epidemic

日

• adj.

• 流行性の、伝染性の

• n.

• 流行病、流行

関

　 　 　

WordNet

1. (especially of medicine) of disease or anything resembling a disease; attacking or affecting many individuals in a community or a population simultaneously; "an epidemic outbreak of influenza"
2. a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease; many people are infected at the same time
3. make out of components (often in an improvising manner); "She fashioned a tent out of a sheet and a few sticks" (同)forge
4. characteristic or habitual practice
5. consumer goods (especially clothing) in the current mode
6. the latest and most admired style in clothes and cosmetics and behavior
7. use persuasion successfully; "He prevailed upon her to visit his parents"
8. be valid, applicable, or true; "This theory still holds" (同)hold, obtain
9. continue to exist; "These stories die hard"; "The legend of Elvis endures" (同)persist, die hard, run, endure
10. prove superior; "The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight" (同)triumph
11. of or relating to infection; "infectious hospital"; "infectious disease"
12. caused by infection or capable of causing infection; "viruses and other infective agents"; "a carrier remains infective without himself showing signs of the disease" (同)infective
13. easily spread; "fear is exceedingly infectious; children catch it from their elders"- Bertrand Russell
14. (epidemiology) the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population
15. the quality of prevailing generally; being widespread; "he was surprised by the prevalence of optimism about the future"
16. easily diffused or spread as from one person to another; "a contagious grin"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (病気などが)『伝染性の』,急速に広がる / (一般に)流行している / (一時的な)流行病,伝染病 / 流行,はやり
2. 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)『流行』,はやり《+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(特に婦人服の)ファション / 《the~》人気のある人(もの) / 〈C〉〈U〉《文》(…の)『方法』,仕方《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)作り(make),様式(style),型(shape)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《古》《集合的に》上流会社[の人々] / (…から)…‘を'作る《+『名』+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》;…‘を'細工して(…を)作る《+『名』+『into』+『名』》
3. 《文》 / (…に)〈強さ・影響力が〉『勝る』,勝つ《+『over』(『against』)+『名』》 / (…に)『普及している』,広く行きわたる《『in』(『among』)+『名』》
4. (病気が)伝染する,伝染性の / (影響などが)感化しやすい,うつりやすい
5. 広く行きわっていること,普及 / 優勢,支配
6. (病気が)接触伝染性の / 《補語にのみ用いて》(人が)伝染病の原因になる,伝染病を広げる / すぐ広がる,移りやすい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/18 23:45:40」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Epidemic (disambiguation).

Example of an epidemic showing the number of new infections over time.

An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less. For example, in meningococcal infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.

Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by several factors including a change in the ecology of the host population (e.g. increased stress or increase in the density of a vector species), a genetic change in the pathogen reservoir or the introduction of an emerging pathogen to a host population (by movement of pathogen or host). Generally, an epidemic occurs when host immunity to either an established pathogen or newly emerging novel pathogen is suddenly reduced below that found in the endemic equilibrium and the transmission threshold is exceeded.

An epidemic may be restricted to one location; however, if it spreads to other countries or continents and affects a substantial number of people, it may be termed a pandemic. The declaration of an epidemic usually requires a good understanding of a baseline rate of incidence; epidemics for certain diseases, such as influenza, are defined as reaching some defined increase in incidence above this baseline. A few cases of a very rare disease may be classified as an epidemic, while many cases of a common disease (such as the common cold) would not.

Causes

There are several changes that may occur in an infectious agent that may trigger an epidemic. These include:

• Increased virulence
• Introduction into a novel setting
• Changes in host susceptibility to the infectious agent

An epidemic disease is not required to be contagious, and the term has been applied to West Nile fever and the obesity epidemic (e.g. by the World Health Organisation), among others.

The conditions which govern the outbreak of epidemics include infected food supplies such as contaminated drinking water and the migration of populations of certain animals, such as rats or mosquitoes, which can act as disease vectors. Certain epidemics occur at certain seasons.

For example, whooping-cough occurs in spring, whereas measles produces two epidemics, one in winter and one in March. Influenza, the common cold, and other infections of the upper respiratory tract, such as sore throat, occur predominantly in the winter. There is another variation, both as regards the number of people affected and the number who die in successive epidemics: the severity of successive epidemics rises and falls over periods of five or ten years.

Types

Common source outbreak

In a common source outbreak, the affected individuals had an exposure to a common agent. If the exposure is singular and all of the affected individuals develop the disease over a single exposure and incubation course, it can be termed a point source outbreak. If the exposure was continuous or variable, it can be termed a continuous outbreak or intermittent outbreak, respectively.

Propagated outbreak

In a propagated outbreak, the disease spreads person-to-person. Affected individuals may become independent reservoirs leading to further exposures.

Many epidemics will have characteristics of both common source and propagated outbreaks.

For example, secondary person-to-person spread may occur after a common source exposure or an environmental vectors may spread a zoonotic diseases agent.

Transmission

• Airborne transmission: Airborne transmission is the spread of infection by droplet nuclei or dust in the air. Without the intervention of winds or drafts the distance over which airborne infection takes place is short, say 10 to 20 feet.
• Arthropod transmission: Arthropod transmission takes place by an insect, either mechanically through a contaminated proboscis or feet, or biologically when there is growth or replication of an organism in the arthropod.
• Biological transmission: Involving a biological process, e.g. passing a stage of development of the infecting agent in an intermediate host. Opposite to mechanical transmission.
• Colostral transmission: A form of vertical transmission via successive generations.
• Contact transmission: The disease agent is transferred directly by biting, sucking, chewing or indirectly by inhalation of droplets, drinking of contaminated water, traveling in contaminated vehicles.
• Cyclopropagative transmission: The agent undergoes both development and multiplication in the transmitting vehicle.
• Developmental transmission: The agent undergoes some development in the transmission vehicle.
• Fecal-oral transmission: The infectious agent is shed by the infected host in feces and acquired by the susceptible host through ingestion of contaminated material.
• Horizontal transmission: Lateral spread to others in the same group and at the same time; spread to contemporaries.
• Mechanical transmission: The transmitter is not infected in that tissues are not invaded and the agent does not multiply.
• Propagative transmission: The agent multiplies in the transmission vehicle.
• Vertical transmission: From one generation to the next, perhaps transovarially or by intrauterine infection of the fetus. Some retroviruses are transmitted in the germ line, i.e. their genetic material is integrated into the DNA of either the ovum or sperm.

Response

Microsoft founder and philanthropist Bill Gates wrote an essay published in the New England Journal of Medicine in March 2015. In the essay, Gates states that an epidemic caused by a natural disaster or bioterrorism is the most likely event that could kill 10 million or more people all at the same time.

Gates and other experts suggest that the best way to prepare for an epidemic is to have a disease surveillance system, be able to quickly dispatch emergency workers, especially local-based emergency workers, and have a legitimate way to guarantee the safety and health of health workers.

Effective preparations for a response to a pandemic are multi-layered. The first layer is a disease surveillance system. Tanzania, for example, runs a national lab that runs testing for 200 health sites and tracks the spread of infectious diseases. The next layer is the actual response to an emergency. According to U.S.-based columnist Michael Gerson, only the U.S. military and NATO have the global capability to respond to such an emergency.

Gates proposed that the world responded slowly to the Ebola virus outbreak because of a lack of preparation. Two weeks after the 2013 typhoon hit the Philippines, over 150 foreign medical teams were on the ground helping with injured victims. After the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan, a team of aid workers who had been helping Afghan refugees for several decades were able to get to the victims in less than 24 hours. Dr. Bruce Aylward, assistant director general for emergencies at the World Health Organization, says that in the case of the Ebola outbreak, "there was no way anyone could guarantee the right of medical evacuation for people affected by Ebola.” Aylward said that for future emergency health workforces, it is critical to offer a "duty of care", meaning the ability to ensure that aid workers will be taken care of in terms of health and safety.

Etymology

The term epidemic derives from a word form attributed to Homer's Odyssey, which later took its medical meaning from the Epidemics, a treatise by Hippocrates. Before Hippocrates, epidemios, epidemeo, epidamos, and other variants had meanings similar to the current definitions of "indigenous" or "endemic." Thucydides' description of the Plague of Athens is considered one of the earliest accounts of a disease epidemic. By the early 17th century, the terms endemic and epidemic referred to contrasting conditions of population-level disease, with the endemic condition at low rates of occurrence and the epidemic condition widespread.

See also

• List of epidemics
• Pandemic
• Biosecurity
• Epidemic model
• Epidemiology
• Overpopulation
• Endemic (epidemiology)
• Attack rate
• Syndemic
• Epi Info
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
• OpenEpi

References

External links

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
• International Epidemiological Association (IEA)
• A Dictionary of Epidemiology (IEA)
• People's Epidemiology Library
• Video Discussion of the Prostate Cancer Epidemic
• Monash Virtual Laboratory - Simulations of epidemic spread across a landscape
• "The Next Epidemic — Lessons from Ebola", essay by Bill Gates, New England Journal of Medicine (March 18, 2015)

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 感染症管理の一般原則 general principles of infection control
• 2. 発疹チフス epidemic typhus
• 3. 髄膜炎菌感染の疫学 epidemiology of neisseria meningitidis infection
• 4. 手足口病およびヘルパンギーナ：概要 hand foot and mouth disease and herpangina an overview
• 5. Diseases potentially acquired by travel to South Asia

English Journal

• The transmission dynamic and optimal control of acute and chronic hepatitis B.

• Khan T1, Zaman G1, Chohan MI2.
• Journal of biological dynamics.J Biol Dyn.2017 Dec;11(1):172-189.
• In this article, we present the transmission dynamic of the acute and chronic hepatitis B epidemic problem and develop an optimal control strategy to control the spread of hepatitis B in a community. In order to do this, first we present the model formulation and find the basic reproduction number [
• PMID 27852159

• Global Hopf bifurcation analysis of an susceptible-infective-removed epidemic model incorporating media coverage with time delay.

• Zhao H1, Zhao M1.
• Journal of biological dynamics.J Biol Dyn.2017 Dec;11(1):8-24. doi: 10.1080/17513758.2016.1229050.
• An susceptible-infective-removed epidemic model incorporating media coverage with time delay is proposed. The stability of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium is studied. And then, the conditions which guarantee the existence of local Hopf bifurcation are given. Furthermore, we show
• PMID 27627694

• Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys - current knowledge.

• Dhama K1, Gowthaman V2, Karthik K3, Tiwari R4, Sachan S1, Kumar MA1, Palanivelu M1, Malik YS5, Singh RK6, Munir M7.
• The Veterinary quarterly.Vet Q.2017 Dec;37(1):31-42. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1277281.
• Haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), an adenovirus associated with acute haemorrhagic gastro-intestinal disease of 6-11-week old turkeys predominantly hampers both humoral and cellular immunity. Affected birds are more prone to secondary complications (e.g. colibacillosis and clostridiosis) and failu
• PMID 28024457

• Nanocarriers as treatment modalities for hypertension.

• Alam T1, Khan S1, Gaba B1, Haider MF1, Baboota S1, Ali J1.
• Drug delivery.Drug Deliv.2017 Nov;24(1):358-369. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1255999.
• Hypertension, a worldwide epidemic at present, is not a disease in itself rather it is an important risk factor for serious cardiovascular disorders including myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease. Though numerous drugs acting via different mechanism of action a
• PMID 28165823

Japanese Journal

• Numerical approximation of the basic reproduction number for a class of age-structured epidemic models

• Applied Mathematics Letters 73, 106-112, 2017-11
• NAID 120006346143

• Epidemic Spreading in Unidirectional Mobile Agents

• Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 86(11), 2017-10-04
• NAID 160000038639

• Efficiency of prompt quarantine measures on a susceptible-infected-removed model in networks

• Physical review e 96(2), 22311, 2017-08-11
• NAID 120006346115

• 接触者健診の高感染率集団における6ヵ月後QFT-3Gの検討

• 結核 92(8), 535-538, 2017-08
• NAID 40021296884

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• Epidemic | Define Epidemic at Dictionary.com

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「prevalent」「prevail」「prevalence」「流行」「contagious」
拡張検索	「epidemic louse-borne typhus」「epidemic hemorrhagic fever」「epidemicity」「acute epidemic leukoencephalitis」

「prevalent」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (～に)流布している、普及している、広く認められる(among, in)
• (～に)流行している、流行性の、流行の、蔓延している(among, in)

• ex.

• mucosal infections are not more prevalent than usual

粘膜の感染症が普通(の人)より蔓延することはない。

関

endemicity、epidemic、epidemicity、fashion、prevail、prevalence、spread

　

「prevail」

　　[★]

vail 下げる、落とす

• vi

• 勝つ、打ち勝つ、克服する、まさる
• 優勢である、流行である、普及する、はこびる
• 功を奏する、首尾良く行く、うまくいく、効く
• 説き伏せる(on,in)

関

epidemic、fashion、pervasive、prevalence、prevalent

　 　 　 　 　

「prevalence」

　　[★]

• n.

• 有病率、罹患率、蔓延、普及、流行

関

attack rate、case rate、epidemic、fashion、morbidity、morbidity rate、pervasive、prevail、prevalence rate、prevalent、spread、susceptibility

　 　 　

「流行」

　　[★]

英

fashion、epidemic、prevalence、prevail、prevalent、epidemic

ラ

epidemia

関

伝染性、普及、方法、蔓延、有病率、様式、罹患率、流行性、流行病、伝染病

集団発生

「contagious」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 伝染性の

• 伝染性の、感染性の

関

communicability、communicable、epidemic、infectiosity、infectious、infectiousness、infective、infectivity、transmissibility、transmissible

　 　

「epidemic louse-borne typhus」

　　[★]

シラミ媒介性発疹チフス、発疹チフス

関

Brill-Zinsser disease、epidemic typhus、typhus

「epidemic hemorrhagic fever」

　　[★]

流行性出血熱

関

hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome、HFRS、nephropathia epidemica

「epidemicity」

　　[★]

• 流行性

関

endemicity、epidemic、prevalent

「acute epidemic leukoencephalitis」

　　[★] 急性流行性白質脳炎