WordNet

first in order of importance; "the alpha male in the group of chimpanzees"; "the alpha star in a constellation is the brightest or main star"
the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations
early testing stage of a software or hardware product; "alpha version"
any of several antigens that occur naturally in the fetus and sometimes in adults with cancer (同)foetoprotein
any high mountain

PrepTutorEJDIC

アルファ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第1字A,α;英語のA,aに相当) / アルファ星(星座の主星)
高山,高峰

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/08 06:47:05」(JST)

wiki en

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein^[3]^[4] that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene.^[5]^[6] The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q25).

AFP is a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal development. It is thought to be the fetal form of serum albumin. AFP binds to copper, nickel, fatty acids and bilirubin^[6] and is found in monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms.

Structure

AFP is a glycoprotein of 591 amino acids^[7] and a carbohydrate moiety.^[8]

Function

AFP is the most abundant plasma protein found in the human fetus. Plasma levels decrease rapidly after birth but begin decreasing prenatally starting at the end of the first trimester. Normal adult levels are usually achieved by the age of 8 to 12 months. The function of AFP in adult humans is unknown; however, in rodents it binds estradiol to prevent the transport of this hormone across the placenta to the fetus. The main function of this is to prevent the virilization of female fetuses. As human AFP does not bind estrogen, its function in humans is less clear.^[9]

The rodent AFP system can be overridden with massive injections of estrogen, which overwhelm the AFP system and will masculinize the fetus. The masculinizing effect of estrogens may seem counter-intuitive since estrogens are critical for the proper development of female secondary characteristics during puberty. However, this is not the case prenatally. Gonadal hormones from the testes, such as testosterone and antimullerian hormone are required to cause development of a phenotypic male. Without these hormones the fetus will develop into a phenotypic female even if genetically XY. Interestingly, the conversion of testosterone into estradiol by aromatase in many tissues may be an important step in masculinization of that tissue.^[10]^[11] Masculinization of the brain is thought to occur both by conversion of testosterone into estradiol by aromatase, but also by de novo synthesis of estrogens within the brain.^[12]^[13] Thus, AFP may protect the fetus from maternal estradiol that would otherwise have a masculinizing effect on the fetus, but its exact role is still controversial.

Serum levels

Maternal

In pregnant women, fetal AFP levels can be monitored in urine. Since AFP is quickly cleared from the mother's serum via her kidneys, maternal urine AFP correlates with fetal serum levels, although the maternal urine level is much lower than the fetal serum level. AFP levels rise until about week 32.

Infants

The normal range of AFP for adults and children is variously reported as under 50, under 10, and under 5 ng/mL.^[14]^[15] At birth, normal infants have AFP levels 4 or more orders of magnitude above this normal range, that decreases to a normal range over the first year of life.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

During this time, the normal range of AFP levels spans approximately 2 orders of magnitude.^[18] Correct evaluation of abnormal AFP levels in infants must take into account these normal patterns.^[18]

Very high AFP levels may be subject to hooking (see Tumor marker), which results in the level being reported significantly lower than the actual concentration.^[22] This is important for analysis of a series of AFP tumor marker tests, e.g. in the context of post-treatment early surveillance of cancer survivors, where the rate of decrease of AFP has diagnostic value.

Clinical significance

AFP is measured in pregnant women through the analysis of maternal blood or amniotic fluid, as a screening test for a subset of developmental abnormalities. Some of the diseases in which AFP will be elevated in a person are listed below:

Omphalocele^[23]^[24]
Hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma: ↑ α-fetoprotein^[25]^[26]
Neural tube defects: ↑ α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and maternal serum^[25]^[27]
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
Yolk sac tumor^[25]
Ataxia telangiectasia: Elevation of AFP is used as one factor in the diagnosis of ataxia telangiectasia.^[28]
Tumors: AFP can also be used as a biomarker to detect a subset of tumors in non-pregnant women, men, and children. A level above 500 nanograms/milliliter of AFP in adults can be indicative of hepatocellular carcinoma, germ cell tumors, and metastatic cancers of the liver.

A peptide derived from AFP that is referred to as AFPep is claimed to possess anti-cancer properties.^[29]

References

^ "Human PubMed Reference:".
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
^ Tomasi TB (1977). "Structure and function of alpha-fetoprotein". Annual Review of Medicine. 28: 453–65. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.28.020177.002321. PMID 67821.
^ Mizejewski GJ (May 2001). "Alpha-fetoprotein structure and function: relevance to isoforms, epitopes, and conformational variants". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 226 (5): 377–408. PMID 11393167.
^ Harper ME, Dugaiczyk A (July 1983). "Linkage of the evolutionarily-related serum albumin and alpha-fetoprotein genes within q11-22 of human chromosome 4". American Journal of Human Genetics. 35 (4): 565–72. PMC 1685723. PMID 6192711.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: Alpha-fetoprotein".
^ Pucci P, Siciliano R, Malorni A, Marino G, Tecce MF, Ceccarini C, Terrana B (May 1991). "Human alpha-fetoprotein primary structure: a mass spectrometric study". Biochemistry. 30 (20): 5061–6. doi:10.1021/bi00234a032. PMID 1709810.
^ Seregni E, Botti C, Bombardieri E (1995). "Biochemical characteristics and clinical applications of alpha-fetoprotein isoforms". Anticancer Res. 15 (4): 1491–9. PMID 7544570.
^ Carter CS (2002). "Neuroendocrinology of sexual behavior in the female". In Becker JB. Behavioral Endocrinology. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 0-262-52321-3.
^ Nef S, Parada LF (December 2000). "Hormones in male sexual development". Genes Dev. 14 (24): 3075–86. doi:10.1101/gad.843800. PMID 11124800.
^ Elbrecht A, Smith RG (1992). "Aromatase enzyme activity and sex determination in chickens.". Science. 255 (5043): 467–70. doi:10.1126/science.1734525. PMID 1734525.
^ Bakker J, Baum MJ (2008). "Role for estradiol in female-typical brain and behavioral sexual differentiation.". Front Neuroendocrinol. 29 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.06.001. PMC 2373265. PMID 17720235.
^ Harding CF (2004). "Hormonal modulation of singing: hormonal modulation of the songbird brain and singing behavior.". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1016: 524–39. doi:10.1196/annals.1298.030. PMID 15313793.
^ Ball D, Rose E, Alpert E (March 1992). "Alpha-fetoprotein levels in normal adults". Am. J. Med. Sci. 303 (3): 157–9. doi:10.1097/00000441-199203000-00004. PMID 1375809.
^ Sizaret P, Martel N, Tuyns A, Reynaud S (February 1977). "Mean alpha-fetoprotein values of 1,333 males over 15 years by age groups". Digestion. 15 (2): 97–103. doi:10.1159/000197990. PMID 65304.
^ Blohm ME, Vesterling-Hörner D, Calaminus G, Göbel U (1998). "Alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) reference values in infants up to 2 years of age". Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 15 (2): 135–42. doi:10.3109/08880019809167228. PMID 9592840.
^ Ohama K, Nagase H, Ogino K, Tsuchida K, Tanaka M, Kubo M, Horita S, Kawakami K, Ohmori M (October 1997). "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in normal children". Eur J Pediatr Surg. 7 (5): 267–9. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1071168. PMID 9402482.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lee PI, Chang MH, Chen DS, Lee CY (January 1989). "Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in normal infants: a reappraisal of regression analysis and sex difference". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 8 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1097/00005176-198901000-00005. PMID 2471821.
^ Blair JI, Carachi R, Gupta R, Sim FG, McAllister EJ, Weston R (April 1987). "Plasma alpha fetoprotein reference ranges in infancy: effect of prematurity". Arch. Dis. Child. 62 (4): 362–9. doi:10.1136/adc.62.4.362. PMC 1778344. PMID 2439023.
^ Bader D, Riskin A, Vafsi O, Tamir A, Peskin B, Israel N, Merksamer R, Dar H, David M (November 2004). "Alpha-fetoprotein in the early neonatal period--a large study and review of the literature". Clin. Chim. Acta. 349 (1-2): 15–23. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.06.020. PMID 15469851.
^ Wu JT, Roan Y, Knight JA (1985). "Serum levels of AFP in normal infants: their clinical and physiological significance". In Mizejewski GJ, Porter I. Alfa-Fetoprotein and Congenital Disorders. New York: Academic Press. pp. 111–122.
^ Jassam N, Jones CM, Briscoe T, Horner JH (July 2006). "The hook effect: a need for constant vigilance". Ann. Clin. Biochem. 43 (Pt 4): 314–7. doi:10.1258/000456306777695726. PMID 16824284.
^ Szabó M, Veress L, Münnich A, Papp Z (September 1990). "[Alpha fetoprotein concentration in the amniotic fluid in normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by fetal anomaly]". Orv Hetil (in Hungarian). 131 (39): 2139–42. PMID 1699194.
^ Rosen T, D'Alton ME (December 2005). "Down syndrome screening in the first and second trimesters: what do the data show?". Semin. Perinatol. 29 (6): 367–75. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2006.01.001. PMID 16533649.
^ ^a ^b ^c Le, Tao. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2013. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2013. Print.
^ Ertle, JM; Heider, D; Wichert, M; Keller, B; Kueper, R; Hilgard, P; Gerken, G; Schlaak, JF (2013). "A combination of α-fetoprotein and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin is superior in detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.". Digestion. 87 (2): 121–31. doi:10.1159/000346080. PMID 23406785.
^ Bredaki FE, Poon LC, Birdir C, Escalante D, Nicolaides KH (2012). "First-trimester screening for neural tube defects using alpha-fetoprotein". Fetal. Diagn. Ther. 31 (2): 109–14. doi:10.1159/000335677. PMID 22377693.
^ Taylor AM, Byrd PJ (October 2005). "Molecular pathology of ataxia telangiectasia". J. Clin. Pathol. 58 (10): 1009–15. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.026062. PMC 1770730. PMID 16189143.
^ Mesfin FB, Bennett JA, Jacobson HI, Zhu S, Andersen TT (April 2000). "Alpha-fetoprotein-derived antiestrotrophic octapeptide". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1501 (1): 33–43. doi:10.1016/S0925-4439(00)00008-9. PMID 10727847.

External links

alpha-Fetoproteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 原発性肝細胞癌の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma
2. 神経管欠損の出生前スクリーニングおよび診断 prenatal screening and diagnosis of neural tube defects
3. 精巣胚細胞腫瘍における血清腫瘍マーカー serum tumor markers in testicular germ cell tumors
4. 卵巣胚細胞腫瘍：病理学、臨床症状、および診断 ovarian germ cell tumors pathology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
5. 肝細胞癌における病期分類および予後因子 staging and prognostic factors in hepatocellular carcinoma

English Journal

An integrated giant magnetoimpedance biosensor for detection of biomarker.

Wang T1, Yang Z1, Lei C1, Lei J1, Zhou Y2.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Aug 15;58:338-44. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.008. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
A Dynabeads-labeled magnetic immunoassay (MIA) has been developed by using an integrated giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) biosensor for the detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The GMI biosensor (Cr/Cu/NiFe/Cu/NiFe/Al2O3/Cr/Au films) integrated magnetic sensing elements and a biomolecular immunoplatfor
PMID 24662064

Impact of insulin-like growth factor 2, insulin-like growth factor receptor 2, insulin receptor substrate 2 genes polymorphisms on susceptibility and clinicopathological features of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Rashad NM1, El-Shal AS2, Abd Elbary EH3, Abo Warda MH4, Hegazy O5.
Cytokine.Cytokine.2014 Jul;68(1):50-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.02.006. Epub 2014 Mar 20.
BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) is an important autocrine and paracrine growth factor which may induce cell proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis leading to the transformation of normal c
PMID 24656929

Simultaneous electrochemical detection of multiple tumor markers using metal ions tagged immunocolloidal gold.

Xu T1, Jia X1, Chen X1, Ma Z2.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Jun 15;56:174-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.006. Epub 2014 Jan 9.
In this work, a sandwich-format electrochemical immunosensor has been fabricated in the aim of simultaneous detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) using metal ions tagged immunocolloidal gold nanocomposites as signal tags. The capture anti-CEA and anti-AFP were immob
PMID 24487105

Japanese Journal

原発巣病理組織像が単一組織型セミノーマを呈しAFP高値を伴った非セミノーマ6例の臨床病理学的検討

泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 63(4), 139-143, 2017-04
NAID 120006221955

症例報告 Growing teratoma syndromeをきたした卵巣悪性混合型胚細胞腫瘍の1例 (平成27年度後期学術集会一般演題)

埼玉産科婦人科学会雑誌 = Saitama journal of obstetrics and gynecology 47(1), 41-46, 2017-03
NAID 40021183178

症例報告子宮体部原発のAFP産生hepatoid adenocarcinomaの稀な一例

日本婦人科腫瘍学会雑誌 35(1), 35-42, 2017-01
NAID 40021100034

「α-フェトプロテイン」

AFP
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	3MRK
Identifiers
Aliases	AFP, AFPD, FETA, HPalpha fetoprotein
External IDs	OMIM: 104150 MGI: 87951 HomoloGene: 36278 GeneCards: 174
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• metal ion binding; • protein binding;
Cellular component	• cytoplasm; • extracellular space; • extracellular region;
Biological process	• ovulation from ovarian follicle; • SMAD protein signal transduction; • sexual reproduction; • transport; • progesterone metabolic process;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	174
	11576
	ENSG00000081051
	ENSMUSG00000054932
	P02771
	P02772
	NM_001134
	NM_007423
	NP_001125.1
	NP_031449.3
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

　　[★] ;英:α-fetoprotein AFP, alpha fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein

同: αフェトプロテイン、α胎児性タンパク
関: トリプルマーカーテスト。腟分泌液中α-フェトプロテイン、AFP-L3分画

産生部位

胎生期の卵黄嚢、胎児肝臓で産生される。

出生後の産生はほとんどみられない。
肝細胞癌、肝細胞の再生局面で再び産生されるようになることがある

妊娠初期の異常高値は、胎児の中枢神経系異常を疑わせる所見となる。
本蛋白質は胎生期初期には卵黄嚢で、その後は内胚葉、肝臓で産生された後血清中に放出される。

意義

肝細胞癌、卵黄嚢腫瘍、肝芽腫の腫瘍マーカー、炎症性肝疾患における肝再生の指標

先天異常の診断

母体血液α-FP高値：無脳症、胎児二分脊椎(開放型)、胎児腹壁破裂
母体血液α-FP低値：21トリソミー、18トリソミー

破水の診断

羊水中に多量に存在するため、膣分泌物のAFPを同定することで破水の診断に利用される

腫瘍マーカー

原発性肝細胞癌　→　レンズマメレクチンと結合するAFPの割合が多い(AFP-L3分画)。

腫瘍径：腫瘍径とAFP値との間に相関はない。3cmの以下の早期肝癌では陽性率は25%。
組織型：(高分化・未分化)産生能低い、(中分化)産生能高い。

卵黄嚢腫瘍

QB.Q-14

胎児性癌、未熟奇形腫、卵黄嚢腫瘍

基準値

(健常人) <10ng/ml

高値

悪性腫瘍：肝細胞癌、胎児性腫瘍、肝芽腫、転移性肝癌、(稀)肝細胞癌以外の癌腫(胃癌、膵癌、大腸癌、肺癌など)
良性疾患：(症例の20-50%)慢性肝炎・肝硬変、慢性肝炎、肝硬変、先天性胆道閉鎖症、チロシン血症、毛細血管拡張性運動失調症

臨床検査データブック

10-1000ng/mL：

(most likely)肝細胞癌、卵黄嚢腫瘍、胎児性癌、未熟奇形腫、肝硬変
(probably)慢性肝炎、急性肝炎、チロシン血症、毛細血管拡張性運動失調症、水頭症、先天性胆道閉鎖症、妊娠、遺伝性AFP稽留症、胃癌、胆管癌、膵癌、腎癌、肺癌、大腸癌、子宮癌、膀胱癌

1000ng/mL：

(most likely)肝細胞癌、卵黄嚢腫瘍、胎児性癌、胚芽腫
(probably)乳児肝癌、先天性胆道閉鎖症、肝転移を伴う胃癌、膵癌などのAFP産生癌

AFPの分画

レクチンとの親和性により、L1,L2,L3の分画に分けられる。
L1分画上昇：肝硬変
L3分画上昇：肝細胞癌

AFP-L3分画、PIVKA-IIとの関係

AFP-L3分画、PIVKA-IIと相関関係は見られない。
肝細胞癌において、AFPとPIVKA-IIとの間に相関関係が見られないため、併用により診断率の向上が期待できる(LAB.631)
AFP, AFP-L3分画, PIVKA-IIが高い例では予後不良である。(参考1,2)

妊婦の生理的な変動

妊娠3ヶ月以降上昇、8ヶ月でピーク(300-800ng/ml)。

乳児の生理的な変動

出生後高値、生後1年で成人値。

参考

1. AFP・AFP-L3・PIVKA-IIの3因子陽性例は脈管浸潤が多く予後不良【肝癌研究会2011】

http://medical.nikkeibp.co.jp/leaf/all/search/cancer/news/201107/520980.html&cnavi=1

3マーカーがいずれも陽性の場合、組織学的に脈管浸潤が多く認められ、Edmondson分類グレードIII、IVの頻度が高い

2. Triple Positive Tumor Markers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Are Useful Predictors of a Poor Survival.

Kiriyama S, Uchiyama K, Ueno M, Ozawa S, Hayami S, Tani M, Yamaue H.SourceFrom the Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan.
Annals of surgery.Ann Surg.2011 May 20. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: To determine the importance of the expression pattern of multiple tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with regard to the tumor malignancy and patient survival.BACKGROUND: Several studies have indicated that HCC tumor markers, including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), Lens culinaris
PMID 21606837

「alpha-fetoprotein」

　　[★] α-フェトプロテイン

「fetoprotein」

　　[★]

フェトプロテイン、胎児タンパク質、胎児蛋白

関: AFP、alpha-fetoprotein、fetal protein、fetuin

「alpha」

　　[★]

α、アルファ

関: alfa

[1] "Human PubMed Reference:".

[2] "Mouse PubMed Reference:".

[pmid67821-3] Tomasi TB (1977). "Structure and function of alpha-fetoprotein". Annual Review of Medicine. 28: 453–65. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.28.020177.002321. PMID 67821.

[pmid11393167-4] Mizejewski GJ (May 2001). "Alpha-fetoprotein structure and function: relevance to isoforms, epitopes, and conformational variants". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 226 (5): 377–408. PMID 11393167.

[pmid6192711-5] Harper ME, Dugaiczyk A (July 1983). "Linkage of the evolutionarily-related serum albumin and alpha-fetoprotein genes within q11-22 of human chromosome 4". American Journal of Human Genetics. 35 (4): 565–72. PMC 1685723. PMID 6192711.

[entrez-6] "Entrez Gene: Alpha-fetoprotein".

[pmid1709810-7] Pucci P, Siciliano R, Malorni A, Marino G, Tecce MF, Ceccarini C, Terrana B (May 1991). "Human alpha-fetoprotein primary structure: a mass spectrometric study". Biochemistry. 30 (20): 5061–6. doi:10.1021/bi00234a032. PMID 1709810.

[pmid7544570-8] Seregni E, Botti C, Bombardieri E (1995). "Biochemical characteristics and clinical applications of alpha-fetoprotein isoforms". Anticancer Res. 15 (4): 1491–9. PMID 7544570.

[isbn0-262-52321-3-9] Carter CS (2002). "Neuroendocrinology of sexual behavior in the female". In Becker JB. Behavioral Endocrinology. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 0-262-52321-3.

[pmid11124800-10] Nef S, Parada LF (December 2000). "Hormones in male sexual development". Genes Dev. 14 (24): 3075–86. doi:10.1101/gad.843800. PMID 11124800.

[pmid1734525-11] Elbrecht A, Smith RG (1992). "Aromatase enzyme activity and sex determination in chickens.". Science. 255 (5043): 467–70. doi:10.1126/science.1734525. PMID 1734525.

[pmid17720235-12] Bakker J, Baum MJ (2008). "Role for estradiol in female-typical brain and behavioral sexual differentiation.". Front Neuroendocrinol. 29 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.06.001. PMC 2373265. PMID 17720235.

[pmid15313793-13] Harding CF (2004). "Hormonal modulation of singing: hormonal modulation of the songbird brain and singing behavior.". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1016: 524–39. doi:10.1196/annals.1298.030. PMID 15313793.

[pmid1375809-14] Ball D, Rose E, Alpert E (March 1992). "Alpha-fetoprotein levels in normal adults". Am. J. Med. Sci. 303 (3): 157–9. doi:10.1097/00000441-199203000-00004. PMID 1375809.

[pmid65304-15] Sizaret P, Martel N, Tuyns A, Reynaud S (February 1977). "Mean alpha-fetoprotein values of 1,333 males over 15 years by age groups". Digestion. 15 (2): 97–103. doi:10.1159/000197990. PMID 65304.

[pmid9592840-16] Blohm ME, Vesterling-Hörner D, Calaminus G, Göbel U (1998). "Alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) reference values in infants up to 2 years of age". Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 15 (2): 135–42. doi:10.3109/08880019809167228. PMID 9592840.

[pmid9402482-17] Ohama K, Nagase H, Ogino K, Tsuchida K, Tanaka M, Kubo M, Horita S, Kawakami K, Ohmori M (October 1997). "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in normal children". Eur J Pediatr Surg. 7 (5): 267–9. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1071168. PMID 9402482.

[pmid2471821-18] Lee PI, Chang MH, Chen DS, Lee CY (January 1989). "Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in normal infants: a reappraisal of regression analysis and sex difference". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 8 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1097/00005176-198901000-00005. PMID 2471821.

[pmid2439023-19] Blair JI, Carachi R, Gupta R, Sim FG, McAllister EJ, Weston R (April 1987). "Plasma alpha fetoprotein reference ranges in infancy: effect of prematurity". Arch. Dis. Child. 62 (4): 362–9. doi:10.1136/adc.62.4.362. PMC 1778344. PMID 2439023.

[pmid15469851-20] Bader D, Riskin A, Vafsi O, Tamir A, Peskin B, Israel N, Merksamer R, Dar H, David M (November 2004). "Alpha-fetoprotein in the early neonatal period--a large study and review of the literature". Clin. Chim. Acta. 349 (1-2): 15–23. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.06.020. PMID 15469851.

[Wu.2B1985-21] Wu JT, Roan Y, Knight JA (1985). "Serum levels of AFP in normal infants: their clinical and physiological significance". In Mizejewski GJ, Porter I. Alfa-Fetoprotein and Congenital Disorders. New York: Academic Press. pp. 111–122.

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リンク元	「α-フェトプロテイン」
拡張検索	「alpha-fetoprotein」
関連記事	「fetoprotein」「alpha」

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alpha fetoprotein