出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/06/01 20:40:09」(JST)
腸管出血性大腸菌(ちょうかんしゅっけつせいだいちょうきん、enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli:EHEC)とは、ベロ毒素 (Verotoxin=VT) 、または志賀毒素 (Shigatoxin=Stx) と呼ばれている毒素を産生する大腸菌である。[1]「病原性大腸菌」の一種である。
このため、VTEC (Verotoxin producing E.coli) やSTEC (Shiga toxin-producing E.coli) とも呼ばれる。この菌の代表的な血清型別には、O157が存在する。
この菌による感染症は、感染症の予防及び感染症の患者に対する医療に関する法律により3類感染症として指定され、確認した医師は直ちに所轄する保健所などに届け出る必要がある。
腸管出血性大腸菌による感染は、べロ毒素産生性の腸管出血性大腸菌で汚染された食物などを経口摂取することによっておこる腸管感染が主体である。また、ヒトを発症させる菌数はわずか50個程度と少なく強毒性を有するため、二次感染が起きやすく注意が必要である。また、この菌は強い酸抵抗性を示し、胃酸の中でも生残し腸に達する。[1]
大腸菌は、耐熱性菌体抗原であるO抗原160種類以上と、易熱性の鞭毛抗原であるH抗原60種類以上によって分類される。[2]
したがって、腸管出血性大腸菌などの血清型別を表記する場合には、Escherichia coli O157:H7などと表記する。
O1:H20 | O103:H2 | O128:H2 |
O2:H6 | O111:H- | O128:H8 |
O4:H10 | O114:H4 | O128:H25 |
O5:H- | O118:H2 | O157:H7 |
O26:H11 | O118:H12 | O157:H- |
O26:H- | O128:H- | O163:H19 |
一次、二次医療機関のためのO-157感染症治療のマニュアル厚生労働省食中毒関連情報
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この項目は、真正細菌(バクテリア)に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています(Portal:生き物と自然/ウィキプロジェクト 生物)。 |
この項目は、医学に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています(プロジェクト:医学/Portal:医学と医療)。 |
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Verotoxin-producing E. coli | |
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Classification and external resources | |
ICD-10 | A04.3 |
ICD-9 | 008.04 |
Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli consists of strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli that, when infecting humans, have been linked with the severe complication hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). They are known by a number of names, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli (STEC or SLTEC), hemolytic uremic syndrome–associated enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (HUSEC) and verocytotoxin- or verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC).[1]
All these E. coli strains produce Shiga-like toxin (also known as verotoxin), a major cause of foodborne illness. These are distinguished from other pathotypes of intestinal pathogenic E. coli including enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC).[2]
The best known of these strains is O157:H7, but non-O157 strains cause an estimated 36,000[citation needed] illnesses, 1,000 hospitalizations and 30 deaths in the United States yearly.[3] Food safety specialists recognize "Big Six" strains; O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145.[3] A 2011 outbreak in Germany was caused by another STEC, O104:H4. This strain has both enteroaggregative and enterohemorrhagic properties. Both the O145 and O104 strains can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome; the former strain shown to account for 2% to 51% of known HUS cases; an estimated 56% of such cases are caused by O145 and 14% by other EHEC strains.
EHECs that induce bloody diarrhea lead to HUS in 10% of cases. The clinical manifestations of postdiarrheal HUS include acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The verocytotoxin (shiga-like toxin) can directly damage renal and endothelial cells. Thrombocytopenia occurs as platelets are consumed by clotting. Hemolytic anemia results from intravascular fibrin deposition, increased fragility of red blood cells, and fragmentation.[2]
Antibiotics are of questionable value and have not shown to be of clear clinical benefit. Antibiotics that interfere with DNA synthesis, such as fluoroquinolones, have been shown to induce the Stx-bearing bacteriophage and cause increased production of toxins.[4] Attempts to block toxin production with antibacterials which target the ribosomal protein synthesis are conceptually more attractive. Plasma exchange offers a controversial but possibly helpful treatment. The use of antimotility agents (medications that suppress diarrhea by slowing bowel transit) in children under 10 years of age or in elderly patients should be avoided, as they increase the risk of HUS with EHEC infections.[2]
The infectivity or the virulence of an EHEC strain depends on several factors, including the presence of Fucose in the medium, the sensing of this sugar and the activation of EHEC pathogenicity island.
EHEC colonization depends on the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island. This pathogenicity island encodes a regulator for its own expression called ler and a type III secretion system, a molecular syringe which injects effectors into the host cell, leading to the formation of attaching and effacing lesions on enterocytes. LEE expression is regulated by an inter-kingdom chemical signalling system involving the host hormones adrenaline and/or noradrenaline and a signal, autoinducer-3 (AI3), produced by the microbial flora. These signals are sensed by two histidine sensor kinases, QseC and QseE, which initiate a signalling cascade that promotes the expression of LEE genes thus activating virulence.
When EHEC is not in a host the expression of the pathogenicity island is a waste of energy and resources, so it is only activated if some molecules are sensed on the environment. When QseC or QseE bind with one of their interacting signalling molecule, they autophosphorylate and transfer its phosphate to the response regulator. QseC senses an Endonuclease I-SceIII, encoded by a mobile group I intron within the mitochondrial COX1 gene (AI3) and adrenaline and noradrenaline. QseE senses adrenaline, noradrenaline,SO4 and PO4 . These signals are a clear indication to the bacteria that they are no longer free in the environment, but in the gut. QseC phosphorylates QseB (which activates flagella), KpdE (activates the LEE) and QseF. QseE phosphorylates QseF. QseBC and QseEF repress the expression of FusK and FusR. FusK and FusR are the two components of a system to repress the transcription of the LEE genes. FusK is a sensor kinase which is able to sense many sugars among which fucose. When fucose is present in the medium FusK phosphorylates FusR which represses LEE expression. Thus when EHEC enters the gut there is a competition between the signals coming from QseC and QseF, and the signal coming from FusK. The first two would like to activate virulence, but Fusk stops it because the mucous layer, which is a source of fucose, isolates enterocytes from bacteria making the synthesis of the virulence factors useless. However, when fucose concentration decreases because bacterial cells find an unprotected area of the epitelium, then the expression of LEE genes will not be repressed by FusR, and KpdE will strongly activate them. In summary, the combined effect of the QseC/QseF and FusKR provide a fine-tuning system of LEE expression which saves energy and allow the mechanisms of virulence to be expressed only when the chances of success are higher.
This complex, formed by two components (FusK and FusR) has the function in EHEC to detect the presence of fucose in the environment and regulate the activation of LEE genes. -FusK: is encoded by the z0462 gene. This gene is an histidine kinase sensor. It detects fucose and then phosphorylates the Z0463 gene activating it. -FusR: is encoded by the z0463 gene. This gene is a repressor of LEE genes. When z0462 gene detects fucose, phosphorylates and activates the Z0463 gene, which will repress the expression of ‘’le r’, the regulator of the LEE genes. If z0463 gene is not acive, the expression of the gene ler would not be repressed. The expression of ’ler’ activates the remaining genes in the pathogenicity island inducing virulence. -At the same time, the system FusKR inhibits the Z0461 gene, a fucose transporter.
Fucose increases the activation of the FusKR system, which inhibits the z0461 gene, which controls the metabolism of fucose. This is a mechanisms that is useful to avoid the competition for fucose with other strains of E.coli which are usually more efficient at using fucose as a carbon source. High concentrations of fucose in the medium also increases the repression of the LEE genes.
With low levels of fucose in the environment, the FusKR system is inactive, and this means that z0461 gene is transcribed, thus increasing the metabolism of fucose. Furthermore, a low concentration of fucose is an indication of unprotected epithelium, thus the repression of ler genes will disappear and the expression of the LEE genes will allow to attack the adjacent cells.
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リンク元 | 「腸管出血性大腸菌」「大腸菌」「病原性大腸菌」「溶血性尿毒症症候群」 |
関連記事 | 「EH」 |
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