WordNet

commit a sin; violate a law of God or a moral law (同)transgress, trespass
violent and excited activity; "they began to fight like sin" (同)hell
estrangement from god (同)sinfulness, wickedness
an act that is regarded by theologians as a transgression of Gods will (同)sinning
the 21st letter of the Hebrew alphabet
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)s
(Akkadian) god of the Moon; counterpart of Sumerian Nanna

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(宗教・道徳上の)『罪』 / 〈C〉(宗教・道徳上の)『罪の行為』,罪悪 / 〈C〉《特におどけて》違反(過失)の行為 / (宗教・道徳上の)おきてを破る,罪を犯す / (…に)違反(過失)をする,背く《+『against』+『名』》
sine
ビールス,ろ過性病原体
sulfurの化学記号 / {略}South[ern]
siliconの化学記号

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/29 17:43:04」(JST)

wiki en

The Sin Nombre virus (in Spanish, "the nameless virus") (SNV) is the prototypical etiologic agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS).^[1]

Its original name was "Four Corners virus." The name was changed after local residents raised objections.^[2]

History

It was first isolated in 1993 from rodents collected near the home of one of the initial patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Four Corners region of the western United States. Isolation was achieved through blind passage in Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) and subsequent adaptation to growth in Vero E6 cells. Additional viral strains have also been isolated from P. maniculatus associated with a fatal case in California and P. leucopus from the vicinity of probable infection of a New York case. Black Creek Canal virus was isolated from S. hispidus collected near the residence of a human case in Dade County, Florida. Another etiologic agent of HCPS, Bayou virus, was first isolated from the vicinity of Monroe, Louisiana.

Epidemiology

SNV occurs wherever its reservoir rodent carrier, the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus,^[3] is found, which includes essentially the entire populated area of North America, except for the far southeastern region from eastern Texas through Florida, Alaska, and the far northern reaches of Canada. SNV and HCPS are especially common in western states; peak incidences for HCPS have been reported in regions in which there is a lot of contact between humans and mice (New Mexico, Arizona) and in states with exceptionally large rural populations such as California. All of the western provinces of Canada have also reported cases. SNV can be contracted through the inhalation of virus-contaminated deer mouse excreta.

The case fatality ratio of SNV-induced HCPS in the USA was reported to be about 66.7% (CDC, 1993). However, since that time the case fatality ratio has steadily declined as more mild cases came to be recognized. By 2007 the CFR had declined to about 35%.

Virus sequencing

The entire genomic sequence of SNV has subsequently been determined by using RNA extracted from autopsy material as well as RNA extracted from cell culture-adapted virus. The L RNA is 6562 nucleotides (nt) in length; the M RNA is 3696 nt long; and the S RNA is 2059 to 2060 nt long. Interestingly, when the prototype sequence (NMH15) of SNV detected in tissues from an HPS case was compared with the sequence of the SNV isolate (NMR11; isolated in Vero E6 cells from Peromyscus maniculatus trapped in the residence of the same case), only 16 nucleotide changes were found, and none of these changes resulted in alterations in amino acid sequences of viral proteins. It had been assumed that in the process of adaptation to cell culture, selection of SNV variants which grow optimally in cell culture would occur, and selected variants would differ genetically from the parental virus. Though NMH10 and NMR11 are identical in protein sequence, nucleotide substitutions in nontranslated regions of the genome could be responsible for altered viral phenotypes, as could changes in protein glycosylation or virus membrane components.

The nested RT-PCR assay developed during the initial HCPS outbreak provided a rapid method for the genetic characterization of novel hantaviruses that did not require a virus isolate. Numerous new hantaviruses have been detected by RT-PCR in rodent tissues but have yet to be associated with human disease. These include El Moro Canyon virus associated with the western harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis, Tula virus with Microtus arvalis and M. rossiaemeridionalis, Rio Segundo virus with the Mexican harvest mouse, R. mexicanus, Isla Vista virus with the California vole, M. californicus, and Prospect Hill-like viruses in Microtus species.

References

^ Ye C, Prescott J, Nofchissey R, Goade D, Hjelle B (March 2004). "Neutralizing antibodies and Sin Nombre virus RNA after recovery from hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome". Emerging Infect. Dis. 10 (3): 478–82. doi:10.3201/eid1003.020821. PMC 3322788. PMID 15109416.
^ Strauss, Ellen G.; Strauss, James H. (2002). Viruses and human disease. Boston: Academic Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-12-673050-4.
^ Lehmer EM, Clay CA, Pearce-Duvet J, St Jeor S, Dearing MD (March 2008). "Differential regulation of pathogens: the role of habitat disturbance in predicting prevalence of Sin Nombre virus". Oecologia 155 (3): 429–39. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0922-9. PMID 18064494.

External links

www.cdc.gov -- Virology -- CDC Hantaviruses
[1] - Clinical and Lab Recognition and other info

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ハンタウイルス感染の疫学および診断 epidemiology and diagnosis of hantavirus infections
2. ハンタウイルス心肺症候群 hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
3. ハンタウイルス感染による腎疾患（腎症候性出血熱） renal involvement with hantavirus infection hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
4. ハンタウイルス感染の病因 pathogenesis of hantavirus infections
5. 東アジアへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to east asia

English Journal

Historical Perspective: What Constitutes Discovery (of a New Virus)?

Murphy FA1.
Advances in virus research.Adv Virus Res.2016;95:197-220. doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.02.003. Epub 2016 Mar 29.
A historic review of the discovery of new viruses leads to reminders of traditions that have evolved over 118 years. One such tradition gives credit for the discovery of a virus to the investigator(s) who not only carried out the seminal experiments but also correctly interpreted the findings (withi
PMID 27112283

Behavioural differences: a link between biodiversity and pathogen transmission.

Dizney L1, Dearing MD1.
Animal behaviour.Anim Behav.2016 Jan 1;111:341-347.
Biodiversity often serves to reduce zoonotic pathogens, such that prevalence is lower in communities of greater diversity. This phenomenon is termed the dilution effect, and although it has been reported for several pathogens (e.g. Sin Nombre virus, SNV), the mechanism is largely unknown. We investi
PMID 26752791

Crystal Structure of the Core Region of Hantavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Reveals the Mechanism for Ribonucleoprotein Complex Formation.

Guo Y1, Wang W2, Sun Y3, Ma C1, Wang X1, Wang X1, Liu P1, Shen S4, Li B5, Lin J1, Deng F4, Wang H6, Lou Z7.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2015 Nov 11;90(2):1048-61. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02523-15.
Hantaviruses, which belong to the genus Hantavirus in the family Bunyaviridae, infect mammals, including humans, causing either hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in humans with high mortality. Hantavirus encodes a nucleocapsid protein (NP) to
PMID 26559827

Japanese Journal

Role of nucleocapsid protein of hantaviruses in intracellular traffic of viral glycoproteins

Virus
NAID 120005372351

Related Pictures

Hantaviren – Wikipedia ブニヤウイルス科 - Wikipedia 10,000 Possibly Exposed to Hantavirus at Yosemite National Park Tem: Sin Nombre or Hanta Virus-- an Rna Virus Photographic Print at AllPosters.com Sin nombre virus; Four Corners Virus; Muerto Canyon Virus Satellite Imagery Could Detect Sin Nombre Virus Exposure Risk Areas | News & Features Sin-Nombre-Virus – Wikipedia Virology | Hantavirus | DHCPP | CDC

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「新興感染症」「ハンタウイルス属」「ハンタウイルス肺症候群」「Muerto Canyon virus」「Four Corners virus」
関連記事	「S」「Si」「virus」

「新興感染症」

Sin Nombre virus
Classification and external resources
ICD-9-CM	079.81
MeSH	D018804

Sin Nombre
	Transmission electron micrograph of the Sin Nombre hanta virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Family:	Bunyaviridae
Genus:	Hantavirus
Species:	Sin Nombre virus

　　[★]

英: emerging infectious disease
関: 感染症、再興感染症

「これまで知られていなかったが、1973年以降に見いだされた病原体」
http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/004/004/003.pdfより

新たにヒトでの感染が証明された疾患、あるいはそれまでその土地では存在しなかったが新たにそこでヒトの病気として現れてきたものなどとされています。原因が不明であった疾患のうち病原物質が明らかとなり、地域あるいは国際的に多くの人の健康に対して問題となるものも新興感染症の概念の中に含まれます。

一覧

年	病原微生物	種類	疾患
1973	Rotavirus	ウイルス	小児下痢症
1975	Parvovirus B19	ウイルス	伝染性紅班
1976	Cryptosporidium parvum	寄生虫	下痢症
1977	Eboravirus	ウイルス	エボラ出血熱
	Legionella pneumophila	細菌	レジオネラ症
	Hantaanvirus	ウイルス	腎症候性出血熱
	Campylobacter jejuni	細菌	下痢症
1980	Human T-lymphotropic virus-1	ウイルス	成人T細胞白血病
1980	Hepatitis D virus	ウイルス	D型ウイルス肝炎
1981	TSST-1-producing Staphylococcus aureus	細菌	毒素性ショック症候群
1982	Escherichia coli 0157:H7	細菌	腸管出血性大腸炎、溶血性尿毒症症候群
	Human T-lymphotropic virus-2⁽¹⁾	ウイルス	白血病
	Borrelia burgobrferi	細菌	ライム病
	Rickttsia japonica	細菌	日本紅斑熱
1983	Human immunodeficiency virus	ウイルス	後天性免疫不全症候群
1983	Helicobacter pylori	細菌	胃炎(胃潰瘍、十二指腸潰瘍、胃癌、MALTリンパ腫)
1985	Enterocytozoon bieneusi	寄生虫	持続性下痢症
1986	Cyclospora cayetanensis	寄生虫	持続性下痢症
1986	Prion⁽²⁾	プリオン	牛海綿状脳症
1988	Human herpesvirus-6	ウイルス	突発性発疹症
1988	Hepatitis E virus	ウイルス	E型肝炎
1989	Ehriichia chaffeensis	細菌	エールリキア症
	Hepatitis C virus	ウイルス	C型肝炎
	Clamydia pneumoniae	細菌	肺炎、気管支炎
1991	Guanarito virus	ウイルス	ベネズエラ出血熱
	Encephalitozoon heilem	寄生虫	結膜炎
	Newspecis of Babesia	寄生虫	非定型性バベシア症
1992	Vibrio choerae 0139	細菌	新型コレラ
1992	Bartoneiia henselae	細菌	猫ひっかき病
1993	Sin Nombre virus	ウイルス	ハンタウイルス肺症候群(成人呼吸窮迫症候群)
1993	Encephalitozoon cuniculi	真菌	ミクロスポリドーシス
1994	Sabia virus	ウイルス	ブラジル出血熱
1994	Hendra virus	ウイルス	ウイルス性脳炎
1995	Human herpesvirus-8	ウイルス	カポジ肉腫
1995	Hepatitis G virus	ウイルス	G型肝炎
1996	TSE causing agent	プリオン	新型クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病
1996	Australian bat lyssavirus	ウイルス	ウイルス性脳炎
1997	Influenza A/H5N1	ウイルス	トリ型インフルエンザのヒト感染
1999	Nipa hvirus	ウイルス	急性脳炎
2003	SARS coronavirus	ウイルス	重症急性呼吸器症候群(SAR)

(1)1983年か？
(2)1982年か？

-感染症

「ハンタウイルス属」

　　[★]

英: hantavirus, genus hantavirus
関: ウイルス

ブニヤウイルス科に属する。

ハンタウイルス属

ハンタウイルス →　腎症候性出血熱
名無しウイルス Sin Nombre virus　→　ハンタウイルス肺症候群

ハンタウイルス感染症

	HFRS			HPS
	Hantaan	Seoul	Puumala	Sin Nombre
分布	アジア	世界	北欧	米国
自然宿主	アポデムス	ドブネズミ	ヤチネズミ	シカシロアシネズミ
発症部位	腎性			肺性
発症程度	中。重症		軽症	重症
死亡率	5-15%	0.01	<0.1%	0.6
疾患名	韓国型出血熱	腎症候性出血熱	nephropathia epidermica	ハンタウイルス肺症候群