関: coleoptile、cotyledon、cotyledonary、seed leaf

WordNet

embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants (同)seed_leaf
have left or have as a remainder; "That left the four of us"; "19 minus 8 leaves 11"
leave unchanged or undisturbed or refrain from taking; "leave it as is"; "leave the young fawn alone"; "leave the flowers that you see in the park behind" (同)leave alone, leave_behind
be survived by after ones death; "He left six children"; "At her death, she left behind her husband and 11 cats" (同)leave_behind
the period of time during which you are absent from work or duty; "a ten days leave to visit his mother" (同)leave_of_absence
permission to do something; "she was granted leave to speak"
make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain; "This leaves no room for improvement"; "The evidence allows only one conclusion"; "allow for mistakes"; "leave lots of time for the trip"; "This procedure provides for lots of leeway" (同)allow for, allow, provide
remove oneself from an association with or participation in; "She wants to leave"; "The teenager left home"; "She left her position with the Red Cross"; "He left the Senate after two terms"; "after 20 years with the same company, she pulled up stakes" (同)depart, pull up stakes
go away from a place; "At what time does your train leave?"; "She didnt leave until midnight"; "The ship leaves at midnight" (同)go forth, go away
have as a result or residue; "The water left a mark on the silk dress"; "Her blood left a stain on the napkin" (同)result, lead
act or be so as to become in a specified state; "The inflation left them penniless"; "The presidents remarks left us speechless"
go and leave behind, either intentionally or by neglect or forgetfulness; "She left a mess when she moved out"; "His good luck finally left him"; "her husband left her after 20 years of marriage"; "she wept thinking she had been left behind"
see and understand, have a good eye; "The artist must first learn to see"
the seat within a bishops diocese where his cathedral is located
be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something; "He verified that the valves were closed"; "See that the curtains are closed"; "control the quality of the product" (同)check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain, assure
deem to be; "She views this quite differently from me"; "I consider her to be shallow"; "I dont see the situation quite as negatively as you do" (同)consider, reckon, view, regard
accompany or escort; "Ill see you to the door" (同)escort
deliberate or decide; "See whether you can come tomorrow"; "lets see--which movie should we see tonight?"
go to see for a social visit; "I went to see my friend Mary the other day"
go to see for professional or business reasons; "You should see a lawyer"; "We had to see a psychiatrist"
match or meet; "I saw the bet of one of my fellow players"
observe as if with an eye; "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it"
perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight; "You have to be a good observer to see all the details"; "Can you see the bird in that tree?"; "He is blind--he cannot see"
receive as a specified guest; "the doctor will see you now"; "The minister doesnt see anybody before noon"
sprinkle with silver iodide particles to disperse and cause rain; "seed clouds"
a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat or testa
a small hard fruit
inoculate with microorganisms
remove the seeds from; "seed grapes"
bear seeds
distribute (players or teams) so that outstanding teams or players will not meet in the early rounds
go to seed; shed seeds; "The dandelions went to seed"
help (an enterprise) in its early stages of development by providing seed money
having the seeds extracted; "seeded raisins"
sprinkled with seed; "a seeded lawn" (同)sown
(of the more skilled contestants) selectively arranged in the draw for position in a tournament so that they meet each other in later rounds
having or supplied with seeds; "a seeded breadfruit"; "seeded rolls"
having seeds as specified; "many-seeded"; "black-seeded"
having vision, not blind

PrepTutorEJDIC

(種子の)子葉
(…に向かって)〈場所〉‘を'『去る』,離れる;〈人〉‘の'所を去る《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / 〈会・学校など〉‘を'『やめる』,〈仕事など〉‘を'やめる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人・物〉‘を'置いていく,置き去りにする,残しておく / 〈人・物〉‘を'(…の)『ままにしておく』,(…に)する / (物事に)〈人〉‘を'『ゆだねる』,任せる《+『名』〈人〉+『to』+『名』》 / (人に)〈物事〉‘を'『任せる』,ゆだねる,預ける《+『名』+『with』(『to』))+『名』〈人〉》 / 〈家族・遺産・名声など〉‘を'死後に残す / (差引き)…‘を'余りとして残す / (…に向けて)『去る』,出かける,出発する《+『for』+『名』》
〈U〉『許可』,許し(permission) / 〈U〉(軍隊・官庁・学校などで正式に許可される)『休暇』,暇;〈C〉休暇の期間 / 〈U〉別れ,いとまごい(farewell)
(視野にはいって)…‘が'『見える』,(目にとめて)…‘を'『見る』,(夢・空想の中で)…‘を'見る / 〈名所など〉‘を'『見物する』;〈劇・映画など〉‘を'見る / …‘を'『理解する』,‘が'分かる / …‘を'予見する,予測する / …‘を'判断する / …‘を'調べる,確かめる / …‘を'取り計らう,…‘に'気を配る / (…まで)〈人〉‘と'いっしょに行く,〈人〉‘を'送り届ける《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …‘を'体験する,‘に'遭遇する / 〈人〉‘に'会う,面会する;…‘を'訪問する;〈医者など〉‘に'見てもらう,〈医者が〉〈患者〉‘を'見る / 『見える』,見る / 『理解する』,わかる / 調べる,見てみる,考えてみる
司教区 / 司教の地位;司教管轄権
〈U〉〈C〉『種』,種子 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(物事・事件などの)原因,根源,種 / 〈U〉(聖書で)子供たち,子孫 / 〈土地〉‘に'『種をまく』,まく;(…を)…‘に'まく《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈果物など〉‘の'種を除く / 〈チーム・競技者など〉‘を'シードする / (人工雨を降らすため)〈雲〉‘に'ドライアイス(その他の化学薬品)を散布する / 〈植物が〉種(実)を生ずる;種(実)を落とす
…ということを考えると;…であるからには,だから《+『that 節』(《話》『as節』)》 / 〈U〉〈C〉見ること / 〈U〉視力,視覚 / 目の見える,目のきく

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/26 00:11:46」(JST)

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For other uses, see Cotyledon (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Cotyledion.

Cotyledon in formation before the accumulation of the reserve seen at Judas-tree (Cercis siliquastrum)

Comparison of a monocot and dicot sprouting. Note that the visible part of the monocot plant (left) is actually the first true leaf produced from the meristem; the cotyledon itself remains within the seed

Schematic of epigeal vs hypogeal germination

Peanut seeds cut in half showing the embryos with cotyledons and primordial root.

Two-weeks-old cotyledons of Douglas-fir.

A seedling of Pinus halepensis with eight cotyledons

A cotyledon (/kɒtɨˈliːdən/; "seed leaf" from Greek: κοτυληδών kotylēdōn, gen.: κοτυληδόνος kotylēdonos, from κοτύλη kotýlē "cup, bowl") is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling. The number of cotyledons present is one characteristic used by botanists to classify the flowering plants (angiosperms). Species with one cotyledon are called monocotyledonous ("monocots"). Plants with two embryonic leaves are termed dicotyledonous ("dicots") and placed in the class Magnoliopsida.

In the case of dicot seedlings whose cotyledons are photosynthetic, the cotyledons are functionally similar to leaves. However, true leaves and cotyledons are developmentally distinct. Cotyledons are formed during embryogenesis, along with the root and shoot meristems, and are therefore present in the seed prior to germination. True leaves, however, are formed post-embryonically (i.e. after germination) from the shoot apical meristem, which is responsible for generating subsequent aerial portions of the plant.

The cotyledon of grasses and many other monocotyledons is a highly modified leaf composed of a scutellum and a coleoptile. The scutellum is a tissue within the seed that is specialized to absorb stored food from the adjacent endosperm. The coleoptile is a protective cap that covers the plumule (precursor to the stem and leaves of the plant).

Gymnosperm seedlings also have cotyledons, and these are often variable in number (multicotyledonous), with from 2 to 24 cotyledons forming a whorl at the top of the hypocotyl (the embryonic stem) surrounding the plumule. Within each species, there is often still some variation in cotyledon numbers, e.g. Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings have 5–9, and Jeffrey Pine (Pinus jeffreyi) 7–13 (Mirov 1967), but other species are more fixed, with e.g. Mediterranean Cypress always having just two cotyledons. The highest number reported is for Big-cone Pinyon (Pinus maximartinezii), with 24 (Farjon & Styles 1997).
The cotyledons may be ephemeral, lasting only days after emergence, or persistent, enduring a year or more on the plant. The cotyledons contain (or in the case of gymnosperms and monocotyledons, have access to) the stored food reserves of the seed. As these reserves are used up, the cotyledons may turn green and begin photosynthesis, or may wither as the first true leaves take over food production for the seedling.^[1]

Epigeal versus hypogeal development[edit]

Main articles: Epigeal germination and Hypogeal germination

Cotyledons may be either epigeal, expanding on the germination of the seed, throwing off the seed shell, rising above the ground, and perhaps becoming photosynthetic; or hypogeal, not expanding, remaining below ground and not becoming photosynthetic. The latter is typically the case where the cotyledons act as a storage organ, as in many nuts and acorns.

Hypogeal plants have (on average) significantly larger seeds than epigeal ones. They also are capable of surviving if the seedling is clipped off, as meristem buds remain underground (with epigeal plants, the meristem is clipped off if the seedling is grazed). The tradeoff is whether the plant should produce a large number of small seeds, or a smaller number of seeds which are more likely to survive.^[2]^[3]

Related plants show a mixture of hypogeal and epigeal development, even within the same plant family. Groups which contain both hypogeal and epigeal species include, for example, the Araucariaceae family of Southern Hemisphere conifers,^[4] the Fabaceae (pea family),^[2] and the genus Lilium (see Lily seed germination types). The frequently garden grown common bean - Phaseolus vulgaris - is epigeal while the closely related runner bean - Phaseolus coccineus - is hypogeal.

History[edit]

The term cotyledon was coined by Marcello Malpighi. John Ray was the first botanist to recognize that some plants have two and others only one, and eventually the first to recognize the immense importance of this fact to systematics.^[1]

Theophrastus and Albertus Magnus may also have recognized the distinction between the dicotyledons and monocotyledons.^[5]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Vines, Sydney Howard (1913), "Robert Morison 1620—1683 and John Ray 1627—1705", in Oliver, Francis Wall, Makers of British botany, Cambridge University Press, pp. 8–43
^ ^a ^b Charles R. Tischler, Justin D. Derner, H. Wayne Polley, and Hyrum B. Johnson, Response of Seedlings of Two Hypogeal Brush Species to CO2 Enrichment, Proceedings: Shrubland dynamics -- fire and water; 2004 August 10–12; Lubbock, TX. Proceedings RMRS-P-47, Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, pp. 104–106
^ Baraloto, C.; Forget, P.-M. (2007), "Seed size, seedling morphology, and response to deep shade and damage in neotropical rain forest trees", American Journal of Botany 94 (6): 901–11, doi:10.3732/ajb.94.6.901, PMID 21636459
^ Hiroaki Setoguchi, Takeshi Asakawa Osawa, Jean-Christophe Pintaud, Tanguy Jaffré and Jean-Marie Veillon (1998), "Phyloghuhenetic relationships within Araucariaceae based on rbcL gene sequences", American Journal of Botany 85 (11): 1507–1516, doi:10.2307/2446478, JSTOR 2446478, PMID 21680310
^ http://bioetymology.blogspot.com.br/2011/06/cotyledon-monocotyledon-plural-usually.html

External links[edit]

Tiscali.reference - Cotyledon

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