emerging infectious disease

新興感染症

WordNet

1. of or relating to infection; "infectious hospital"; "infectious disease"
2. caused by infection or capable of causing infection; "viruses and other infective agents"; "a carrier remains infective without himself showing signs of the disease" (同)infective
3. easily spread; "fear is exceedingly infectious; children catch it from their elders"- Bertrand Russell
4. an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
5. caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological
6. coming to maturity; "the rising generation" (同)rising

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (病気が)伝染する,伝染性の / (影響などが)感化しやすい,うつりやすい
2. (体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
3. 女性の話術芸人 =diseur
4. 病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/11 16:04:16」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For the medical journal, see Emerging Infectious Diseases.

An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future. Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens. EIDs are caused by newly identified species or strains (e.g. SARS, AIDS) that may have evolved from a known infection (e.g. influenza) or spread to a new population (e.g. West Nile virus) or area undergoing ecologic transformation (e.g. Lyme disease), or be reemerging infections, like drug resistant tuberculosis. Nosocomial infections, such as MRSA are emerging in hospitals, and extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics. Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and non-infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syndemics.

Contributing factors

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publishes a journal Emerging Infectious Diseases that identifies the following factors contributing to disease emergence:

• Microbial adaption; e.g. genetic drift and genetic shift in Influenza A
• Changing human susceptibility; e.g. mass immunocompromisation with HIV/AIDS
• Climate and weather; e.g. diseases with zoonotic vectors such as West Nile Disease (transmitted by mosquitoes) are moving further from the tropics as the climate warms
• Change in human demographics and trade; e.g. rapid travel enabled SARS to rapidly propagate around the globe
• Economic development; e.g. use of antibiotics to increase meat yield of farmed cows leads to antibiotic resistance
• Breakdown of public health; e.g. the current situation in Zimbabwe
• Poverty and social inequality; e.g. tuberculosis is primarily a problem in low-income areas
• War and famine
• Bioterrorism; e.g. 2001 Anthrax attacks
• Dam and irrigation system construction; e.g. malaria and other mosquito borne diseases

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

An example of this is MRSA, a common nosocomial infection. MRSA, the pathogen that we know today, evolved from Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) otherwise known as common S. Aureus. Many people are natural carriers of S. Aureus, without being affected in any way, shape, or form. MSSA was treatable with the antibiotic methicillin until it acquired the gene for antibiotic resistance. Though genetic mapping of various strains of MRSA, scientists have found that MSSA acquired the mecA gene in the 1960s, which accounts for its pathogenicity, before this it had a predominantly commensal relationship with humans. It is theorized that when this S. Aureus strain that had acquired the mecA gene was introduced into hospitals, it came into contact with other hospital bacteria that had already been exposed to high levels of antibiotics. When exposed to such high levels of antibiotics, the hospital bacteria suddenly found themselves in an environment that had a high level of selection for antibiotic resistance, and thus resistance to multiple antibiotics formed with in these hospital populations. When S. Aureus came into contact with these populations, the multiple genes that code for antibiotic resistance to different drugs were then acquired by MRSA, making it nearly impossible to control. It is thought that MSSA acquired the resistance gene through the horizontal gene transfer, a method in which genetic information can be passed within a generation, and spread rapidly through its own population as was illustrated in multiple studies. Horizontal gene transfer speeds the process of genetic transfer since there is no need to wait an entire generation time for gene to be passed on. Since most antibiotics do not work on MRSA, physicians have to turn to alternative methods based in Darwinian medicine. However prevention is the most preferred method of avoiding antibiotic resistance. By reducing unnecessary antibiotic use within society as a whole, antibiotics resistance can be slowed.

See also

• Zoonosis

References

External links

• Emerging Diseases in a changing European eNvironment (EDEN)- Integrated Project of the European Commission
• Lashley FR (2004). "Emerging infectious diseases: vulnerabilities, contributing factors and approaches". Expert review of anti-infective therapy 2 (2): 299–316. doi:10.1586/14787210.2.2.299. PMID 15482195. 
• Singer MC, Erickson PI, Badiane L, Diaz R, Ortiz D, Abraham T, Nicolaysen AM (2006). "Syndemics, sex and the city: understanding sexually transmitted diseases in social and cultural context". Social Science & Medicine 63 (8): 2010–2021. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.05.012. PMID 16782250. 
• Koh, Y, Hegney, D., Drury V. (2010). A comprehensive systematic review of the nurses’ perceptions of risk from exposure to emerging acute respiratory infectious diseases and the effectiveness of strategies used to facilitate healthy coping in acute hospital and community health care settings. JBI Library of Systematic Reviews. 8 (23): 917-971.
• Laegreid, W.W.,Impacts of Emerging Infectious Disease Research on International Security Policy, ACDIS International Security Policy Brief no. 1 (April 2008), Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 成人における慢性腎臓病マネージメントの概要 overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults
• 2. 供血者スクリーニング：臨床検査 blood donor screening laboratory testing
• 3. ライム病の治療 treatment of lyme disease
• 4. 神経系のライム病 nervous system lyme disease
• 5. 成人におけるクローン病の臨床症状、診断、および予後 clinical manifestations diagnosis and prognosis of crohn disease in adults

English Journal

• The autophagic lysosomal system in outflow pathway physiology and pathophysiology.

• Liton PB1.
• Experimental eye research.Exp Eye Res.2016 Mar;144:29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.07.013. Epub 2015 Jul 27.
• Malfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM)/schlemm's canal (SC) conventional outflow pathway is associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and, therefore, increased risk of developing glaucoma, a potentially blinding disease affecting more than 70 million people worldwide. This TM/SC tissu
• PMID 26226231

• Media coverage and hospital notifications: Correlation analysis and optimal media impact duration to manage a pandemic.

• Yan Q1, Tang S2, Gabriele S3, Wu J4.
• Journal of theoretical biology.J Theor Biol.2016 Feb 7;390:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.11.002. Epub 2015 Nov 12.
• News reporting has the potential to modify a community׳s knowledge of emerging infectious diseases and affect peoples' attitudes and behavior. Here we developed a quantitative approach to evaluate the effects of media on such behavior. Statistically significant correlations between the number of ne
• PMID 26582723

• The immunopathogenesis of cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: understanding a conundrum.

• Meya DB1, Manabe YC, Boulware DR, Janoff EN.
• Current opinion in infectious diseases.Curr Opin Infect Dis.2016 Feb;29(1):10-22. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000224.
• PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cryptococcal meningitis causes significant mortality among HIV-infected patients, despite antifungal therapy and use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In patients with cryptococcal meningitis, ART is often complicated by immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), manifesti
• PMID 26658650

Japanese Journal

• Endemic threshold analysis for the Kermack-McKendrick reinfection model

• Josai Mathematical Monographs 9, 105-133, 2016-03
• NAID 120005744552

• 新興感染症 : エボラ出血熱・デング熱 (特集 救命救急医療update : 救急医療の新たな時代) -- (救急医療)

• 日本臨床 74(2), 252-256, 2016-02
• NAID 40020718855

• 小西賞受賞者 重症熱性血小板減少症候群(SFTS)

• 山口医学 = Yamaguchi medical journal 65(1), 31-38, 2016-02
• NAID 120005723603

Related Links

• Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC

Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC ... Evidence is increasing that Zika virus can cause extensive damage to the central nervous system, affecting both fetuses and ...

• About the Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - Emerging ...

General Information Emerging Infectious Diseases is an open access journal published monthly by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The journal is published online and also has a limited print run on ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「新興感染症」「emerging communicable disease」
関連記事	「disease」「infectious」

「新興感染症」

　　[★]

英

emerging infectious disease

関

感染症、再興感染症

• 「これまで知られていなかったが、1973年以降に見いだされた病原体」
• http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/004/004/003.pdfより

新たにヒトでの感染が証明された疾患、あるいはそれまでその土地では存在しなかったが新たにそこでヒトの病気として現れてきたものなどとされています。原因が不明であった疾患のうち病原物質が明らかとなり、地域あるいは国際的に多くの人の健康に対して問題となるものも新興感染症の概念の中に含まれます。

一覧

年	病原微生物	種類	疾患
1973	Rotavirus	ウイルス	小児下痢症
1975	Parvovirus B19	ウイルス	伝染性紅班
1976	Cryptosporidium parvum	寄生虫	下痢症
1977	Eboravirus	ウイルス	エボラ出血熱
	Legionella pneumophila	細菌	レジオネラ症
	Hantaanvirus	ウイルス	腎症候性出血熱
	Campylobacter jejuni	細菌	下痢症
1980	Human T-lymphotropic virus-1	ウイルス	成人T細胞白血病
	Hepatitis D virus	ウイルス	D型ウイルス肝炎
1981	TSST-1-producing Staphylococcus aureus	細菌	毒素性ショック症候群
1982	Escherichia coli 0157:H7	細菌	腸管出血性大腸炎、溶血性尿毒症症候群
	Human T-lymphotropic virus-2(1)	ウイルス	白血病
	Borrelia burgobrferi	細菌	ライム病
	Rickttsia japonica	細菌	日本紅斑熱
1983	Human immunodeficiency virus	ウイルス	後天性免疫不全症候群
	Helicobacter pylori	細菌	胃炎(胃潰瘍、十二指腸潰瘍、胃癌、MALTリンパ腫)
1985	Enterocytozoon bieneusi	寄生虫	持続性下痢症
1986	Cyclospora cayetanensis	寄生虫	持続性下痢症
	Prion(2)	プリオン	牛海綿状脳症
1988	Human herpesvirus-6	ウイルス	突発性発疹症
	Hepatitis E virus	ウイルス	E型肝炎
1989	Ehriichia chaffeensis	細菌	エールリキア症
	Hepatitis C virus	ウイルス	C型肝炎
	Clamydia pneumoniae	細菌	肺炎、気管支炎
1991	Guanarito virus	ウイルス	ベネズエラ出血熱
	Encephalitozoon heilem	寄生虫	結膜炎
	Newspecis of Babesia	寄生虫	非定型性バベシア症
1992	Vibrio choerae 0139	細菌	新型コレラ
	Bartoneiia henselae	細菌	猫ひっかき病
1993	Sin Nombre virus	ウイルス	ハンタウイルス肺症候群(成人呼吸窮迫症候群)
	Encephalitozoon cuniculi	真菌	ミクロスポリドーシス
1994	Sabia virus	ウイルス	ブラジル出血熱
	Hendra virus	ウイルス	ウイルス性脳炎
1995	Human herpesvirus-8	ウイルス	カポジ肉腫
	Hepatitis G virus	ウイルス	G型肝炎
1996	TSE causing agent	プリオン	新型クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病
	Australian bat lyssavirus	ウイルス	ウイルス性脳炎
1997	Influenza A/H5N1	ウイルス	トリ型インフルエンザのヒト感染
1999	Nipa hvirus	ウイルス	急性脳炎
2003	SARS coronavirus	ウイルス	重症急性呼吸器症候群(SAR)

• (1)1983年か？
• (2)1982年か？

-感染症

「emerging communicable disease」

　　[★]

• 新興伝染病

関

emerging infectious disease

「disease」

　　[★]

• n.

疾患：illnessより厳密な概念。「ある臓器に明確な障害が確認され、それによって症状が出ているとはっきり説明できる場合」 (PSY.9)

特定の原因、病態生理、症状、経過、予後、病理組織所見が全てそろった場合 (PSY.9)

• something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society.

関

ail、ailment、disease entity、disorder、ill、illness、malady、sick、sickness

• 注意

disease ≠ illness ≠ disorder

　 　 　

「infectious」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 感染性の、伝染性の

関

communicability、communicable、contagious、epidemic、infectiosity、infectiousness、infective、infectivity、transmissibility、transmissible