WordNet

sprinkle with silver iodide particles to disperse and cause rain; "seed clouds"
a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat or testa
a small hard fruit
inoculate with microorganisms
remove the seeds from; "seed grapes"
bear seeds
distribute (players or teams) so that outstanding teams or players will not meet in the early rounds
go to seed; shed seeds; "The dandelions went to seed"
help (an enterprise) in its early stages of development by providing seed money
introduce an idea or attitude into the mind of; "My teachers inoculated me with their beliefs"
impregnate with the virus or germ of a disease in order to render immune
insert a bud for propagation
introduce a microorganism into
the property of being diffused or dispersed (同)diffusion
the opening of a subject to widespread discussion and debate (同)airing, public exposure, spreading
taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease (同)vaccination

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『種』,種子 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(物事・事件などの)原因,根源,種 / 〈U〉(聖書で)子供たち,子孫 / 〈土地〉‘に'『種をまく』,まく;(…を)…‘に'まく《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈果物など〉‘の'種を除く / 〈チーム・競技者など〉‘を'シードする / (人工雨を降らすため)〈雲〉‘に'ドライアイス(その他の化学薬品)を散布する / 〈植物が〉種(実)を生ずる;種(実)を落とす
(…に備えて…を)〈人・動物〉‘に'予防接種をする《+『名』+『against』+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (人・動物などに)〈病原菌など〉‘を'予防接種する《+『名』+『into』+『名』》
(思想・ニュースなどの)普及,流布
予防接種すること:〈C〉予防注射
〈思想・ニュースなど〉‘を'広める,普及させる

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/02 12:18:46」(JST)

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Simon Bening, Labors of the Months: September, from a Flemish Book of hours (Bruges)

Sowing is the process of planting seeds.

Plants which are usually sown

Among the major field crops, oats, wheat, and rye are sowed, grasses and legumes are seeded, and maize and soybeans are planted. In planting, wider rows (generally 75 cm (30 in) or more) are used, and the intent is to have precise, even spacing between individual seeds in the row; various mechanisms have been devised to count out individual seeds at exact intervals. Difference between sowing and planting must not be forgotten.

Sowing depth

Regular rows of maize in a field in Indiana.

In sowing, little if any soil is placed over the seeds. More precisely, seeds can be generally sown into the soil by maintaining a planting depth of about 2-3 times the size of the seed.

Sowing types and patterns

For hand sowing, several sowing types exist; these include:^[1]

Flat sowing
Ridge sowing
Wide bed sowing

Several patterns for sowing may be used together with these types; these include:

Regular rows
Rows that are indented at the even rows (so that the seeds are placed in a crossed pattern). This method is much better, as more light may fall on the seedlings as they come out.
Symmetrical grid pattern – using the quincunx pattern described in the The Garden of Cyrus.

Types of sowing

Hand sowing

Hand sowing or (planting) is the process of casting handfuls of seed over prepared ground, or broadcasting (from which the technological term is derived). Usually, a drag, a swan-neck hoe or harrow is employed to incorporate the seed into the soil. Though labor-intensive for any but small areas, this method is still used in some situations. Practice is required to sow evenly and at the desired rate. A hand seeder can be used for sowing, though it is less of a help than it is for the smaller seeds of grasses and legumes.

A tray used in horticulture (for sowing and taking plant cuttings)

Hand sowing may be combined with pre-sowing in seed trays. This allows the plants to come to strength indoors during cold periods (e.g. spring in temperate countries).

In agriculture, most seed is now sown using a seed drill, which offers greater precision; seed is sown evenly and at the desired rate. The drill also places the seed at a measured distance below the soil, so that less seed is required. The standard design uses a fluted feed metering system, which is volumetric in nature; individual seeds are not counted. Rows are typically about 10–30 cm apart, depending on the crop species and growing conditions. Several row opener types are used depending on soil type and local tradition. Grain drills are most often drawn by tractors, but can also be pulled by horses. Pickup trucks are sometimes used, since little draft is required.

A seed rate of about 100 kg of seed per hectare (2 bushels per acre) is typical, though rates vary considerably depending on crop species, soil conditions, and farmer's preference. Excessive rates can cause the crop to lodge, while too thin a rate will result in poor utilisation of the land, competition with weeds and a reduction in the yield.

Open field

Open-field planting refers to the form of sowing used historically in the agricultural context whereby fields are prepared generically and left open, as the name suggests, before being sown directly with seed. The seed is frequently left uncovered at the surface of the soil before germinating and therefore exposed to the prevailing climate and conditions like storms etc. This is in contrast to the seedbed method used more commonly in domestic gardening or more specific (modern) agricultural scenarios where the seed is applied beneath the soil surface and monitored and manually tended frequently to ensure more successful growth rates and better yields.

Pre-treatment of seed and soil before sowing

Tropical fruit such as avocado also benefit from special seed treatments (specifically invented for that particular tropical fruit)

Before sowing, certain seeds first require a treatment prior to the sowing process. This treatment may be seed scarification, stratification, seed soaking or seed cleaning with cold (or medium hot) water.

Seed soaking is generally done by placing seeds in medium hot water for at least 24 to up to 48 hours^[2] Seed cleaning is done especially with fruit (as the flesh of the fruit around the seed can quickly become prone to attack from insects or plagues.^[3]^[4] To clean the seed, usually seed rubbings with cloth/paper is performed, sometimes assisted with a seed washing.^[5] Seed washing is generally done by submerging cleansed seeds 20 minutes in 50 degree Celsius water.^[6] This (rather hot than moderately hot) water kills any organisms that may have survived on the skin of a seed. Especially with easily infected tropical fruit such as lychees and rambutans, seed washing with high temperature water is vital.

In addition to the mentioned seed pretreatments, seed germination is also assisted when disease-free soil is used. Especially when trying to germinate difficult seed (e.g. certain tropical fruit), prior treatment of the soil (along with the usage of the most suitable soil; e.g. potting soil, prepared soil or other substrates) is vital. The two most used soil treatments are pasteurisation and sterilisation. Depending on the necessity, pasteurisation is to be preferred as this does not kill all organisms. Sterilisation can be done when trying to grow truly difficult crops. To pasteurise the soil, the soil is heated for 15 minutes in an oven of 120 °C.^[6]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sowing.

^ Types of sowing types^{[dead link]}
^ Ernestina Parziale. "Pre-sowing treatments of seed". Earthnotes.tripod.com. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
^ Sprout safety: how to combat contamination of seed
^ Seed Germination, Theory and Practice'; by Dr. Norman C. Deno
^ "Effects of washing and media on papaya seed germination and seedling growth" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-05.
^ ^a ^b Exotische vruchten kweken by Dr. Gabriele Lehari

English Journal

Accessing inoculation methods of maize and wheat with Azospirillum brasilense.

Fukami J1,2, Nogueira MA3, Araujo RS4, Hungria M5,6.
AMB Express.AMB Express.2016 Dec;6(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s13568-015-0171-y. Epub 2016 Jan 13.
The utilization of inoculants containing Azospirillum is becoming more popular due to increasing reports of expressive gains in grain yields. However, incompatibility with pesticides used in seed treatments represents a main limitation for a successful inoculation. Therefore, in this study we search
PMID 26759120

Velocity of temperature and flowering time in wheat - assisting breeders to keep pace with climate change.

Zheng B1, Chenu K2, Chapman SC1.
Global change biology.Glob Chang Biol.2016 Feb;22(2):921-33. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13118. Epub 2016 Jan 6.
By accelerating crop development, warming climates may result in mismatches between key sensitive growth stages and extreme climate events, with severe consequences for crop yield and food security. Using recent estimates of gene responses to vernalization and photoperiod in wheat, we modelled the f
PMID 26432666

Parallel Stitching of 2D Materials.

Ling X1, Lin Y1, Ma Q2, Wang Z3, Song Y1, Yu L1, Huang S1, Fang W1, Zhang X1, Hsu AL1, Bie Y2, Lee YH4, Zhu Y5, Wu L5, Li J3,6, Jarillo-Herrero P2, Dresselhaus M1,2, Palacios T1, Kong J1.
Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.).Adv Mater.2016 Jan 27. doi: 10.1002/adma.201505070. [Epub ahead of print]
Diverse parallel stitched 2D heterostructures, including metal-semiconductor, semiconductor-semiconductor, and insulator-semiconductor are synthesized directly through selective "sowing" of aromatic molecules as the seeds in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The methodology enables the lar
PMID 26813882

Japanese Journal

仮面喜劇の源流を求めて─狂言とコンメディア・デッラルテの根底にあるもの─

小笠原匡/和栗珠里
桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 40(3), 177-195, 2015-03-27
… It is generally considered that Momi-no-dan is a dance of a young man cultivating the land and Suzu-no-dan is that of an elder sowing or planting the crop. …
NAID 110009893562