| Bullous pemphigoid |
| Classification and external resources |
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Erythema annulare centrifugum The 50p piece is just over 1 in. in diameter. It started much smaller and has been getting bigger over 2 weeks.
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| ICD-10 |
L12.0 |
| ICD-9 |
694.5 |
| MedlinePlus |
000883 |
| eMedicine |
derm/64 |
| Patient UK |
Bullous pemphigoid |
| MeSH |
D010391 |
Bullous pemphigoid is an acute or chronic autoimmune skin disease, involving the formation of blisters, more appropriately known as bullae, at the space between the skin layers epidermis and dermis. It is classified as a type II hypersensitivity reaction, with the formation of anti-hemidesmosome antibodies formed.
Contents
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 2 Epidemiology
- 3 Causes
- 4 Pathophysiology
- 5 Diagnosis
- 6 Treatment and prognosis
- 7 Research
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Signs and symptoms
Clinically, the earliest lesions may appear urticarial (like hives). Tense bullae eventually erupt, most commonly at the inner thighs and upper arms, but the trunk and extremities are frequently both involved. Any part of the skin surface can be involved. Oral lesions are present in a minority of cases.[1] The disease may be acute, but typically will wax and wane. Several other skin diseases may have similar symptoms. However, milia are more common with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, because of the deeper antigenic targets. A more ring-like configuration, with a central depression or centrally collapsed bullae may indicate linear IgA disease. Nikolsky's sign is negative unlike pemphigus vulgaris where it is positive.
Epidemiology
Very rarely seen in children, bullous pemphigoid most commonly occurs in people 70 years of age and older.[1] Estimated frequency is seven to 14 cases per million per year, but has been reported to be as high as 472 cases per million per year in Scottish men older than 85.[1] At least one study indicates the incidence might be increasing in the United Kingdom.[2] Some sources report it affects men twice as frequently as women,[3] while others report no difference between the sexes.[1]
Many mammals can be afflicted, including dogs, cats, pigs, and horses, as well as humans. It is very rare in dogs; on average, three cases are diagnosed around the world each year.[citation needed]
Causes
In most cases of bullous pemphigoid, no clear precipitating factors are identified.[1] Potential precipitating events that have been reported include exposure to ultraviolet light and radiation therapy.[1][4] Onset of bullous pemphigoid has also been associated with certain drugs, including furosemide, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, captopril, penicillamine, and antibiotics.[4]
Pathophysiology
The bullae are formed by an immune reaction, initiated by the formation of IgG[5] autoantibodies targeting Dystonin, also called Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 1,[6] and/or type XVII collagen, also called Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 2,[7] which is a component of hemidesmosomes. A different form of dystonin is associated with neuropathy.[6] Following antibody targeting, a cascade of immunomodulators results in a variable surge of immune cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils coming to the affected area. Unclear events subsequently result in a separation along the dermoepidermal junction and eventually stretch bullae.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on two biopsies of the skin, one submitted for routine H&E staining and one for immunofluorescence studies.
Treatment and prognosis
Treatments include class I topical steroids (clobetasol, halobetasol, etc.) which in some studies have proven to be equally as effective as systemic, or pill, therapy and somewhat safer.[1] However, in difficult-to-manage or widespread cases, systemic prednisone and powerful steroid-free immunosuppressant medications, such as methotrexate, azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil, may be appropriate.[1][3] Antibiotics such as tetracycline or erythromycin may also control the disease, particularly in patients who cannot use corticosteroids.[3]
Bullous pemphigoid may be self-resolving in a period ranging from several months to many years even without treatment.[1] Poor general health related to old age is associated with a poorer prognosis.[1]
Research
Animal models of bullous pemphigoid have been developed using transgenic techniques to produce mice lacking the genes for the two known autoantigens, dystonin and collagen XVII.[6][7]
See also
- Cicatricial pemphigoid
- Gestational pemphigoid
- List of target antigens in pemphigoid
- List of immunofluorescence findings for autoimmune bullous conditions
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wolff, Klaus; Goldsmith, Lowell; Gilchrest, Barbara; Stephen Katz, Amy Paller, David Leffell (17 October 2007). "Chapter 54. Bullous Pemphigoid". In Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology In General Medicine, Two Volumes (7th ed.). Mcgraw-hill. ISBN 978-0-07-146690-5. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
- ^ Langan SM, Smeeth L, Hubbard R, Fleming KM, Smith CJ, West J (2008). "Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris--incidence and mortality in the UK: population based cohort study". BMJ 337: a180. doi:10.1136/bmj.a180. PMC 2483869. PMID 18614511.
- ^ a b c ""Bullous Pemphigoid." Quick Answers to Medical Diagnosis and Therapy". Retrieved 2012-07-21.
- ^ a b Lawrence S. Chan (2011). "Bullous Pemphigoid". eMedicine Reference.
- ^ "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:bullous pemphigoid". Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ a b c "OMIM Entry - *113810 - DYSTONIN; DST".
- ^ a b "OMIM Entry - *113811 - COLLAGEN, TYPE XVII, ALPHA-1; COL17A1".
External links
- Wojnarowska, F; Kirtschig, G; Highet, AS; Venning, VA; Khumalo, NP; British Association of, Dermatologists (Aug 2002). "Guidelines for the management of bullous pemphigoid.". The British journal of dermatology 147 (2): 214–21. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04835.x. PMID 12174090.
- "Bullous Pemphigoid" (PDF). bad.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010.
- Bullous pemphigoid on American Osteopathic College of Dermatology
- DermNet immune/pemphigoid
- Bullous pemphigoid on Penn State College of Medicine
- Skin antibodies (pemphigoid)- look under the heading "Other diseases"
- Vesiculobullous disease (L10–L14
- 694)
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Acantholysis
(epidermis) |
| Pemphigus |
- Pemphigus vulgaris: Pemphigus vegetans
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- Pemphigus foliaceus: Pemphigus erythematosus
- Endemic pemphigus
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- IgA pemphigus
- Subcorneal pustular
- Intraepidermal neutrophilic
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| Other |
- Transient acantholytic dermatosis
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Pemphigoid
(dermis) |
| IgG: |
- Bullous pemphigoid
- Cicatricial pemphigoid
- Gestational pemphigoid
- Pemphigoid nodularis
- Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
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| IgA: |
- Linear IgA bullous dermatosis
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| Other bullous |
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In diseases
classified elsewhere |
- Porphyria cutanea tarda
- Bullous lupus erythematosus
- PUVA-induced acrobullous dermatosis
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noco (i/b/d/q/u/r/p/m/k/v/f)/cong/tumr (n/e/d), sysi/epon
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proc, drug (D2/3/4/5/8/11)
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Immune disorders: hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases (279.5–6)
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Type I/allergy/atopy
(IgE) |
| Foreign |
- Atopic eczema
- Allergic urticaria
- Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever)
- Allergic asthma
- Anaphylaxis
- Food allergy
- Milk
- Egg
- Peanut
- Tree nut
- Seafood
- Soy
- Wheat
- Penicillin allergy
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| Autoimmune |
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Type II/ADCC
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| Foreign |
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn
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| Autoimmune |
| Cytotoxic |
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Bullous pemphigoid
- Pemphigus vulgaris
- Rheumatic fever
- Goodpasture's syndrome
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| "Type V"/receptor |
- Graves' disease
- Myasthenia gravis
- Pernicious anemia
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Type III
(Immune complex) |
| Foreign |
- Henoch–Schönlein purpura
- Hypersensitivity vasculitis
- Reactive arthritis
- Farmer's lung
- Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
- Serum sickness
- Arthus reaction
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| Autoimmune |
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
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Type IV/cell-mediated
(T cells) |
| Foreign |
- Allergic contact dermatitis
- Mantoux test
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| Autoimmune |
- Diabetes mellitus type 1
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- Guillain–Barré syndrome
- Multiple sclerosis
- Coeliac disease
- Giant-cell arteritis
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| GVHD |
- Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
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Unknown/
multiple |
| Foreign |
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Transplant rejection
- Latex allergy (I+IV)
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| Autoimmune |
- Sjögren's syndrome
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
- Autoimmune adrenalitis
- Systemic autoimmune disease
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cell/phys/auag/auab/comp, igrc
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Genetic disorder, extracellular: scleroprotein disease (excluding laminin and keratin)
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| Collagen disease |
| COL1: |
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, types 1, 2, 7
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| COL2: |
- Hypochondrogenesis
- Achondrogenesis type 2
- Stickler syndrome
- Marshall syndrome
- Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita
- Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type
- Kniest dysplasia (see also C2/11)
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| COL3: |
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, types 3 & 4
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| COL4: |
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| COL5: |
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, types 1 & 2
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| COL6: |
- Bethlem myopathy
- Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy
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| COL7: |
- Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica
- Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
- Bart syndrome
- Transient bullous dermolysis of the newborn
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| COL8: |
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| COL9: |
- Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia 2, 3, 6
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| COL10: |
- Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
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| COL11: |
- Weissenbacher–Zweymüller syndrome
- Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (see also C2/11)
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| COL17: |
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| Laminin |
- Junctional epidermolysis bullosa
- Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome
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| Other |
- Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy
- Raine syndrome
- Urbach–Wiethe disease
- TECTA
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see also fibrous proteins
- B structural
- perx
- skel
- cili
- mito
- nucl
- sclr
- DNA/RNA/protein synthesis
- membrane
- transduction
- trfk
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