WordNet

a formal or official examination; "the platoon stood ready for review"; "we had to wait for the inspection before we could use the elevator" (同)review

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検査,点検;視察

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/04/23 16:47:17」(JST)

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Maintenance check of electronic equipment on a U.S. Navy aircraft.

An inspection is, most generally, an organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. In engineering activities inspection involves the measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics in regard to an object or activity. The results are usually compared to specified requirements and standards for determining whether the item or activity is in line with these targets. Inspections are usually non-destructive.

A 2007 Scottish Government review of scrutiny of public services (the Crear Review, 2007^[1][2]) defined inspection of public services as '...periodic, targeted scrutiny of specific services, to check whether they are meeting national and local performance standards, legislative and professional requirements, and the needs of service users.'

A surprise inspection tends to have different results than an announced inspection. Leaders wanting to know how others in their organization perform can drop in without warning, to see directly what happens. If an inspection is made known in advance, it can give people a chance to cover up or to fix mistakes. This could lead to distorted and inaccurate findings. A surprise inspection, therefore, gives inspectors a better picture of the typical state of the inspected object or process than an announced inspection. It also enhances external confidence in the inspection process. See section 4.12 of the Crear report.^[1]

Specific instances

Business

In international trade several destination countries require Pre-shipment inspection. The importer instructs the shipper which inspection company should be used. The inspector makes pictures and a report to certify that the goods that are being shipped and produced are in accordance with the accompanying documents.

Government

In government and politics, an inspection is the act of a monitoring authority administering an official review of various criteria (such as documents, facilities, records, and any other assets) that are deemed by the authority to be related to the inspection. Inspections are used for the purpose of determining if a body is complying with regulations. The inspector examines the criteria and talks with involved individuals. A report and evaluation follows such visits.

The Food Safety Inspection Service is charged with ensuring that all meat and egg products in the United States are safe to consume and accurately labeled. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any found unfit for human consumption. The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission is a regulatory body that inspects for weapons of mass destruction. The Scottish Commission for the Regulation of Care regulates and inspects care services in Scotland.

An Oregon Air National Guardsman makes an inspection of a radio-tower

Road vehicles

A vehicle inspection, e.g., an annual inspection, is a necessary inspection required on vehicles to conform with laws regarding safety, emissions, or both. It consists of an examination of a vehicle's components, usually done by a certified mechanic. Vehicles pass a pre-warranty inspection, if, and only if, a mechanic provide evidence for the proper working condition of the vehicle systems specified in the type of inspection.

Engineering, mechanics

Quality related inspection is an essential part of quality control.

A mechanical inspection is usually undertaken to ensure the safety or reliability of structures or machinery.

In Europe bodies involved in engineering inspection may be assessed by acreditation bodies according to ISO 17020 "General criteria for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspection". This standard defines inspection as Examination of a product design, product, service, process or plant, and determination of their conformity with specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgement, general requirements.

Non-Destructive Examination (NDE)^[2] or nondestructive testing (NDT) describe a number of technologies used to analyze materials for either inherent flaws (such as fractures or cracks), or damage from use.

Some common methods are visual, microscopy, Liquid or dye penetrant inspection, magnetic-particle inspection, X-ray or radiographic testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy-current testing, acoustic emission testing, and thermographic inspection. In addition, many non-destructive inspections can be performed by a precision scale, or when in motion, a checkweigher. Stereo microscopes are often used for examining small products like circuit boards for product defects.

Medical

An medical inspection is the thorough and unhurried visualization of a client, this requires the use of the naked eye.

Military

An examination vessel is a craft used to inspect ships entering or leaving a port.

Real estate

A property inspection is the examination for purposes of evaluating a property's condition. In purchasing property, a "whole house inspection" tries to detect defects in the property. The railroad's inspection locomotive were special types of steam locomotive designed to carry railroad officials on inspection tours of the railroad property.

Software engineering

Software inspection, in software engineering, refers to peer review of any work product by trained individuals who look for defects using a well defined process.

References

^ ^a ^b Crerar, Professor Lorne D, September 2007 The Crerar Review: The report of the independent review of regulation, audit, inspection and complaints handling of public services in Scotland.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Development of an indirect competitive immunoassay for walnut protein component in food.

Wang H, Li G, Wu Y, Yuan F, Chen Y.SourceInstitute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 3, Gaobeidian North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100123, PR China; Inner Mongolia Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 12, Erdos Street, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Mar 15;147:106-10. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.013. Epub 2013 Oct 5.
Among food allergens, walnut is a frequent cause of adverse food reactions in allergic patients. In this study, the walnut allergen protein 2S albumin precursor (Jug r 1) cDNA was synthesised and cloned into the pGEX-6P-1 expression vector. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into Escherichia
PMID 24206692

Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and α-zearalenol in milk by UHPLC-MS/MS.

Huang LC, Zheng N, Zheng BQ, Wen F, Cheng JB, Han RW, Xu XM, Li SL, Wang JQ.SourceMinistry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China; Ministry of Agriculture - Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, PR China.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Mar 1;146:242-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.047. Epub 2013 Sep 18.
In this study, a sensitive and rapid method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and α-zearalenol in milk by ultra high performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionisation triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHP
PMID 24176338

Ligation Chain Reaction based gold nanoparticle assembly for ultrasensitive DNA detection.

Yin H, Huang X, Ma W, Xu L, Zhu S, Kuang H, Xu C.SourceState Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China; Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, China.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Feb 15;52:8-12. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.064. Epub 2013 Aug 14.
A simple and ultrasensitive DNA biosensor was developed utilizing the color and size changes originating from Ligation Chain Reaction (LCR)-based gold nanoparticle assembly as an indicator. Using synthetic DNA of 10-fold serial dilutions as a target, the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.5aM with a ran
PMID 24012805

Simultaneous determination of 14 oil-soluble synthetic dyes in chilli products by high performance liquid chromatography with a gel permeation chromatography clean-up procedure.

Zhu Y, Zhao B, Xiao R, Yun W, Xiao Z, Tu D, Chen S.SourceCenter for Quality Supervision & Inspection of Food, Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Food Safety, Chongqing 401123, China. Electronic address: zyh218@yahoo.com.cn.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Feb 15;145:956-62. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.008. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 14 fat-soluble dyes in chilli products. The samples were extracted with hexane/acetone. The cleanup was performed with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) cleanup system. A HPLC separation was performed using variable wavelength detector a
PMID 24128569