WordNet

a passageway under a curved masonry construction; "they built a triumphal arch to memorialize their victory" (同)archway
(architecture) a masonry construction (usually curved) for spanning an opening and supporting the weight above it
a curved shape in the vertical plane that spans an opening
expert in skulduggery; "an arch criminal"
a curved bony structure supporting or enclosing organs (especially the inner sides of the feet)
(used of behavior or attitude) characteristic of those who treat others with condescension (同)condescending, patronizing, patronising
form an arch or curve; "her back arches"; "her hips curve nicely" (同)curve, arc
naughtily or annoyingly playful; "teasing and worrying with impish laughter"; "a wicked prank" (同)impish, implike, mischievous, pixilated, prankish, puckish, wicked
a continuous portion of a circle
constructed with or in the form of an arch or arches; "an arched passageway"
of or relating to gills (or to parts of the body derived from embryonic gills)

PrepTutorEJDIC

(建物の)『アーチ』,迫持(せりもち) / アーチ型の記念碑,弓形門 / 『弓形のもの』 / (足の)土踏まず / …'を'弓形にする / …‘に'アーチをかける / 弓形になる,弓状に伸びる
《名詞の前にのみ用いて》おもな,主要な(chief) / (おもに女・子供が)ずるそうな,いたずらそうな(mischievous)
『弧』,円弧 / 電弧(2点間を弧状に流れる電流) / 弧を描く / 電弧を生じる
アーチ形の,弓形の / アーチのある
are (面積の単位)の変形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/17 16:25:29」(JST)

wiki en

Gill arches supporting the gills in a pike

Branchial arches, or gill arches, are a series of bony "loops" present in fish, which support the gills. As gills are the primitive condition of vertebrates, all vertebrate embryos develop pharyngeal arches, though the eventual fate of these arches varies between taxa. In jawed fish, the first arch develops into the jaws, the second into the hyomandibular complex, with the posterior arches supporting gills. In amphibians and reptiles, many elements are lost including the gill arches, resulting in only the oral jaws and a hyoid apparatus remaining. In mammals and birds, the hyoid is still more simplified.

All basal vertebrates breathe with gills. The gills are carried right behind the head, bordering the posterior margins of a series of openings from the esophagus to the exterior. Each gill is supported by a cartilagenous or bony gill arch.^[1] Bony fish have three pairs of arches, cartilaginous fish have five to seven pairs, and primitive jawless fish have seven. The vertebrate ancestor no doubt had more arches, as some of their chordate relatives have more than 50 pairs of gills.^[2]

In amphibians and some primitive bony fishes, the larvae bear external gills, branching off from the gill arches.^[3] These are reduced in adulthood, their function taken over by the gills proper in fishes and by lungs in most amphibians. Some amphibans retain the external larval gills in adulthood, the complex internal gill system as seen in fish apparently being irrevocably lost very early in the evolution of tetrapods.^[4]

Function

The branchial system is typically used for respiration and/or feeding. Many fish have modified anterior gill arches into pharyngeal jaws, often equipped with specialized pharyngeal teeth for handling particular prey items (long, sharp teeth in carnivorous moray eels compared to broad, crushing teeth in durophagous black carp). In amphibians and reptiles, the hyoid arch is modified for similar reasons. It is often used in buccal pumping and often plays a role in tongue protusion for prey capture. In species with highly specialized ballistic tongue movements such as chameleons or some plethodontid salamanders, the hyoid system is highly modified for this purpose, while it is often hypertrophied in species which use suction feeding. Species such as snakes and monitor lizards, whose tongue has evolved into a purely sensory organ, often have very reduced hyoid systems.

Components

The primitive arrangement is 7 (possibly 8) arches, each consisting of the same series of paired (left and right) elements, in order of dorsal to ventral: Pharyngobranchial, epibranchial, ceratobranchial, hypobranchial, and basibranchial. The pharyngobranchials articulate with the neurocranium, while the left and right basibranchials connect to each other (often fusing into a single bone). When part of the hyoid system, the names of the bones are altered by replacing "branchial" with "hyal", thus "ceratobranchial" becomes "ceratohyal".

Higher vertebrates

Higher vertebrates do not have gills. The gill arches form as pharyngeal arches during embryogenesis, and lay the basis of essential structures such as jaws, the thyroid gland, the larynx, the columella (corresponding to the stapes in mammals) and in mammals the malleus and incus.^[2]

References

^ Scott, Thomas (1996). Concise encyclopedia biology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 542. ISBN 978-3-11-010661-9.
^ ^a ^b Romer, A.S. (1949): The Vertebrate Body. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970)
^ The American Naturalist (Essex Institute) 91: 287. 1957. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Clack, J. A. (2002): Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana. 369 pp

External links

The Gill Arches: Overview, Palaeos. Retrieved 30 November 2014.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

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English Journal

Pitx2-mediated cardiac outflow tract remodeling.

Ma HY, Xu J, Eng D, Gross MK, Kioussi C.SourceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.Dev Dyn.2013 May;242(5):456-68. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.23934. Epub 2013 Mar 12.
Background: Heart morphogenesis involves sequential anatomical changes from a linear tube of a single channel peristaltic pump to a four-chamber structure with two channels controlled by one-way valves. The developing heart undergoes continuous remodeling, including septation. Results: Pitx2-null mi
PMID 23361844

Case series: Endoscopic management of fourth branchial arch anomalies.

Watson GJ, Nichani JR, Rothera MP, Bruce IA.SourceRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, United Kingdom.
International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.2013 May;77(5):766-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Mar 9.
INTRODUCTION: Fourth branchial arch anomalies represent <1% of all branchial anomalies and present as recurrent neck infections or suppurative thyroiditis. Traditionally, management has consisted of treatment of the acute infection followed by hemithyroidectomy, surgical excision of the tract and
PMID 23478017

Japanese Journal

A Case of Hemifacial Microsomia Improved Facial Asymmetry with Modified Distraction Osteogenesis

伊藤亜希,大平貴士,重政理香,八木澤潤子,成田真人,市川秀樹,片田英憲,松崎英雄,末石研二,田中潤一
日本顎変形症学会雑誌 22(1), 37-44, 2012
… We report a case of Pruzansky grade II hemifacial microsomia, where a patient had improved facial asymmetry with modified simultaneous maxillomandibular distraction, so-called hybrid osteodistraction.A female patient was diagnosed with first and second branchial arch syndrome and was followed up at another pediatric hospital. …
NAID 130001922243

第2鰓裂由来の完全側頸瘻例

向山宣昭,須賀研治,水野照和,横井久,村橋けい子
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 104(7), 517-521, 2011-07-01
… Congenital lateral cervical fistula is a branchial anomaly that is formed by the abnormal evolution of the branchial cleft. … An internal opening was recognized in the middle of the posterior palatine arch. … We concluded that the complete lateral cervical fistula was derived from the second branchial cleft. …
NAID 10029062810

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「鰓弓」「branchial region」「visceral arch」
拡張検索	「third and fourth branchial arch syndrome」
関連記事	「arc」「arch」「branchia」「branchial」

「鰓弓」

　　[★]

英: branchial arch
同: 咽頭弓 pharyngeal arch
関: 鰓嚢、咽頭嚢

first aid step1 2006 p.122

鰓弓由来の構造とその神経支配.xls

#	鰓弓	神経	筋	骨格	動脈*
1	顎弓(上顎隆起、下顎隆起)	CN V 三叉神経: 上顎枝、下顎枝(第一鰓弓の筋を支配)	咀嚼筋(側頭筋、咬筋、内側翼突筋・外側翼突筋)、顎舌骨筋、顎二腹筋前腹、口蓋帆張筋と鼓膜張筋	上顎突起(顎前骨、上顎骨、頬骨、側頭骨の一部)、メッケル軟骨(下顎骨、キヌタ骨、ツチ骨、前ツチ骨靱帯、蝶下顎靱帯)	消失し一部残存(顎動脈)
2	舌骨弓	CN VII 顔面神経	顔面表情筋(頬筋、耳介筋、前頭筋、広頚筋、口輪筋および眼輪筋)、顎二腹筋後腹、茎突舌骨筋、アブミ骨筋	アブミ骨、茎状突起、茎突舌骨靱帯、舌骨小角と舌骨体の上部	消失し一部残存(舌骨動脈、アブミ骨動脈)
3		CN IX 舌咽神経	茎突咽頭筋	舌骨大角と舌骨体の下部	総頚動脈、内頚動脈の基部。外頚動脈が出芽
4		CN X 迷走神経	輪状甲状筋、口蓋帆挙筋	喉頭軟骨(甲状軟骨、輪状軟骨、披裂軟骨、小角軟骨、および楔状軟骨	大動脈弓の一部
5		上喉頭神経(第四鰓弓支配神経)	咽頭収縮筋		消失
6		反回神経(下喉頭神経)(第六鰓弓支配神経)	喉頭内の筋		動脈管と肺動脈の基部