v.

獲得する、得る

関: acquire、acquisition、gain、get、obtain、procurement、yield

WordNet

get by special effort; "He procured extra cigarettes even though they were rationed" (同)secure
reach by calculation; "What do you get when you add up these numbers?"
cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition; "He got his squad on the ball"; "This let me in for a big surprise"; "He got a girl into trouble" (同)let, have
a return on a shot that seemed impossible to reach and would normally have resulted in a point for the opponent
come into the possession of something concrete or abstract; "She got a lot of paintings from her uncle"; "They acquired a new pet"; "Get your results the next day"; "Get permission to take a few days off from work" (同)acquire
reach with a blow or hit in a particular spot; "the rock caught her in the back of the head"; "The blow got him in the back"; "The punch caught him in the stomach" (同)catch
succeed in catching or seizing, especially after a chase; "We finally got the suspect"; "Did you catch the thief?" (同)catch, capture
irritate; "Her childish behavior really get to me"; "His lying really gets me" (同)get under one''s skin
receive as a retribution or punishment; "He got 5 years in prison" (同)receive
acquire as a result of some effort or action; "You cannot get water out of a stone"; "Where did she get these news?"
communicate with a place or person; establish communication with, as if by telephone; "Bill called this number and he got Mary"; "The operator couldnt get Kobe because of the earthquake"
evoke an emotional response; "Brahmss `Requiem gets me every time"
overcome or destroy; "The ice storm got my hibiscus"; "the cat got the goldfish"
purchase; "What did you get at the toy store?"
reach and board; "She got the bus just as it was leaving"
earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages; "How much do you make a month in your new job?"; "She earns a lot in her new job"; "this merger brought in lots of money"; "He clears $5,000 each month" (同)take_in, clear, make, earn, realize, realise, pull_in, bring_in
increase or develop; "the peace movement gained momentum"; "the car gathers speed" (同)gather
increase (ones body weight); "She gained 20 pounds when she stopped exercising" (同)put_on
the amount by which the revenue of a business exceeds its cost of operating
obtain advantages, such as points, etc.; "The home team was gaining ground"; "After defeating the Knicks, the Blazers pulled ahead of the Lakers in the battle for the number-one playoff berth in the Western Conference" (同)advance, win, pull ahead, make headway, get ahead, gain ground
cease opposition; stop fighting
an amount of a product (同)fruit
consent reluctantly (同)give in, succumb, knuckle under, buckle under
be the cause or source of; "He gave me a lot of trouble"; "Our meeting afforded much interesting information" (同)give, afford
bring in; "interest-bearing accounts"; "How much does this savings certificate pay annually?" (同)pay, bear
give in, as to influence or pressure (同)relent, soften
come into possession of; "How did you obtain the visa?"
locate (a moving entity) by means of a tracking system such as radar
win something through ones efforts; "I acquired a passing knowledge of Chinese"; "Gain an understanding of international finance" (同)win, gain
the act of getting possession of something; "he was responsible for the procurement of materials and supplies" (同)procurance, procural
someone who obtains or acquires; "the procurer of opera tickets" (同)securer
a woman pimp

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『努力して手に入れる』 / 《米》《英古》…‘を'引き起こす,もたらす / [女]‘を'売春のためかかえる
…‘を'『受け取る』,もらう(受動態にできない) / …‘を'『手に入れる』,得る(受動態にできない) / …‘を'『取ってくる』,持ってくる / 〈人〉‘に'『させる』,『してもらう』 / …‘を'『する』 / 《目的語の名詞の意味を受けて》…『する』,『される』 / 〈病気〉‘に'かかる(受動態にできない) / …‘を'捕らえる,捕まえる / …‘を'覚える,知る / …‘を'聞く,聞き取る(hear);《話》…‘を'理解する,了解する,分かる / 〈放送局〉‘を'キャッチする;…‘と'連絡がつく / 〈食事〉‘の'準備をする,したくする / 《話》《『have got』+『名』》…‘を'持っている(have) / 《話》《『have got to』 do》…しなくてはならない / 〈人〉‘を'やっつける,参らせる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所に)『着く』,達する;(ある場所・方向に)動く / (ある状態に)『なる』 / 《『get』+『過分』〈補〉》(…)『される』 / 《話》《『get to』 do=『get』 do『ing』》『やっと』(…)『するようになる』,(…)しだす,し始める
(努力して)…‘を'『得る』,手に入れる / …‘を'『増す』 / 〈競争など〉‘に'勝つ;〈賞など〉‘を'勝ち取る / 《文》(特に努力をして)〈目指す場所〉‘に'到達する;〈目的など〉‘を'達成する / 得をする / (…において)進歩する,よくなる,向上する;(体重・身長・能力など)増す《+in+名》 / 〈時計が〉進む / 〈C〉(…に)加えたもの《+『to』+『名』》;(…において)増加したもの《+『in』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》『利益』(profits);賞金 / 〈U〉利益を得ること,獲得
…‘を'『産出する』,生ずる(produce);〈利益など〉‘を'生む / (圧迫・強制などによって)(…に)…‘を'『明け渡す』,放棄する《+up+名(+名+up)+to+名》 / …‘を'譲る,与える / 〈自分〉‘の'身を任せる / 〈土地が〉『作物がてきてる』 / (…に)『屈する』,負ける,従う;(…に)応ずる,譲歩する《+to+名》 / (圧力・力などによって)動く,開く,曲がる,へこむ,壊れる《+to+名》 / 〈U〉〈C〉産出[高],収穫[高]
(努力して)…‘を'『得る』,手に入れる / 《『obtain』+『名』〈人〉+『名』=『obtain』+『名』+『for』+『名』〈人〉》〈物事が〉〈人〉‘に'…‘を'得させる,もたらす / 《文》〈習慣・制度などが〉一般に実われている
(不断の努力・習慣などで)…'を'『習得する』,身につける / 〈財産・権利など〉'を'手に入れる,取得する
(…の)入手,獲得,調達《+『of』+『名』》
(男性の)売春婦周旋屋
(女性の)売春婦周旋屋

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/03 02:34:12」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Look up procurement in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Procurement is the acquisition of goods, services or works from an outside external source. It is favourable that the goods, services or works are appropriate and that they are procured at the best possible cost to meet the needs of the purchaser in terms of quality and quantity, time, and location.^[1] Corporations and public bodies often define processes intended to promote fair and open competition for their business while minimizing exposure to fraud and collusion.

1 Overview
2 Topics
- 2.1 Procurement vs acquisition
- 2.2 Acquisition process
- 2.3 Procurement software
- 2.4 Procurement steps
- 2.5 Procurement performance
3 Public procurement
- 3.1 Green public procurement
4 Alternative procurement procedures
5 Procurement frauds
6 See also
7 Notes et references
8 External links

Overview

Almost all purchasing decisions include factors such as delivery and handling, marginal benefit, and price fluctuations. Procurement generally involves making buying decisions under conditions of scarcity. If good data is available, it is good practice to make use of economic analysis methods such as cost-benefit analysis or cost-utility analysis.

An important distinction should be made between analyses without risk and those with risk. Where risk is involved, either in the costs or the benefits, the concept of expected value may be employed.

Direct procurement and indirect procurement
		TYPES
		Direct procurement	Indirect procurement
		Raw material and production goods	Maintenance, repair, and operating supplies	Capital goods and services
F E A T U R E S	Quantity	Large	Low	Low
	Frequency	High	Relatively high	Low
	Value	Industry specific	Low	High
	Nature	Operational	Tactical	Strategic
	Examples	Crude oil in petroleum industry	Lubricants, spare parts	Crude oil storage facilities

Based on the consumption purposes of the acquired goods and services, procurement activities are often split into two distinct categories. The first category being direct, production-related procurement and the second being indirect, non-production-related procurement.

Direct procurement occurs in manufacturing settings only. It encompasses all items that are part of finished products, such as raw material, components and parts. Direct procurement, which is the focus in supply chain management, directly affects the production process of manufacturing firms. In contrast, Indirect procurement activities concern “operating resources” that a company purchases to enable its operations. It comprises a wide variety of goods and services, from standardized low value items like office supplies and machine lubricants to complex and costly products and services;^[2]^[3] like heavy equipment and consulting services.

Topics

Procurement vs acquisition

The US Defense Acquisition University (DAU) defines procurement as the act of buying goods and services for the government.^[4]

DAU defines acquisition as the conceptualization, initiation, design, development, test, contracting, production, deployment, Logistics Support (LS), modification, and disposal of weapons and other systems, supplies, or services (including construction) to satisfy Department of Defense needs, intended for use in or in support of military missions.^[4]

Acquisition is therefore a much wider concept than procurement, covering the whole life cycle of acquired systems. Multiple acquisition models exist, one of which is provided in the following section...

Acquisition process

The revised acquisition process for major systems in industry and defense is shown in the next figure. The process is defined by a series of phases during which technology is defined and matured into viable concepts, which are subsequently developed and readied for production, after which the systems produced are supported in the field.^[5]

Model of the Acquisition Process.^[5]

The process allows for a given system to enter the process at any of the development phases. For example, a system using unproven technology would enter at the beginning stages of the process and would proceed through a lengthy period of technology maturation, while a system based on mature and proven technologies might enter directly into engineering development or, conceivably, even production. The process itself includes four phases of development:^[5]

Concept and Technology Development: is intended to explore alternative concepts based on assessments of operational needs, technology readiness, risk, and affordability.
Concept and Technology Development phase begins with concept exploration. During this stage, concept studies are undertaken to define alternative concepts and to provide information about capability and risk that would permit an objective comparison of competing concepts.
System Development and Demonstration phase. This phase could be entered directly as a result of a technological opportunity and urgent user need, as well as having come through concept and technology development.
The last, and longest phase is the Sustainable and Disposal phase of the program. During this phase all necessary activities are accomplished to maintain and sustain the system in the field in the most cost-effective manner possible.

Procurement software

Procurement software (often labeled as RFQ software or purchasing management software) manages the purchasing processes within a supply chain. As an important element of supply chain management systems, these systems help organizations efficiently manage their purchasing cycle times and maximize profit on every purchase order. Many organisations produce their own ways of working but some software does exist:

Track8 by Future Purchasing^[6] Puridiom - procure-to-pay software Fishbowl Inventory - Inventory management

Procurement steps

Procurement life cycle in modern businesses usually consists of seven steps:

Identification of need: This is an internal step for a company that involves understanding of the company needs by establishing a short term strategy ( three to five years) followed by defining the technical direction and requirements.
Supplier Identification: Once the company has answered important questions like: Make-buy, multiple vs. single suppliers, then it needs to identify who can provide the required product/service. There are many sources to search for supplier; more popular ones being Ariba, Alibaba, other suppliers and trade shows.
Supplier Communication: When one or more suitable suppliers have been identified, requests for quotation, requests for proposals, requests for information or requests for tender may be advertised, or direct contact may be made with the suppliers. References for product/service quality are consulted, and any requirements for follow-up services including installation, maintenance, and warranty are investigated. Samples of the P/S being considered may be examined, or trials undertaken.
Negotiation: Negotiations are undertaken, and price, availability, and customization possibilities are established. Delivery schedules are negotiated, and a contract to acquire the P/S is completed.
Supplier Liaison: During this phase, the company evaluates the performance of the P/S and any accompanying service support, as they are consumed.Supplier scorecard is a popular tool for this purpose.When the P/S has been consumed or disposed of, the contract expires, or the product or service is to be re-ordered, company experience with the P/S is reviewed. If the P/S is to be re-ordered, the company determines whether to consider other suppliers or to continue with the same supplier.
Logistics Management: Supplier preparation, expediting, shipment, delivery, and payment for the P/S are completed, based on contract terms. Installation and training may also be included.
Additional Step - Tender Notification: Some institutions choose to use a notification service in order to raise the competition for the chosen opportunity. These systems can either be direct from their e-tendering software, or as a re-packaged notification from an external notification company.

Procurement performance

In July 2011, Ardent Partners, published a research report that presented a comprehensive, industry-wide view into what is happening in the world of procurement today by drawing on the experience, performance, and perspective of nearly 250 Chief Procurement Officers and other procurement executives. The report includes the main procurement performance and operational benchmarks that procurement leaders use to gauge the success of their organizations. This report found that the average procurement department manages 60.6% of total enterprise spend. This measure commonly called "spend under management" refers to the percentage of total enterprise spend (which includes all direct, indirect, and services spend) that a procurement organization manages or influences. The average procurement department also achieved an annual savings of 6.7% in the last reporting cycle, sourced 52.6% of its addressable spend, and has a contract compliance rate of 62.6%.^[7]

Public procurement

Public procurement generally is an important sector of the economy. In Europe, public procurement accounts for 16.3% of the Community GDP.^[8]

Green public procurement

In Green public procurement (GPP), contracting authorities and entities take environmental issues into account when tendering for goods or services. The goal is to reduce the impact of the procurement on human health and the environment.^[9]

In the European Union, the Commission has adopted its Communication on public procurement for a better environment, where proposes a political target of 50% Green public procurement to be reached by the Member States by the year 2010.^[10]

Alternative procurement procedures

There are several alternatives to tendering which are available in formal procurement. One system which has gained increasing momentum in the construction industry and among developing economies is the Selection in planning process which enables project developers and equipment purchasers to make significant changes to their requirements with relative ease. The SIP process also enables vendors and contractors to respond with greater accuracy and competitiveness as a result of the generally longer lead times they are afforded.

Procurement frauds

Procurement fraud can be defined as dishonestly obtaining an advantage, avoiding an obligation or causing a loss to public property or various means during procurement process by public servants, contractors or any other person involved in the procurement.^[11] An example is the kickback, whereby a dishonest agent of the supplier pays a dishonest agent of the purchaser to select the supplier's bid, often at an inflated price. Other frauds in procurement include:^[12]

Collusion among bidders to reduce competition.
Providing bidders with advance "inside" information.
Submission of false or inflated invoices for services and products that are not delivered or work that is never done. "Shadow vendors", shell companies that are set up and used for billing, may be used in such schemes.
Intentional substitution of substandard materials without the customer's agreement.
Use of "sole source" contracts without proper justification.
Use of prequalification standards in specifications to unnecessarily exclude otherwise qualified contractors.
Dividing requirements to qualify for small-purchase procedures to avoid scrutiny for contract review procedures of larger purchases.

Notes et references

Benslimane, Y.; Plaisent, M.; Bernard, P.: Investigating Search Costs and Coordination Costs in Electronic Markets: A Transaction Costs Economics Perspective, in: Electronic Markets, 15, 3, 2005, pp. 213–224. Van Mendell 5 step framework

^ Weel, Arjan J. van (2010). Purchasing and Supply Chain Management: Analysis, Strategy, Planning and Practice (5th ed. ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4080-1896-5.
^ Lewis, M.A. and Roehrich, J.K. (2009). Contracts, relationships and integration: Towards a model of the procurement of complex performance. International Journal of Procurement Management, 2(2):125-142.
^ Caldwell, N.D. Roehrich, J.K. and Davies, A.C. (2009). Procuring complex performance in construction: London Heathrow Terminal 5 and a private finance initiative Hospital. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management15(3):178-186.
^ ^a ^b Glossary of Defense Acquisition Acronyms and Terms, 12th Edition (plus updates since publication) accessed on 22 April 2009, Defense Acquisition University
^ ^a ^b ^c Systems Engineering Fundamentals. Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001^{[dead link]}
^ http://www.futurepurchasing.com/category_management/track8
^ "Ardent Partners Research - CPO 2011: Innovative Ideas for the Decade Ahead".
^ "Public contracts - Your Europe - Business". Europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
^ "EC.Europa.eu". EC.Europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
^ "EC.europa.eu". EC.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
^ "Combating Procurement Frauds Author Dr Irfan Ahmad".
^ "Procurement Fraud'". projectauditors.com. Retrieved April 3, 2014.

External links

Look up procurement in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Federal Procurement Data System (US)
Green public procurement, European Commission
Systems Engineering Fundamentals. Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001
Shaw, Felecia N., 2010. "The Power to Procure: A Look inside the City of Austin Procurement Program". Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos
INSPECTION® http://www.inspection.com.tr/procurement.html

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Defense Acquisition University.

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