retard, delay
hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of; "Arrest the downward trend"; "Check the growth of communism in South East Asia"; "Contain the rebel movement"; "Turn back the tide of communism" (同)turn_back, arrest, stop, contain, hold back
abandon the intended prey, turn, and pursue an inferior prey
block or impede (a player from the opposing team) in ice hockey
consign for shipment on a vehicle; "check your luggage before boarding"
decline to initiate betting
hand over something to somebody as for temporary safekeeping; "Check your coat at the door"
make an examination or investigation; "check into the rumor"; "check the time of the class"
place into check; "He checked my kings"
stop for a moment, as if out of uncertainty or caution; "She checked for an instant and missed a step"
stop in a chase especially when scent is lost; "The dog checked"
verify by consulting a source or authority; "check the spelling of this word"; "check your facts"
perceive with attention; direct ones gaze towards; "She looked over the expanse of land"; "Look at your child!"; "Look--a deer in the backyard!"
have a certain outward or facial expression; "How does she look?"; "The child looks unhappy"; "She looked pale after the surgery"
the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually; "he went out to have a look"; "his look was fixed on her eyes"; "he gave it a good looking at"; "his camera does his looking for him" (同)looking, looking at
physical appearance; "I dont like the looks of this place"
give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect; "She seems to be sleeping"; "This appears to be a very difficult problem"; "This project looks fishy"; "They appeared like people who had not eaten or slept for a long time" (同)appear, seem
accord in appearance with; "You dont look your age!"
convey by ones expression; "She looked her devotion to me"
question closely
observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect; "The customs agent examined the baggage"; "I must see your passport before you can enter the country" (同)see
investigate scientifically; "Lets investigate the syntax of Chinese" (同)look into
conduct an inquiry or investigation of; "The district attorneys office investigated reports of possible irregularities"; "inquire into the disappearance of the rich old lady" (同)inquire, enquire
form a critical opinion of; "I cannot judge some works of modern art"; "How do you evaluate this grant proposal?" "We shouldnt pass judgment on other people" (同)pass judgment, judge

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…について)(正式に,手順をふんで)〈人〉‘に'問いただす,‘を'尋問する《+『名』〈人〉+『about』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 尋問する;質問する
〈C〉(…の)『阻止』,(…を)尻い止めること《+『to』+『名』》(stop) / 〈C〉(…を)抑制(制御)する人(物)《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(確認のための)『引き合わせ』,照合,検査;《米》照合の印 / 〈C〉(預金けた手荷物の)合い礼,チッキ / 〈U〉格子(こうし)じま]の織物];〈C〉格子じまの1目 / 〈C〉《米》『小切手』(《英》cheque) / 〈C〉《米》(食堂・酒場などの)伝票,勘定書(bill) / 〈C〉(チェスの)王手 / …'を'『急に止める』)『阻止する』) / 〈感情・行動など〉'を'『抑制する』,,抑える(restrain) / (確認のために)…'を'『照合する』;《米》…‘に'照合の印を付ける / …'を'『点検する』,検査する / 《米》〈所持品など〉'を'一時預けにする / 〈荷物など〉'を'チッキで送る / …‘に'格子(こうし)じまを付ける,市松模様を付ける / 〈チェスで,キング〉‘に'王手をかける / 〈計算などが〉(…し)合う,一至する《+『with』+『名』》
目を向ける,眺める / (ある状態に)『見える』 / 〈家などが〉(…の)方を向いている,(…を)見渡せる《+『on』(『upon,into,to,toward,over』)+『名』》 / 〈状況・事態が〉(…に)傾く,向かう《+『to』(『toward』)+『名』》 / 《命令の慣用表現で注意や要求・抗議など》 / …‘を'『じっと見る;』…‘に'目をやめる / …‘に'ふさわしく見える / …‘を'(顔つき)で表す / 《単数形で》(…を)『見ること』《+『at』+『名』》 / 《単数形で》(人の)『顔つき』,表情,目つき / 《単数形で》(物事の)『外観』,様子 / 《複数形で》容ぼう,器量
…‘を'『調べる』,検討する / 〈人・身体〉‘を'『診察する』 / 〈人〉‘に'(…の)『試験をする』《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『on, upon』)+『名』》 / 〈証人・被告など〉‘を'尋問する,審問する
(注意深く)〈問題・事件など〉‘を'『調べる』,研究する / (…を)『調査する』《+『into』+『名』》
…‘を'評価する,‘の'数量を見積る

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/23 20:59:27」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other meanings of this and similar words (words starting "Interrog...") see Interrogation (disambiguation).

A police interrogation room in Switzerland.

Interrogation (also called questioning or interpellation) is interviewing as commonly employed by officers of the police, military, and Intelligence agencies with the goal of extracting a confession or incriminating statements. Subjects of interrogation are often suspects involved in crimes. Information from victims and witnesses is usually obtained through interviews. Interrogation may involve a diverse array of techniques, ranging from developing a rapport with the subject to outright torture.

1 Interrogation techniques
- 1.1 Suggestibility
- 1.2 Deception
- 1.3 Good cop/bad cop
- 1.4 Pride-and-ego down
- 1.5 Reid technique
- 1.6 Torture
2 Interrogation around the world
- 2.1 United Kingdom
- 2.2 United States
- 2.3 Canada
- 2.4 Germany
- 2.5 Inquisition
- 2.6 Japan
3 Resistance training
4 Movement for increased recording of interrogations in the US
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Interrogation techniques[edit]

See also: Enhanced interrogation techniques

There are multiple techniques employed in interrogation including deception, torture, increasing suggestibility, and the use of mind-altering drugs.

Suggestibility[edit]

A person's suggestibility is how willing they are to accept and act on suggestions by others. Interrogators seek to increase a subject's suggestibility. Methods used to increase suggestibility may include moderate sleep deprivation, exposure to constant white noise, and using GABAergic drugs such as sodium amytal or sodium thiopental. It should be noted that attempting to increase a subject's suggestibility through these methods may violate local and national laws concerning the treatment of detainees, and in some areas may be considered torture. Sleep deprivation, exposure to white noise, and the use of drugs may greatly inhibit a detainee's ability to provide truthful and accurate information.

Deception[edit]

Deception can form an important part of effective interrogation. In the United States, there is no law or regulation that forbids the interrogator from lying about the strength of their case, from making misleading statements or from implying that the interviewee has already been implicated in the crime by someone else. See case law on trickery and deception (Frazier v. Cupp).^[1]

As noted above, traditionally the issue of deception is considered from the perspective of the interrogator engaging in deception towards the individual being interrogated. Recently, work completed regarding effective interview methods used to gather information from individuals who score in the medium to high range on measures of psychopathology and are engaged in deception directed towards the interrogator have appeared in the literature ^[2] ^[3] The importance of allowing the psychopathic interviewee to tell one lie after another and not confront until all of the lies have been presented is essential when the goal is to use the interview to expose the improbable statements made during the interview in future court proceedings.

Good cop/bad cop[edit]

Main article: Good cop/bad cop

Good cop/bad cop is an interrogation technique in which the officers take different sides. The 'bad cop' takes a negative stance on the subject. This allows for the 'good cop' to sympathize with and defend the subject. The idea is to get the subject to trust the 'good cop' and provide him with the information they are looking for.

Pride-and-ego down[edit]

Main article: Pride-and-ego down

Pride-and-ego down is a US Army term that refers to techniques used by captors in interrogating prisoners to encourage cooperation, usually consisting of "attacking the source's sense of personal worth" and in an "attempt to redeem his pride, the source will usually involuntarily provide pertinent information in attempting to vindicate himself."

Reid technique[edit]

Main article: Reid technique

The Reid technique is a trademarked interrogation technique widely used by law enforcement agencies in North America. The technique (which requires interrogators to watch the body language of suspects to detect deceit) has been criticized for being difficult to apply across cultures and eliciting false confessions from innocent people.^[4]

Torture[edit]

Main article: Torture

The history of the state use of torture in interrogations extends over more than 2,000 years in Europe—though it was recognized early on as the Roman imperial jurist Ulpian in the third century A.D. cautioned, that information extracted under duress was deceptive and untrustworthy.^[5] There is "no means of obtaining the truth" from those who have the strength to resist says Ulpian, while others unable to withstand the pain "will tell any lie rather than suffer it."^[6]

The use of torture as an investigative technique waned with the rise of Christianity since it was considered "antithetical to Christ's teachings," and in 866 Pope Nicholas I banned the practice.^[6] But after the 13th Century many European states such as Germany, Italy, and Spain began to return to physical abuse for religious inquisition, and for secular investigations.^[6] By the 18th Century the spreading influence of the Enlightenment led European nations to abandon officially state-sanctioned interrogation by torture. By 1874 Victor Hugo could plausibly claim that "torture has ceased to exist."^[7] Yet in the 20th Century authoritarian states such as Mussolini's Fascist Italy, Hitler's Third Reich, and Lenin's and Stalin's Soviet Union once again resumed the practice, and on a massive scale.^[7]

The most recent and most prominent instance of the use of torture in interrogation is that of the American CIA. After the defeat of the Fascists in World War II the CIA became both student and teacher of torture, propagating torture techniques worldwide to support anti-Communist regimes during the Cold War.^[8] The CIA adopted some Gestapo and KGB methods such as waterboarding, sleep deprivation, and the use of electric shock, and researched new ideas: so-called 'no-touch' torture involving sensory deprivation, self-inflicted pain, and psychological stress.^[9] The CIA taught its refined techniques of torture through police and military training to American-supported regimes in the Middle East, in Southeast Asia during the bloody Phoenix program, and throughout Latin America during Operation Condor.^[10] Torture also became widespread in some Asian nations and South Pacific nations, in Malasia, the Philippines and elsewhere, both for interrogation and to terrorize opponents of the regime. "In its pursuit of torturers across the globe for the past forty years," writer Alfred McCoy notes, "Amnesty International has been, in a certain sense, following the trail of CIA programs."^[11]

After the revelation of CIA sponsored torture in the 1970s and the subsequent outcry, the CIA largely stopped its own interrogations under torture and throughout the 1980s and 1990s "outsourced" such interrogation through renditions of prisoners to third world allies, often called torture-by-proxy.^[12] But in the furor over the attacks on 9/11 American authorities cast aside scruples,^[13] legally authorizing some forms of interrogation by torture under euphemisms such as "enhanced interrogation"^[14] or "interrogation in depth"^[15] to collect intelligence on Al Quaeda, starting in 2002.^[16] Ultimately the CIA, the US military, and their contract employees tortured untold thousands at Abu Ghraib, Bagram, and secret black site prisons scatttered around the globe, according to a bipartisan U.S.Senate Armed Services Committee report.^[17] Whether these interrogations under torture produced useful information is hotly debated.^[18]

The administration of President Obama in 2009 prohibited so-called enhanced interrogation, and as of this writing (March 2012) there is no longer a nation which openly admits to deliberate abuse of prisoners for purposes of interrogation.^[19]

Interrogation around the world[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

British legislation that applies to interrogation activities include:

Human Rights Act 1998
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
Terrorism Act 2006

All police officers are trained in interview techniques during basic training, further training in detailed interviewing or specialist interviewing is received in specialist or advanced courses, such as criminal investigation, fraud investigation or child protection.

Military interrogation takes two forms, Tactical Questioning or Detailed Interviewing. Tactical Questioning is the initial screening of detainees, Detailed Interviewing is the more advanced questioning of subjects.

Training for all personnel engaged in both TQ and DI takes place at the Defence Intelligence and Security Centre, Chicksands.

British military personnel were found to have misused a number of techniques during the detention of suspects in Northern Ireland in the early 1970s. Investigations into these techniques resulted in the publication of policy directives that prohibited the use of hooding, stress positions or wall-standing, noise, sleep deprivation and deprivation of food and drink.

During the early stages of Operation Telic in Iraq during 2003 and 2004 some infantry units have been found to have applied these techniques in contravention of standing orders.

The use of torture is explicitly prohibited. However, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have accused officers of the British Intelligence and Security Services of being at least complicit in the extraction of information from subjects under torture by second parties.

United States[edit]

See also: U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals, Central Intelligence Agency#Declassified CIA interrogation manuals, Bagram torture and prisoner abuse, Enhanced interrogation techniques, Pride-and-ego down, and George W. Bush's second term as President of the United States#Interrogation

War On Terror

Torture has never been authorized or permitted for use at Guantanamo Bay or any other U.S. Department of Defense detention/internment/prisoner of war facility on any person be they an enemy prisoner of war, detainee, retainee, protected person, lawful or unlawful enemy combatant though there have been people who have reported being tortured at Guantanamo Bay.

Torture, in this context, is a war crime. Specifically, a grave violation of the Law of Land Warfare. War Crimes are punishable under U.S. Code as well as the U.S. Code of Military Justice. There is no statute of limitations for War Crimes. Instances of criminal behavior by military, civilian, and contract personnel of the U.S. Department of Defense has happened and has happened with regard to Geneva Category prisoners and detainees. Criminal behavior in this context may range from mishandling to abuse to torture. Military Commanders investigate rigorously any accusation of prisoner mishandling, abuse, or torture. The military continues to vigorously prosecute any such unlawful activity.

Army regulations and policy have always been clear, the torture or coercion of an enemy prisoner of war during interrogation, or in any other circumstance, is not only unlawful but also an unproductive and unreliable method for gaining information. In addition, US Army interrogation procedures continue to stress that all detained or captured persons will be treated as Geneva Category Enemy Prisoners of War until determined otherwise by a duly constituted military tribunal.

U.S. Air Force General Jack L. Rives (Deputy Judge Advocate General) advised a U.S. government task force that many of the extreme methods of interrogation would leave service personnel open to legal sanction in the U.S. and foreign countries.

Canada[edit]

Sahito, F. H., Interrogational Neuroimaging: The Missing Element in Counter-Terrorism. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies ISSN 2028‐9324 Vol. 3 No. 3 July 2013, pp. 592‐607.

Police interrogations in Canada typically rely in part or entirely on the Reid technique. For more information, see Smith, S. M., Stinson, V., & Patry, M. W. (2010). Confession evidence in Canada: Psychological issues and legal landscapes. Psychology, Crime & Law. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1068316X.2010.486380.

Smith, S. M., Stinson, V., & Patry, M. W. (2010). High Risk Interrogation: Using the "Mr. Big" technique to elicit confessions. Law and Human Behavior, 34, 39-40.http://www.springerlink.com/content/t34qg4072g224g15/.

Smith, S. M., Stinson, V., & Patry, M. W. (2009). Using the "Mr. Big" Technique to Elicit Confessions: Successful Innovation or Dangerous Development in the Canadian Legal System? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 15, 168-193.http://husky1.stmarys.ca/~mpatry/Smithetal2009.pdf.

Germany[edit]

Inquisition[edit]

Main article: Inquisition

Japan[edit]

Resistance training[edit]

Main article: Resistance to interrogation

Movement for increased recording of interrogations in the US[edit]

Currently, there is a movement for mandatory electronic recording of all custodial interrogations in the United States.^[20] "Electronic recording" describes the process of recording interrogations from start to finish. This is in contrast to a "taped" or "recorded confession," which typically only includes the final statement of the suspect. "Taped interrogation" is the traditional term for this process; however, as analog is becoming less and less common, statutes and scholars are referring to the process as "electronically recording" interviews or interrogations. Alaska,^[21] Illinois,^[22] Maine,^[23] Minnesota,^[21] and Wisconsin^[24] are the only states to require taped interrogation. New Jersey's taping requirement started on January 1, 2006.^[21]^[25] Massachusetts allows jury instructions that state that the courts prefer taped interrogations.^[26] Commander Neil Nelson of the St. Paul Police Department, an expert in taped interrogation,^[27] has described taped interrogation in Minnesota as the "best thing ever rammed down our throats".^[28]

References[edit]

^ J. D. Obenberger (October 1998). "Police Deception: The Law and the Skin Trade in the Windy City".
^ Perri, Frank S. and Lichtenwald, Terrance G. (2008). The Arrogant Chameleons: Exposing Fraud Detection Homicide Forensic Examiner, 26–33.
^ Perri, Frank S. and Lichtenwald, Terrance G. (2010). "The Last Frontier: Myths & The Female Psychopathic Killer." Forensic Examiner, 19:2, 50–67.
^ Kassin, Saul; Fong, Christina (1999). "'I'm Innocent!': Effects of Training on Judgments of Truth and Deception in the Interrogation room". Law and Human Behavior 23 (5): 499–516.
^ McCoy, Alfred (2007). A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror. Henry Holt & Co. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-8050-8248-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c (McCoy, a Question of Torture 2007, p. 16)
^ ^a ^b (McCoy, a Question of Torture 2007, p. 17)
^ (McCoy, a Question of Torture 2007, p. 11; 59)
^ (McCoy, a Question of Torture 2007, p. 59)
^ (McCoy, a Question of Torture 2007, pp. 18; 60–107)
^ (McCoy, a Question of Torture 2007, p. 11)
^ (McCoy, a Question of Torture 2007, pp. 99, 109–110)
^ Froomkin, Dan (7 November 2005). "Cheney's Dark Side is Showing". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
^ "Transcript of interview with CIA director Panetta". MSNBC. 2011-05-03. Retrieved 2011-08-21. "E]nhanced interrogation has aways been a kind of handy euphemism (for torture)"
^ (McCoy, a Question of Torture 2007, p. 152)
^ (McCoy, a Question of Torture 2007, pp. 108, 117, 120–123, 143–144)
^ Knowlton, Brian.Report Gives New Detail on Approval of Brutal Techniques New York Times, April 21, 2009 (report linked to article)
^ Will, George (1/11/2013). "Facing up to what we did in interrogations". Washington Post. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
^ MSNBC Report of Obama speech describing techniques used at Guantanamo as torture MSNBC 1/9/2009; Stout, David, Holder Tells Senators Waterboarding is Torture New York Times January 15, 2009.
^ New Jersey Courts. Judiciary.state.nj.us. Retrieved on 2011-03-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c Electronic Recording of Interrogations, Center for Policy Alternatives
^ text of the new Illinois law (SB15) requiring electronic recording of custodial interrogations in murder case (The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Act) at the Wayback Machine (archived September 26, 2007)
^ 223A: Recording of Interviews of Suspects in Serious Crimes^{[dead link]}
^ Wisconsin Supreme Court rules that all custodial interrogations of juveniles must be recorded. (In the Interest of Jerrell C.J.) (05-3-25). at the Wayback Machine (archived August 20, 2010) Texas Juvenile Probation Commission.
^ New Rule 3:17 – Electronic Recordation. Judiciary.state.nj.us. Retrieved on 2011-03-04.
^ See Commonwealth v. DiGiambattista, 813 N.E.2d 516, 533–34 (Mass. 2004).
^ Neil Nelson & Associates Home Page. Neilnelson.com. Retrieved on 2011-03-04.
^ Wagner, Dennis (December 6, 2005). "FBI's policy drawing fire". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved October 16, 2013.

External links[edit]

Look up interrogation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Interrogation techniques from GlobalSecurity.org
Limits to Interrogation – The Man In The Snow White Cell, how Nguyen Tai resisted interrogation and torture for years.
'In the Box': Go Inside the Interrogation Room (See what tactics police use to extract confessions from suspects, solve crimes) from ABCNews.go.com

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