WordNet

a thorough physical examination; includes a variety of tests depending on the age and sex and health of the person (同)medical_checkup, medical_examination, medical exam, medical, health check
undergo a test; "She doesnt test well"
any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc; "the test was standardized on a large sample of students" (同)mental test, mental testing, psychometric test
the act of undergoing testing; "he survived the great test of battle"; "candidates must compete in a trial of skill" (同)trial
the act of testing something; "in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately"; "he called each flip of the coin a new trial" (同)trial, run
a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins
put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to; "This approach has been tried with good results"; "Test this recipe" (同)prove, try, try out, examine, essay
achieve a certain score or rating on a test; "She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools"
determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
show a certain characteristic when tested; "He tested positive for HIV"
a formal or official examination; "the platoon stood ready for review"; "we had to wait for the inspection before we could use the elevator" (同)review
the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes) (同)scrutiny
the act of giving students or candidates a test (as by questions) to determine what they know or have learned (同)testing
a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge; "when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions" (同)exam, test
question closely
observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect; "The customs agent examined the baggage"; "I must see your passport before you can enter the country" (同)see
write out a check on a bank account
a written order directing a bank to pay money; "he paid all his bills by check" (同)bank check, cheque
make cracks or chinks in; "The heat checked the paint" (同)chink
arrest the motion (of something) abruptly; "He checked the flow of water by shutting off the main valve"
the act of inspecting or verifying; "they made a check of their equipment"; "the pilot ran through the check-out procedure" (同)checkout, check-out procedure
a mark left after a small piece has been chopped or broken off of something (同)chip
(chess) a direct attack on an opponents king
a textile pattern of squares or crossed lines (resembling a checkerboard); "she wore a skirt with checks"
obstructing an opponent in ice hockey
the bill in a restaurant; "he asked the waiter for the check" (同)chit, tab
put a check mark on or near or next to; "Please check each name on the list"; "tick off the items"; "mark off the units" (同)check off, mark, mark_off, tick off, tick
be verified or confirmed; pass inspection; "These stories dont check!" (同)check_out
examine so as to determine accuracy, quality, or condition; "check the brakes"; "Check out the engine" (同)check up on, look into, check_out, suss out, check over, go over, check into
mark into squares or draw squares on; draw crossed lines on (同)checker, chequer
slow the growth or development of; "The brain damage will retard the childs language development" (同)retard, delay
hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of; "Arrest the downward trend"; "Check the growth of communism in South East Asia"; "Contain the rebel movement"; "Turn back the tide of communism" (同)turn_back, arrest, stop, contain, hold back
abandon the intended prey, turn, and pursue an inferior prey
block or impede (a player from the opposing team) in ice hockey
consign for shipment on a vehicle; "check your luggage before boarding"
decline to initiate betting
hand over something to somebody as for temporary safekeeping; "Check your coat at the door"
make an examination or investigation; "check into the rumor"; "check the time of the class"
place into check; "He checked my kings"
stop for a moment, as if out of uncertainty or caution; "She checked for an instant and missed a step"
stop in a chase especially when scent is lost; "The dog checked"
verify by consulting a source or authority; "check the spelling of this word"; "check your facts"

PrepTutorEJDIC

照合,試験,検査 / 健康診断
(人の能力などの)『試験』,考査,テスト / (物事の)『試験』,検済,試錬,実験《+of+名》 / 化学分析;試薬 / =test match / …‘を'『試験する』,検査する / …‘を'化学分析する / (…の)試験を受ける,試験をする《+for+名》
検査,点検;視察
〈C〉(…の)『試験』《+『in』(『on』)+『名』ofを用いない》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『調査』,検討《+『into』(『of』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉『診察』,診断 / 〈C〉詩験問題[用紙];詩験答案[用紙]
…‘を'『調べる』,検討する / 〈人・身体〉‘を'『診察する』 / 〈人〉‘に'(…の)『試験をする』《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『on, upon』)+『名』》 / 〈証人・被告など〉‘を'尋問する,審問する
〈C〉(…の)『阻止』,(…を)尻い止めること《+『to』+『名』》(stop) / 〈C〉(…を)抑制(制御)する人(物)《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(確認のための)『引き合わせ』,照合,検査;《米》照合の印 / 〈C〉(預金けた手荷物の)合い礼,チッキ / 〈U〉格子(こうし)じま]の織物];〈C〉格子じまの1目 / 〈C〉《米》『小切手』(《英》cheque) / 〈C〉《米》(食堂・酒場などの)伝票,勘定書(bill) / 〈C〉(チェスの)王手 / …'を'『急に止める』)『阻止する』) / 〈感情・行動など〉'を'『抑制する』,,抑える(restrain) / (確認のために)…'を'『照合する』;《米》…‘に'照合の印を付ける / …'を'『点検する』,検査する / 《米》〈所持品など〉'を'一時預けにする / 〈荷物など〉'を'チッキで送る / …‘に'格子(こうし)じまを付ける,市松模様を付ける / 〈チェスで,キング〉‘に'王手をかける / 〈計算などが〉(…し)合う,一至する《+『with』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/06 17:59:54」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The general medical examination is a common form of preventive medicine involving visits to a general practitioner by asymptomatic adults on a regular basis. This is generally yearly or less frequently. It is known under several other names, such as the periodic health evaluation, annual physical, comprehensive medical exam, general health check, or preventive health examination.

The term is generally not meant to include visits for the purpose of newborn checks, Pap smears for cervical cancer, or regular visits for people with certain chronic medical disorders (for example, diabetes).^[1] The general medical examination generally involves a medical history, a (brief or complete) physical examination and sometimes laboratory tests. Some more advanced tests include ultrasound and mammography.

Usefulness

Although annual medical examinations are a routine practice in several countries, it is poorly supported by scientific evidence in the majority of the population. A 2012 Cochrane review did not find any benefit with respect to the risk of death or poor outcomes related to disease in those who received them.^[2] People who undergo yearly medical exams however are more likely to be diagnosed with medical problems.^[2]

Some notable health organisations recommend against annual examinations.^[3]^[4]^[5] The American Cancer Society recommends a cancer-related health check-up annually in men and women older than 40, and every three years for those older than 20.^[6]

A systematic review of studies until September 2006 concluded that the examination does result in better delivery of some other screening interventions (such as Pap smears, cholesterol screening, and faecal occult blood tests) and less patient worry.^[1] Evidence supports several of these individual screening interventions.^[7]^[8]^[9] The effects of annual check-ups on overall costs, patient disability and mortality, disease detection, and intermediate end points such a blood pressure or cholesterol, are inconclusive.^[1] A recent study found that the examination is associated with increased participation in cancer screening.^[10]

The lack of good evidence contrasts with population surveys showing that the general public is fond of these examinations, especially when they are free of charge.^[11] Despite guidelines recommending against routine annual examinations, many family physicians perform them.^[12] A fee-for-service healthcare system has been suggested to promote this practice.^[13] An alternative would be to tailor the screening interval to the age, sex, medical conditions and risk factors of each patient.^[4]^[14]^[15] This means choosing between a wide variety of tests.^[16]

The arguments for and against are similar for many other screening interventions. The possible advantages include detection and subsequent prevention or early treatment for conditions such as high blood pressure, alcohol abuse, smoking, unhealthy diet, obesity and various cancers. Moreover, they could improve the patient-physician relationship and decrease patient anxiety. More and more private insurance companies and even Medicare include annual physicals in their coverage. Some employers require a mandatory health checkup before hiring a candidate. Most surgeons will ask a patient for his or her recent general medical examination results in order to proceed with the surgery.^[17] Disadvantages cited include the time and money that could be saved by a more targeted screening (health economics argument),^[18] a possible increased anxiety over health risks (medicalisation), overdiagnosis and harm resulting from unnecessary testing to detect or confirm medical problems.

Prevalence

It is commonly performed in the United States and the United Kingdom, whereas the practice varies among mainland European countries.

History

The roots of the periodic medical examination are not entirely clear. They seem to have been advocated since the 1920s.^[19] Some authors point to pleads from the 19th and early 20th century for the early detection of diseases like tuberculosis, and periodic school health examinations.^[20] The advent of medical insurance and related commercial influences seems to have promoted the examination, whereas this practice has been subject to controversy in the age of evidence-based medicine.^[13]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23] Several studies have been performed before current evidence-based recommendation for screening were formulated, limiting the applicability of these studies to current-day practice.^[1]^[24]^[25]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Boulware LE, Marinopoulos S, Phillips KA, et al. (February 2007). "Systematic review: the value of the periodic health evaluation". Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (4): 289–300. PMID 17310053.
^ ^a ^b General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease. Oct 17, 2012. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009009.pub2. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
^ US Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: Report of the Preventive Services Task Force 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1996.
^ ^a ^b "Periodic health examination: a guide for designing individualized preventive health care in the asymptomatic patients. Medical Practice Committee, American College of Physicians". Ann. Intern. Med. 95 (6): 729–32. December 1981. PMID 7305155.
^ Hayward RS, Steinberg EP, Ford DE, Roizen MF, Roach KW (May 1991). "Preventive care guidelines: 1991. American College of Physicians. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. United States Preventive Services Task Force". Ann. Intern. Med. 114 (9): 758–83. PMID 2012359.
^ Mettlin C, Dodd GD (1991). "The American Cancer Society Guidelines for the cancer-related checkup: an update". CA Cancer J Clin 41 (5): 279–82. doi:10.3322/canjclin.41.5.279. PMID 1878784.
^ Screening for Lipid Disorders in Adults, Topic Page. June 2008. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspschol.htm
^ Screening for Colorectal Cancer, Topic Page. July 2002. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspscolo.htm
^ Screening for Cervical Cancer, Topic Page. January 2003. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspscerv.htm
^ Fenton JJ, Cai Y, Weiss NS, et al. (March 2007). "Delivery of cancer screening: how important is the preventive health examination?". Arch. Intern. Med. 167 (6): 580–5. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.6.580. PMID 17389289.
^ Oboler SK, Prochazka AV, Gonzales R, Xu S, Anderson RJ (May 2002). "Public expectations and attitudes for annual physical examinations and testing". Ann. Intern. Med. 136 (9): 652–9. PMID 11992300.
^ Prochazka AV, Lundahl K, Pearson W, Oboler SK, Anderson RJ (June 2005). "Support of evidence-based guidelines for the annual physical examination: a survey of primary care providers". Arch. Intern. Med. 165 (12): 1347–52. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.12.1347. PMID 15983282.
^ ^a ^b Gordon PR, Senf J (May 1999). "Is the annual complete physical examination necessary?". Arch. Intern. Med. 159 (9): 909–10. doi:10.1001/archinte.159.9.909. PMID 10326933.
^ Lawrence RS, Mickalide AD (April 1987). "Preventive services in clinical practice: designing the periodic health examination". JAMA 257 (16): 2205–7. doi:10.1001/jama.257.16.2205. PMID 3560403.
^ Frame PS, Carlson SJ (February 1975). "A critical review of periodic health screening using specific screening criteria. Part 1: Selected diseases of respiratory, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems". J Fam Pract 2 (1): 29–36. PMID 1123583.
^ Beck LH (November 1999). "Periodic health examination and screening tests in adults". Hosp Pract (Minneap) 34 (12): 117–8, 121–2, 124–6. doi:10.3810/hp.1999.11.175. PMID 10616549.
^ Benefits of a Timely Annual Checkup, Topic Page. June 2010. Dr. Marina Gafanovich, MD, New York, NY. New York Doctor
^ Yarnall KS, Pollak KI, Østbye T, Krause KM, Michener JL (April 2003). "Primary care: is there enough time for prevention?". Am J Public Health 93 (4): 635–41. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.4.635. PMC 1447803. PMID 12660210.
^ Emerson H (1923). "Periodic medical examinations of apparently healthy persons". JAMA 80: 1376–1381.
^ ^a ^b Han PK (November 1997). "Historical changes in the objectives of the periodic health examination". Ann. Intern. Med. 127 (10): 910–7. PMID 9382370.
^ Charap MH (December 1981). "The periodic health examination: genesis of a myth". Ann. Intern. Med. 95 (6): 733–5. PMID 7030166.
^ Davis AB (1981). "Life insurance and the physical examination: a chapter in the rise of American medical technology". Bull Hist Med 55 (3): 392–406. PMID 7037084.
^ Jureidini R, White K (2000). "Life insurance, the medical examination and cultural values". J Hist Sociol 13 (2): 190–214. doi:10.1111/1467-6443.00113. PMID 18383634.
^ Olsen DM, Kane RL, Proctor PH (April 1976). "A controlled trial of multiphasic screening". N. Engl. J. Med. 294 (17): 925–30. doi:10.1056/NEJM197604222941705. PMID 1256483.
^ Knox EG (December 1974). "Multiphasic screening". Lancet 2 (7894): 1434–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)90086-5. PMID 4140342.

External links

Health Checkup - from MedlinePlus

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