| Pilocytic astrocytoma |
| Classification and external resources |
Micrograph of a pilocytic astrocytoma, showing characteristic bipolar cells with long pilocytic (hair-like) processes. Smear preparation. H&E stain. |
| ICD-10 |
C71 |
| ICD-9 |
191 |
| ICD-O: |
M9421/1 |
| eMedicine |
radio/367 |
| MeSH |
D001254 |
Pilocytic astrocytoma or juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma or cystic cerebellar astrocytoma (and its variant juvenile pilomyxoid astrocytoma) is a neoplasm of the brain that occurs more often in children and young adults (in the first 20 years of life). They usually arise in the cerebellum, near the brainstem, hypothalamic region, or the optic chiasm, but they may occur in any area where astrocytes are present, including the cerebral hemispheres and the spinal cord. These tumors are usually slow growing. The neoplasms are associated with the formation of a single (or multiple) cyst(s), and can become very large.
The pilocytic astrocytoma is, in general, considered a benign tumor. It is often cystic, and, if solid, it tends to be well-circumscribed. It is characteristically a contrast-enhancing tumor by current imaging investigations (e.g., CT scan, MRI)
Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma is associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), and optic gliomas are among the most frequently encountered tumors in patients with this disorder.
It is classified as Grade 1 Astrocytoma.[1]
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Contents
- 1 Symptoms
- 2 Occurrence
- 3 Diagnosis
- 4 Visual aspect
- 5 Treatment
- 5.1 Side effects
- 5.2 Side effects of treatment
- 5.2.1 Epileptic seizures
- 5.2.2 Chemotherapy
- 5.2.3 Radiation therapy
- 5.3 Expected outcome after treatment
- 6 Mortality
- 7 References
- 8 Additional images
- 9 External links
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Symptoms[edit]
Children affected by pilocytic astrocytoma can present with different symptoms that might include failure to thrive (lack of appropriate weight gain), headache, nausea, vomiting, irritability, difficulty to coordinate movements and visual complaints (including nystagmus). The complaints may vary depending on the location and size of the neoplasm. The most common symptoms are associated with increased intracranial pressure due to the size of the neoplasm.
Occurrence[edit]
According to a Dutch source juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma occurs at a rate of 2 in 100,000 people. Most affected are children ages 5–14 years.[2]
Tumors of the optic pathway account for 3.6-6% of pediatric brain tumors, 60% of which are juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas. Astrocytomas account for 50% of pediatric primary central nervous system tumors. About 80-85% of cerebellar astrocytomas are juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas. Quoted from emedicine [3]
Recent genetic studies of pilocytic astrocytomas show that some sporadic cases have gain in chromosome 7q34 involving the BRAF locus (Bar et al, 2008).
Diagnosis[edit]
Stereotactic MRI brain showed recurrent postoperative brain stem cystic pilocytic astrocytoma.
Pilocytic astrocytoma in the hypothalamic region.
Axial non contrast CT in a nine year old girl showing a slightly hypodense mass in the tectum of the brainstem, compressing the aqueduct of Sylvius and causing obstructive hydrocephalus
Sagittal T1-weighted MRI showing a well circumscribed hypointense mass in the tectum presumably a tectal plate glioma. These lesions are a distinct subset of pilocytic astrocytomas which present with hydrocephalus in 6 to 10 year olds and are rarely progressive lesions, when imaging is characteristic, biopsy is usually not performed because of the risks to adjacent structures, often shunting is the only treatment required.
T2-weighted coronal MRI in the same patient showing the hyper- intense lesion to originate just to the right of midline with deviation and compression and obstruction of the aqueduct with resultant dilation of the lateral ventricles
Axial FLAIR MRI in the same patient showing the lesion to be hyperintense, note the suppression of the CSF in the ventricular system and subarachnoid space by the FLAIR technique
T1-weighted coronal MRI image post contrast showing heterogeneous contrast enhancement within the presumed tectal plate glioma
Usually—depending on the interview of the patient and after a clinical exam which includes a neurological exam, and an ophthalmological exam—a CT scan and or MRI scan will be performed. A special dye may be injected into a vein before these scans to provide contrast and make tumors easier to identify. The neoplasm will be clearly visible.
If a tumor is found, it will be necessary for a neurosurgeon to perform a biopsy of it. This simply involves the removal of a small amount of tumorous tissue, which is then sent to a (neuro)pathologist for examination and staging.[4] The biopsy may take place before surgical removal of the tumor or the sample may be taken during surgery.
Visual aspect[edit]
Macroscopically, an astrocytoma is a mass that looks well-circumscribed and has a large cyst. The neoplasm may also be solid.
Under the microscope, the tumor is seen to be composed of bipolar cells with long "hairlike" GFAP-positive processes, giving the designation "pilocytic" (that is, made up of cells that look like fibers when viewed under a microscope[5]). Some pilocytic astrocytomas may be more fibrillary and dense in composition. There is often presence of Rosenthal fibers,[6] eosinophilic granular bodies and microcysts. Myxoid foci and oligodendroglioma-like cells may also be present, though non-specific. Long-standing lesions may show hemosiderin-laden macrophages and calcifications.
Treatment[edit]
Surgery is often the treatment of choice. Total resection is often possible; however, the location could prohibit access to the neoplasm and lead to incomplete or no resection at all. Removal of the tumor will generally allow functional survival for many years. The five-year survival has been reported to be over 90% with well-resected tumors. In particular for pilocytic astrocytomas (that are commonly indolent bodies that may permit normal neurologic function) surgeons may decide to monitor the neoplasm's evolution and postpone surgical intervention for some time. However, left unattended these tumors may eventually undergo neoplastic transformation.
Some articles mention ultrasonic aspiration as a minimal invasive technique for solid neoplasms.[citation needed]
Because of the age of people diagnosed with pilocytic astrocytoma, the treating medical team will often try to avoid radiotherapy and chemotherapy in order avoid damage to the developing brain. There is evidence in literature to suggest that the careful use of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy may be useful as a complementary treatment in case of incompletely resection of the neoplasm.
Side effects[edit]
Children with cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma may experience side effects related to the tumor itself and related to the treatment. Strabismus.
- Symptoms related to increased pressure in the brain often disappear after surgical removal of the tumor.
- Effects on coordination and balance improved and might progressively (to completely) disappear as recovery progresses.
- Steroid-treatment is often used to control tissue swelling that may occur pre- and post-operatively.
Side effects of treatment[edit]
Epileptic seizures[edit]
Any person undergoing brain surgery may suffer from epileptic seizures.
- Medication is administered to minimize the occurrence of seizures.
Parents of children after surgery should be made aware of this fact and should be prepared to take adequate action in case of the seizure (see brain tumor)
Chemotherapy[edit]
Common side effects of chemotherapy includes nausea, vomiting and decreased blood counts (i.e. anemia).
- Anti-emetics (anti-nausea) medications can help these side-effects.
- Occasionally, children receiving chemotherapy will need extra transfusion(s) of red blood cells and/or platelets to replace these cells, since the toxicity of the therapy temporarily affects the ability to produce these blood components. Also white blood cells are affected but never given by transfusion; instead a medication will assist the body in producing white blood cells.l
Radiation therapy[edit]
Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas that are initially characterized according to WHO grade I have been found to undergo malignant transformation following radiation treatment.[7]
Radiation therapy may cause swelling related to tissue inflammation.
- This inflammation may lead to symptoms like headache or difficulty with coordination and may be treated with oral medication.
Expected outcome after treatment[edit]
- Grade I pilocytic astrocytoma and cerebellar gliomas are not associated with recurrence after complete resection.
- Grade II astrocytomas and cerebellar gliomas are more likely to recur after surgical removal.
- Pilomyxoid astrocytomas may behave more aggressively than classic pilocytic astrocytoma.
- How to respond to progressive or recurrent disease?
The recommended course of action according to different literature sources is to monitor and reattempt a complete surgical removal. In cases of progressive/recurrent disease or when maximal surgical removal has been achieved, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy will be considered by the medical team.
Mortality[edit]
After total resection the 10-year survival rate is 90%. After incomplete resection, the 10-year survival rate is as high as 45%. Morbidity is determined by the location (and accessibility) of the tumor and with the associated complications for a tumor resection.
References[edit]
- ^ Huang H, Hara A, Homma T, Yonekawa Y, Ohgaki H (October 2005). "Altered expression of immune defense genes in pilocytic astrocytomas". J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 64 (10): 891–901. doi:10.1097/01.jnen.0000183345.19447.8e. PMID 16215461.
- ^ http://www.hersentumor.nl
- ^ Lo, Simon MBBS et al.., Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/341293-overview
- ^ http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/reference/myBiopsy/pilocytic_astrocytoma.html
- ^ National Cancer Institute > Dictionary of Cancer Terms > pilocytic Retrieved on July 16, 2010
- ^ Wippold FJ, Perry A, Lennerz J (May 2006). "Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: Rosenthal fibers". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 (5): 958–61. PMID 16687524.
- ^ bmj.com
Additional images[edit]
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Histopathology of pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I WHO). H&E stain. Original magnification 200x.
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Histopathology of Rosenthal-fibres. H&E staining showing these elongated eosinophilic structures in a case of pilocytic astrocytoma. Magnification 400x
External links[edit]
- JPA Boston Children's hospital Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma
- UWO University of Western Ontario Neurology pocketbook
- Pilocytic Astrocytoma MedPix Medical Image Database
- UC
- fightJPA - An Organization Dedicated to Funding Research into Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma
- PA Braintumor.org - Pilocytic Astrocytoma
- Pathology Staging of JPA
- PLGA Pediatric Lowgrade Astrocytoma's
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Nervous tissue tumors/NS neoplasm/Neuroectodermal tumor (ICD-O 9350–9589) (C70–C72, D32–D33, 191–192/225)
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Endocrine/
sellar (9350–9379) |
sellar: Craniopharyngioma · Pituicytoma
other: Pinealoma
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CNS
(9380–9539) |
Neuroepithelial
(brain tumors,
spinal tumors) |
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Glioma
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Astrocyte
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Astrocytoma (Pilocytic astrocytoma, Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, Fibrillary (also diffuse or lowgrade) astrocytomas, Anaplastic astrocytoma, Glioblastoma multiforme)
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Oligodendrocyte
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Oligodendroglioma
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Ependyma
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Ependymoma · Subependymoma
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Choroid plexus
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Choroid plexus tumor (Choroid plexus papilloma, Choroid plexus carcinoma)
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Multiple/unknown
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Oligoastrocytoma · Gliomatosis cerebri · Gliosarcoma
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Mature
neuron
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Ganglioneuroma: Ganglioglioma · Retinoblastoma · Neurocytoma · Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour · Lhermitte-Duclos disease
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PNET
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Neuroblastoma (Esthesioneuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma) · Medulloblastoma · Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
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Primitive
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Medulloepithelioma
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Meningiomas
(meninges)
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Meningioma, Hemangiopericytoma
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Hematopoietic
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Primary central nervous system lymphoma
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PNS: NST
(9540–9579) |
cranial and paraspinal nerves: Neurofibroma (Neurofibrosarcoma, Neurofibromatosis) · Neurilemmoma/Schwannoma (Acoustic neuroma) · Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
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note: not all brain tumors are of nervous tissue, and not all nervous tissue tumors are in the brain (see brain metastases)
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anat (n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp
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noco (m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug (N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
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anat (h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys (r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp
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noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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