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the presence of endometrium elsewhere than in the lining of the uterus; causes premenstrual pain and dysmenorrhea (同)adenomyosis

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/21 19:21:07」(JST)

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Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue that normally grows inside the uterus grows outside it.^[1] The main symptoms are pelvic pain and infertility. Nearly half of those affected have chronic pelvic pain, while in 70% pain occurs during menstruation. Pain during sex is also common. Infertility occurs in up to half of women affected.^[2] Less common symptoms include urinary or bowel symptoms. About 25% of women have no symptoms.^[2] Endometriosis can have both social and psychological effects.^[3]

The cause is not entirely clear.^[2] Risk factors include having a family history of the condition. Most often the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissue around the uterus and ovaries are affected; however, in rare cases it may also occur in other parts of the body.^[4] The areas of endometriosis bleed each month, resulting in inflammation and scarring.^[2]^[4] The growths due to endometriosis are not cancer. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms in combination with medical imaging. Biopsy is the most sure method of diagnosis.^[4] Other causes of similar symptoms include irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and fibromyalgia.^[2]

Tentative evidence suggests that the use of combined oral contraceptives reduces the risk of endometriosis.^[5] Exercise and avoiding large amounts of alcohol may also be preventative.^[4] There is no cure for endometriosis, but a number of treatments may improve symptoms.^[2] This may include pain medication, hormonal treatments, or surgery. The recommended pain medication is usually an NSAID such as naproxen. Taking the active component of the birth control pill continuously or using an intrauterine device with progestogen may also be useful. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist may improve the ability of those who are infertile to get pregnant. Surgical removal of endometriosis may be used to treat those whose symptoms are not manageable with other treatments.^[4]

Endometriosis is estimated to occur in roughly 6–10% of women.^[2] It is most common in those in their thirties and forties.^[4] It results in few deaths with this being estimated at 200 globally in 2013.^[6] Endometriosis was first determined to be a separate condition in the 1920s. Before that time endometriosis and adenomyosis were considered together. It is unclear who first described the disease.^[7]

1 Signs and symptoms
- 1.1 Pelvic pain
- 1.2 Infertility
- 1.3 Other
2 Risk factors
- 2.1 Genetics
- 2.2 Environmental toxins
3 Pathophysiology
- 3.1 Formation
  - 3.1.1 Retrograde menstruation theory
  - 3.1.2 Other theories
- 3.2 Localization
4 Diagnosis
- 4.1 Laparoscopy
- 4.2 Staging
- 4.3 Markers
- 4.4 Histopathology
- 4.5 Pain quantification
5 Prevention
6 Management
- 6.1 Surgery
- 6.2 Hormones
- 6.3 Other medication
- 6.4 Comparison of interventions
- 6.5 Treatment of infertility
7 Prognosis
- 7.1 Complications
8 Epidemiology
9 History
10 Society and culture
11 References
12 External links

Signs and symptoms

Drawing showing endometriosis.

Although 20–25% of women with endometriosis have no symptoms, pain and infertility are common signs.^[2]

Pelvic pain

A major symptom of endometriosis is recurring pelvic pain. The pain can range from mild to severe cramping or stabbing pain that occurs on both sides of the pelvis, in the lower back and rectal area, and even down the legs. The amount of pain a woman feels correlates poorly with the extent or stage (1 through 4) of endometriosis, with some women having little or no pain despite having extensive endometriosis or endometriosis with scarring, while other women may have severe pain even though they have only a few small areas of endometriosis.^[8] Symptoms of endometriosis-related pain may include:^[9]

dysmenorrhea – painful, sometimes disabling cramps during the menstrual period; pain may get worse over time (progressive pain), also lower back pains linked to the pelvis
chronic pelvic pain – typically accompanied by lower back pain or abdominal pain
dyspareunia – painful sex
dysuria – urinary urgency, frequency, and sometimes painful voiding

Throbbing, gnawing, and dragging pain to the legs are reported more commonly by women with endometriosis.^{[unreliable medical source?]}^[10] Compared with women with superficial endometriosis, those with deep disease appear to be more likely to report shooting rectal pain and a sense of their insides being pulled down.^[10] Individual pain areas and pain intensity appears to be unrelated to the surgical diagnosis, and the area of pain unrelated to area of endometriosis.^[10]

Endometriosis lesions react to hormonal stimulation and may "bleed" at the time of menstruation. The blood accumulates locally, causes swelling, and triggers inflammatory responses with the activation of cytokines. This process may cause pain. Pain can also occur from adhesions (internal scar tissue) binding internal organs to each other, causing organ dislocation. Fallopian tubes, ovaries, the uterus, the bowels, and the bladder can be bound together in ways that are painful on a daily basis, not just during menstrual periods.^[11]

Also, endometriotic lesions can develop their own nerve supply, thereby creating a direct and two-way interaction between lesions and the central nervous system, potentially producing a variety of individual differences in pain that can, in some women, become independent of the disease itself.^[8] Nerve fibres and blood vessels are thought to grow into endometriosis lesions by a process known as Neuroangiogenesis.^[12]

Infertility

Many women with infertility may have endometriosis. Among women with endometriosis, up to half may experience infertility.^[2]

Other

Other symptoms include diarrhea or constipation,^{[unreliable medical source?]}^[10] chronic fatigue,^{[medical citation needed]} nausea and vomiting, headaches, low-grade fevers, heavy and/or irregular periods, and hypoglycemia.^{[unreliable medical source?]}^[13]

In addition to pain during menstruation, the pain of endometriosis can occur at other times of the month. There can be pain with ovulation, pain associated with adhesions, pain caused by inflammation in the pelvic cavity, pain during bowel movements and urination, during general bodily movement like exercise, pain from standing or walking, and pain with intercourse. The most severe pain is typically associated with menstruation. Pain can also start a week before a menstrual period, during and even a week after a menstrual period, or it can be constant. The pain can be debilitating and the emotional stress can take a toll.^[14]

There is an association between endometriosis and certain types of cancers, notably some types of ovarian cancer,^[15]^[16] non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and brain cancer.^[17] Endometriosis is unrelated to endometrial cancer.^[18]

Risk factors

Genetics

Genetic predisposition plays a role in endometriosis.^[19] Daughters or sisters of women with endometriosis are at higher risk of developing endometriosis themselves; low progesterone levels may be genetic, and may contribute to a hormone imbalance.^[20] There is an about six-fold increased incidence in women with an affected first-degree relative.^[21]

It has been proposed that endometriosis results from a series of multiple hits within target genes, in a mechanism similar to the development of cancer.^[19] In this case, the initial mutation may be either somatic or heritable.^[19]

Individual genomic changes (found by genotyping including genome-wide association studies) that have been associated with endometriosis include:

Changes on chromosome 1 near WNT4.^[22]
Changes on chromosome 2 near GREB1.^[22]
Changes on chromosome 6 near ID4.^[22]
Changes on chromosome 7 in the 7p15.2 region.^[22]^[23]
Changes on chromosome 9 near CDKN2BAS.^[22]
Changes on chromosome 10 at region 10q26.^[24]
Changes on chromosome 12 near VEZT.^[22]

In addition, there is a weaker association with changes in the fibronectin gene as well as in the 2p14 region of chromosome 2.^[22]

In addition, there are many findings of altered gene expression and epigenetics, but both of these can also be a secondary result of, for example, environmental factors and altered metabolism. Examples of altered gene expression include that of miRNAs.^[19]

Environmental toxins

Several studies have investigated the potential link between exposure to dioxins and endometriosis, but the evidence is equivocal and potential mechanisms are poorly understood.^[25] A 2004 review of studies of dioxin and endometriosis concluded that "the human data supporting the dioxin-endometriosis association are scanty and conflicting",^[26] and a 2009 follow-up review also found that there was "insufficient evidence" in support of a link between dioxin exposure and women developing endometriosis.^[27] A 2008 review concluded that more work was needed, stating that "although preliminary work suggests a potential involvement of exposure to dioxins in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, much work remains to clearly define cause and effect and to understand the potential mechanism of toxicity".^[28]

Pathophysiology

Laparoscopic image of endometriotic lesions at the peritoneum of the pelvic wall.

While the exact cause of endometriosis remains unknown, many theories have been presented to better understand and explain its development. These concepts do not necessarily exclude each other. The pathophysiology of endometriosis is likely to be multifactorial and to involve an interplay between several factors.^[19]

Formation

The main theories for the formation of ectopic endometrium are retrograde menstruation, müllerianosis, coelomic metaplasia and transplantation, each further described below.

Retrograde menstruation theory

The theory of retrograde menstruation (also called the implantation theory or transplantation theory)^[29] is the most widely accepted theory for the formation of ectopic endometrium in endometriosis.^[19] It suggests that during a woman's menstrual flow, some of the endometrial debris exits the uterus through the fallopian tubes and attaches itself to the peritoneal surface (the lining of the abdominal cavity) where it can proceed to invade the tissue as endometriosis.^[19]

Retrograde menstruation alone is not able to explain all instances of endometriosis, and additional factors such as genetic or immune differences need to be invoked to account for the fact that many women with retrograde menstruation do not have endometriosis. Researchers are investigating the possibility that the immune system may not be able to cope with the cyclic onslaught of retrograde menstrual fluid. In this context there is interest in studying the relationship of endometriosis to autoimmune disease, allergic reactions, and the impact of toxic materials.^[30]^[31] It is still unclear what, if any, causal relationship exists between toxic materials, autoimmune disease, and endometriosis. There are immune system changes in women with endometriosis, such as an increase macrophage-derived secretion products, but it is unknown if these are contributing to the disorder or are reactions from it.^[32]

In addition, at least one study found that endometriotic lesions differ in their biochemistry from artificially transplanted ectopic tissue.^[33] This is likely because the cells that give rise to endometriosis are a side population of cells.^[19] Similarly, there are changes in for example the mesothelium of the peritoneum in women with endometriosis, such as loss of tight junctions, but it is unknown if these are causes or effects of the disorder.^[32]

In rare cases where imperforate hymen does not resolve itself prior to the first menstrual cycle and goes undetected, blood and endometrium are trapped within the uterus of the woman until such time as the problem is resolved by surgical incision. Many health care practitioners never encounter this defect, and due to the flu-like symptoms it is often misdiagnosed or overlooked until multiple menstrual cycles have passed. By the time a correct diagnosis has been made, endometrium and other fluids have filled the uterus and fallopian tubes with results similar to retrograde menstruation resulting in endometriosis. The initial stage of endometriosis may vary based on the time elapsed between onset and surgical procedure.^{[citation needed]}

The theory of retrograde menstruation as a cause of endometriosis was first proposed by John A. Sampson.

Other theories

Environment; Environmental toxins (e.g.; dioxin, nickel) may cause endometriosis.^[34]
Müllerianosis: A theory supported by foetal autopsy is that cells with the potential to become endometrial, which are laid down in tracts during embryonic development called the female reproductive (Mullerian) tract as it migrates downward at 8–10 weeks of embryonic life, could become dislocated from the migrating uterus and act like seeds or stem cells.^[35]
Coelomic metaplasia: Coelomic cells which are the common ancestor of endometrial and peritoneal cells may undergo metaplasia (transformation) from one type of cell to the other, perhaps triggered by inflammation.^[36]
Vasculogenesis: Up to 37% of the microvascular endothelium of ectopic endometrial tissue originates from endothelial progenitor cells, which result in de novo formation of microvessels by the process of vasculogenesis rather than the conventional process of angiogenesis.^[37]^{[clarification needed]}
Neural growth: An increased expression of new nerve fibres is found in endometriosis, but does not fully explain the formation of ectopic endometrial tissue, and is not definitely correlated with the amount of perceived pain.^[38]^{[clarification needed]}
Autoimmune: Graves disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by hyperthyroidism, goiter, ophthalmopathy, and dermopathy. Women with endometriosis had higher rates of Graves disease. One of these potential links between Graves disease and endometriosis is autoimmunity.^[39]^[40]

Localization

possible locations of endometriosis

Most endometriosis is found on these structures in the pelvic cavity:^[41]

Ovaries (the most common site)
Fallopian tubes
The back of the uterus and the posterior cul-de-sac
The front of the uterus and the anterior cul-de-sac
Uterine ligaments such as the broad or round ligament of the uterus
Pelvic and back wall
Intestines, most commonly the rectosigmoid
Urinary bladder and ureters

Rectovaginal or bowel endometriosis affects approximately 5-12% of women with endometriosis, and can cause severe pain with bowel movements.^[42]

Endometriosis may spread to the cervix and vagina or to sites of a surgical abdominal incision, known as "scar endometriosis."^[43] Risk factors for scar endometriosis include previous abdominal surgeries, such as a hysterotomy or cesarean section, or ectopic pregnancies, salpingostomy puerperal sterilization, laparoscopy, amniocentesis, appendectomy, episiotomy, vaginal hysterectomies, and hernia repair.^[44]^[45]^[46]

Endometriosis may also present with skin lesions in cutaneous endometriosis.

Less commonly lesions can be found on the diaphragm. Diaphragmatic endometriosis is rare, almost always on the right hemidiaphragm, and may inflict cyclic pain of the right shoulder just before and during a menstrual period. Rarely, endometriosis can be extraperitoneal and is found in the lungs and CNS.^[47]

Diagnosis

Transvaginal ultrasonography showing a 67 x 40 mm endometrioma as distinguished from other types of ovarian cysts by a somewhat grainy and not completely anechoic content.

A health history and a physical examination can lead the health care practitioner to suspect endometriosis. Although doctors can often feel the endometrial growths during a pelvic exam, and these symptoms may be signs of endometriosis, diagnosis cannot be confirmed by exam only. Use of pelvic ultrasound may identify large endometriotic cysts (called endometriomas). However, smaller endometriosis implants cannot be visualized with ultrasound technique.^{[citation needed]}

Laparoscopy

Laparoscopic image of endometriotic lesions in the Pouch of Douglas and on the right sacrouterine ligament.

Laparoscopy, a surgical procedure where a camera is used to look inside the abdominal cavity, is the only way to officially diagnose endometriosis as it permits lesion visualization, unless the lesion is visible externally, e.g. an endometriotic nodule in the vagina. If the growths are not visible, a biopsy may be taken to determine the diagnosis.^[48] Surgery for diagnoses also allows for surgical treatment of endometriosis at the same time.

To the eye, lesions can appear dark blue, powder-burn black, red, white, yellow, brown or non-pigmented. Lesions vary in size. Some within the pelvis walls may not be visible, as normal-appearing peritoneum of infertile women reveals endometriosis on biopsy in 6–13% of cases.^[49] Early endometriosis typically occurs on the surfaces of organs in the pelvic and intra-abdominal areas. Health care providers may call areas of endometriosis by different names, such as implants, lesions, or nodules. Larger lesions may be seen within the ovaries as endometriomas or "chocolate cysts", "chocolate" because they contain a thick brownish fluid, mostly old blood.^{[citation needed]}

Frequently during diagnostic laparoscopy, no lesions are found in women with chronic pelvic pain, a symptom common to other disorders including adenomyosis, pelvic adhesions, pelvic inflammatory disease, congenital anomalies of the reproductive tract, and ovarian or tubal masses.^[50]

Staging

Surgically, endometriosis can be staged I–IV by the revised classification of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine from 1997.^[51] The process is a complex point system that assesses lesions and adhesions in the pelvic organs, but it is important to note staging assesses physical disease only, not the level of pain or infertility. A person with Stage I endometriosis may have little disease and severe pain, while a person with Stage IV endometriosis may have severe disease and no pain or vice versa. In principle the various stages show these findings:^{[citation needed]}

Stage I (Minimal): Findings restricted to only superficial lesions and possibly a few filmy adhesions
Stage II (Mild): In addition, some deep lesions are present in the cul-de-sac
Stage III (Moderate): As above, plus presence of endometriomas on the ovary and more adhesions.
Stage IV (Severe): As above, plus large endometriomas, extensive adhesions.

Markers

An area of research is the search for endometriosis markers.^[52]

A systematic review in 2010 of essentially all proposed biomarkers for endometriosis in serum, plasma and urine came to the conclusion that none of them have been clearly shown to be of clinical use, although some appear to be promising.^[52] Another review in 2011 identified several putative biomarkers upon biopsy, including findings of small sensory nerve fibers or defectively expressed β3 integrin subunit.^[53]

The one biomarker that has been used in clinical practice over the last 20 years is CA-125.^[52] However, its performance in diagnosing endometriosis is low, even though it shows some promise in detecting more severe disease.^[52] CA-125 levels appear to fall during endometriosis treatment, but has not shown a correlation with disease response.^[52]

It has been postulated a future diagnostic tool for endometriosis will consist of a panel of several specific and sensitive biomarkers, including both substance concentrations and genetic predisposition.^[52]

Histopathology

Endometriosis, abdominal wall

Micrograph showing endometriosis (right) and ovarian stroma (left). H&E stain.

Micrograph of the wall of an endometrioma. All features of endometriosis are present (endometrial glands, endometrial stroma and hemosiderin-laden macrophages). H&E stain.

Typical endometriotic lesions show histopathologic features similar to endometrium, namely endometrial stroma, endometrial epithelium, and glands that respond to hormonal stimuli. Older lesions may display no glands but hemosiderin deposits (see photomicrograph on right) as residual.^{[citation needed]}

Immunohistochemistry has been found to be useful in diagnosing endometriosis as stromal cells have a peculiar surface antigen, CD10, thus allowing the pathologist go straight to a staining area and hence confirm the presence of stromal cells and sometimes glandular tissue is thus identified that was missed on routine H&E staining.^[54]^{[better source needed]}

Pain quantification

The most common pain scale for quantification of endometriosis-related pain is the visual analogue scale (VAS); VAS and numerical rating scale (NRS) were the best adapted pain scales for pain measurement in endometriosis. For research purposes, and for more detailed pain measurement in clinical practice, VAS or NRS for each type of typical pain related to endometriosis (dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia and non-menstrual chronic pelvic pain), combined with the clinical global impression (CGI) and a quality of life scale, are used.^[55]

Prevention

Limited evidence indicates that the use of combined oral contraceptives is associated with a reduced risk of endometriosis.^[5]

Management

While there is no cure for endometriosis, there are two types of interventions; treatment of pain and treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility.^[56] In many women menopause (natural or surgical) will abate the process.^[57] In women in the reproductive years, endometriosis is merely managed: the goal is to provide pain relief, to restrict progression of the process, and to restore or preserve fertility where needed. In younger women with unfulfilled reproductive potential, surgical treatment attempts to remove endometrial tissue and preserve the ovaries without damaging normal tissue.^[58]

In general, the diagnosis of endometriosis is confirmed during surgery, at which time ablative steps can be taken. Further steps depend on circumstances: a woman without infertility can be managed with hormonal medication that suppress the natural cycle and pain medication, while an infertile woman may be treated expectantly after surgery, with fertility medication, or with IVF. As to the surgical procedure, ablation (or fulguration) of endometriosis (burning and vaporizing the lesions with an electric device) has shown high rate of short-term recurrence after the procedure. The best surgical procedure with much less rate of short-term recurrence is to excise (cut and remove) the lesions completely.^{[medical citation needed]}

Surgery

Conservative treatment consists of the excision of the endometrium, adhesions, resection of endometriomas, and restoration of normal pelvic anatomy as much as is possible.^[59] Endometrioma on the ovary of any significant size (Approx. 2 cm +) -sometimes misdiagnosed as ovarian cysts- must be removed surgically because hormonal treatment alone will not remove the full endometrioma cyst, which can progress to acute pain from the rupturing of the cyst and internal bleeding.^{[medical citation needed]} Laparoscopy, besides being used for diagnosis, can also be used to perform surgery. It's considered a "minimally invasive" surgery because the surgeon makes very small openings (incisions) at (or around) the belly button and lower portion of the belly. A thin telescope-like instrument (the laparoscope) is placed into one incision, which allows the doctor to look for endometriosis using a small camera attached to the laparoscope. Small instruments are inserted through the incisions to remove the endometriosis tissue and adhesions. Because the incisions are very small, there will only be small scars on the skin after the procedure, and all endometriosis can be removed, and women recover from surgery quicker and have a lower risk of adhesions.^[60]

55% to 100% of women develop adhesions following pelvic surgery,^[61] which can result in infertility, chronic abdominal and pelvic pain, and difficult reoperative surgery. Trehan's temporary ovarian suspension, a technique in which the ovaries are suspended for a week after surgery may be used to reduce the incidence of adhesions after endometriosis surgery.^[62]^[63]

Conservative treatment involves excision of endometriosis while preserving the ovaries and uterus, very important for women wishing to conceive, but may increase the risk of recurrence.^[64]

Endometriosis recurrence following conservative surgery is estimated as 21.5% at 2 years and 40-50% at 5 years.^[65]

A hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) can be used to treat endometriosis in women who do not wish to conceive. However, this should only be done when combined with removal of the endometriosis by excision, as if endometriosis is not also removed at the time of hysterectomy, pain may persist.^[66]

For women with extreme pain, a presacral neurectomy may be very rarely performed where the nerves to the uterus are cut. However, this technique is almost never used due to the high incidence of associated complications including presacral haematoma and irreversible problems with urination and constipation.^[66]

Hormones

Progesterone or Progestins: Progesterone counteracts estrogen and inhibits the growth of the endometrium.^[67] Such therapy can reduce or eliminate menstruation in a controlled and reversible fashion. Progestins are chemical variants of natural progesterone. An example of a Progestin is Dienogest (Visanne).
Avoiding products with xenoestrogens, which have a similar effect to naturally produced estrogen and can increase growth of the endometrium.^{[medical citation needed]}
Hormone contraception therapy: Oral contraceptives reduce the menstrual pain associated with endometriosis.^{[unreliable medical source?]}^[68] They may function by reducing or eliminating menstrual flow and providing estrogen support. Typically, it is a long-term approach.
Danazol (Danocrine) and gestrinone are suppressive steroids with some androgenic activity.^[58] Both agents inhibit the growth of endometriosis but their use remains limited as they may cause hirsutism and voice changes.^{[medical citation needed]}
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists: These drugs are thought to work by decreasing hormone levels.^[69] A 2010 Cochrane review found that GnRH agonists were more effective for pain relief in endometriosis than no treatment or placebo, but were no more effective than danazol or intrauterine progestagen, and had more side effects than danazol.^[69]
Aromatase inhibitors are medications that block the formation of estrogen and have become of interest for researchers who are treating endometriosis.^[70]

Other medication

NSAIDs: Anti-inflammatory. They are commonly used in conjunction with other therapy. For more severe cases narcotic prescription drugs may be used. NSAID injections can be helpful for severe pain or if stomach pain prevents oral NSAID use.
Opioids: Morphine sulphate tablets and other opioid painkillers work by mimicking the action of naturally occurring pain-reducing chemicals called "endorphins". There are different long acting and short acting medications that can be used alone or in combination to provide appropriate pain control.
Following laparoscopic surgery women who were given Chinese herbs were reported to have comparable benefits to women with conventional drug treatments, though the journal article that reviewed this study also noted that "the two trials included in this review are of poor methodological quality so these findings must be interpreted cautiously. Better quality randomised controlled trials are needed to investigate a possible role for CHM [Chinese Herbal Medicine] in the treatment of endometriosis."^[71]
Pentoxifylline, an immunomodulating agent, has been theorized to improve pain as well as improve pregnancy rates in women with endometriosis. A 2012 Cochrane review, however, found that there was not enough evidence to support the effectiveness or safety of either of these uses.^[72] Current American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines do not include immune-modulators, such as pentoxifylline, in standard treatment protocols.^[73]
Angiogenesis inhibitors lack clinical evidence of efficacy in endometriosis therapy.^[74] Under experimental in vitro and in vivo conditions, compounds that have been shown to exert inhibitory effects on endometriotic lesions include growth factor inhibitors, endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors, fumagillin analogues, statins, cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, phytochemical compounds, immunomodulators, dopamine agonists, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, progestins, danazol and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists.^[74] However, many of these agents are associated with undesirable side effects and more research is necessary. An ideal therapy would diminish inflammation and underlying symptoms without being contraceptive.^[75]^[76]

The overall effectiveness of manual physical therapy to treat endometriosis has not yet been identified.^[77] There is no evidence to support nutritional therapy as effective.

Comparison of interventions

Medicinal and surgical interventions produce roughly equivalent pain-relief benefits. Recurrence of pain was found to be 44 and 53 percent with medicinal and surgical interventions, respectively.^[20] Each approach has advantages and disadvantages.^[36] Manual therapy showed a decrease in pain for 84 percent of study participants, and a 93 percent improvement in sexual function.^{[unreliable medical source?]}^[78]

Evidence on how effective medication is for relieving pain associated with endometriosis is limited.^[56]

The advantages of surgery are demonstrated efficacy for pain control,^[79] it is more effective for infertility than medicinal intervention,^[58] it provides a definitive diagnosis,^[58] and surgery can often be performed as a minimally invasive (laparoscopic) procedure to reduce morbidity and minimize the risk of post-operative adhesions.^[80] Efforts to develop effective strategies to reduce or prevent adhesions have been undertaken, but their formation remain a frequent side effect of abdominal surgery.^[61]

The advantages of physical therapy techniques are decreased cost, absence of major side-effects, it does not interfere with fertility, and near-universal increase of sexual function.^[78] Disadvantages are that there are no large or long-term studies of its use for treating pain or infertility related to endometriosis.^[78]

Treatment of infertility

Surgery is more effective than medicinal intervention for addressing infertility associated with endometriosis.^[58] Surgery attempts to remove endometrial tissue and preserve the ovaries without damaging normal tissue.^[58] In-vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures are effective in improving fertility in many women with endometriosis.^{[medical citation needed]}

Prognosis

Proper counseling of women with endometriosis requires attention to several aspects of the disorder. Of primary importance is the initial operative staging of the disease to obtain adequate information on which to base future decisions about therapy. The woman's symptoms and desire for childbearing dictate appropriate therapy. Not all therapy works for all women. Some women have recurrences after surgery or pseudo-menopause. In most cases, treatment will give women significant relief from pelvic pain and assist them in achieving pregnancy.^[81]

The underlying process that causes endometriosis may not cease after surgical or medical intervention. Studies have shown that endometriosis recurs at a rate of 20 to 40 percent within five years following conservative surgery,^{[unreliable medical source?]}^[82] unless hysterectomy is performed or menopause reached. Monitoring of women consists of periodic clinical examinations and sonography.

Vaginal childbirth decreases recurrence of endometriosis. In contrast, endometriosis recurrence rates have been shown to be higher in women who have not given birth vaginally, such as in cesarean section.^{[unreliable medical source?]}^[83]

Complications

Complications of endometriosis include internal scarring, adhesions, pelvic cysts, chocolate cyst of ovaries, ruptured cysts, and bowel and ureteral obstruction resulting from pelvic adhesions.^[84] Endometriosis-associated infertility can be related to scar formation and anatomical distortions due to the endometriosis.^{[medical citation needed]}

Ovarian endometriosis may complicate pregnancy by decidualization,^{[clarification needed]} abscess and/or rupture.^[85]

Pleural implantations are associated with recurrent right pneumothoraces at times of a menstrual period, termed catamenial pneumothorax.^[86]

Epidemiology

Endometriosis can affect any female, from premenarche to postmenopause, regardless of race or ethnicity or whether or not they have had children. It is primarily a disease of the reproductive years.^[87] The number of women affected is between 6–10%.^[2] It is more common in women with infertility and chronic pelvic pain (35–50%).^[2]

Incidences of endometriosis have occurred in postmenopausal women,^[88] and in less common cases, girls may have endometriosis symptoms before they even reach menarche.^[89]^[90]

History

Endometriosis was first discovered microscopically by Karl von Rokitansky in 1860,^[91] although it was documented in medical texts more than 4,000 years ago.^[92] The Hippocratic Corpus outlines symptoms similar to endometriosis, including uterine ulcers, adhesions, and infertility.^[92] Historically, women with these symptoms were treated with leeches, straitjackets, bloodletting, chemical douches, genital mutilation, pregnancy (as a form of treatment), hanging upside down, surgical intervention, and even killing due to suspicion of demonic possession.^[92] Hippocratic doctors recognized and treated chronic pelvic pain as a true organic disorder 2,500 years ago, but during the Middle Ages, there was a shift into believing that women with pelvic pain were mad, immoral, imagining the pain, or simply misbehaving.^[92] The symptoms of inexplicable chronic pelvic pain were often attributed to imagined madness, female weakness, promiscuity, or hysteria.^[92] The historical diagnosis of hysteria, which was thought to be a psychological disease, may have indeed been endometriosis.^[92] The idea that chronic pelvic pain was related to mental illness influenced modern attitudes regarding women with endometriosis, leading to delays in correct diagnosis and indifference to the patients' true pain during the 20th century.^[92]

Hippocratic doctors believed that delaying childbearing could trigger diseases of the uterus, which caused endometriosis-like symptoms. Women with dysmenorrhea were encouraged to marry and have children at a young age.^[92] The fact that Hippocratics were recommending changes in marriage practices due to an endometriosis-like illness implies that this disease was likely common, with rates higher than the 5-15% prevalence that is often cited today.^[92] If indeed this disorder was so common historically, this may point away from modern theories that suggest links between endometriosis and dioxins, PCBs, and chemicals.^[92]

Society and culture

As recently as 1995, reports found that over 50% of women with chronic pelvic pain had no organic cause, with women still often being considered mentally unstable.^[93] Self-help groups say practitioners delay making the diagnosis, often because they don't consider it a possibility. In the US, as of 2007, about 27% of women with endometriosis had had the symptoms for at least six years before it is diagnosed.^{[dated info]}^[94]

The economic effects associated with endometriosis are substantial and are similar to that of other chronic diseases such as Crohn's disease, diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis.^[95] This economic burden is attributed mostly to the inability to consistently work and predicted by decreased quality of life.^[95]

References

^ "Endometriosis: Overview". http://www.nichd.nih.gov. 2013-06-24. Retrieved 4 March 2015. External link in |website= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Bulletti C, Coccia ME, Battistoni S, Borini A (August 2010). "Endometriosis and infertility". J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 27 (8): 441–7. doi:10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1. PMC 2941592. PMID 20574791.
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External links

Endometriosis at DMOZ
Endometriosis fact sheet from womenshealth.gov

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 子宮内膜症の治療の概要 overview of the treatment of endometriosis
2. 子宮内膜症の病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis of endometriosis
3. ダグラス窩深部または腸管子宮内膜症 rectovaginal or bowel endometriosis
4. 尿路子宮内膜症 urinary tract endometriosis
5. 胸郭子宮内膜症 thoracic endometriosis

English Journal

Prototype of Multiplex Bead Assay for Quantification of Three Serum Biomarkers for In Vitro Diagnosis of Endometriosis.

Signorile PG1, Baldi A1.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2016 Dec;231(12):2622-7. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25410. Epub 2016 May 16.
Endometriosis is a very common disease, affecting 10% of women in the reproductive age. To date, a significant delay between onset of the symptoms and definitive diagnosis is caused by the lack of a reliable non-invasive diagnostic test. Recently, the potential value as diagnostic markers for endome
PMID 27137486

Cytotoxicity assessment of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on synthesized biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca alloys.

Fazel Anvari-Yazdi A1, Tahermanesh K2, Hadavi SM3, Talaei-Khozani T4, Razmkhah M5, Abed SM6, Mohtasebi MS5.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016 Dec 1;69:584-97. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.016. Epub 2016 Jul 7.
Magnesium (Mg)-based alloys have been extensively considered as biodegradable implant materials for orthopedic surgery. Mg and its alloys are metallic biomaterials that can degrade in the body and promote new bone formation. In this study, the corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys a
PMID 27612751

Decreased Progesterone Receptor B/A Ratio in Endometrial Cells by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Peritoneal Fluid from Patients with Endometriosis.

Chae U1, Min JY1, Kim SH2, Ihm HJ1, Oh YS1, Park SY1, Chae HD1, Kim CH1, Kang BM1.
Yonsei medical journal.Yonsei Med J.2016 Nov;57(6):1468-74. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.6.1468.
PURPOSE: Progesterone resistance is thought to be a major factor that contributes to progression of endometriosis. However, it is not clear what causes progesterone resistance in endometriosis. This study aimed to assess whether cytokines or peritoneal fluid can affect progesterone receptor (PR) exp
PMID 27593876

Japanese Journal

IS-89 The feasibility of single-port access laparoscopic complete excision for deep infiltrating endometriosis(Group10 Reproduction4,International Session)

Yim Ga Won,Paek Jiheum,Lee San Hui,Lee Maria,Nam Eun Ji,Kim Young Tae,Kim Sang Wun
日本産科婦人科學會雜誌 63(2), 943, 2011-02-01
NAID 110008510242

IS-88 Expression of CD44 in endometrial cells and correlation with adherence to peritoneal mesothelial cells from women with and without endometriosis(Group10 Reproduction4,International Session)

Koo Yun Hee,Jeon Han Na,Yeom Jung In,Hong Ji Eun,Oh Min Jung,Choi Ook Hwan,Na Yong Jin
日本産科婦人科學會雜誌 63(2), 942, 2011-02-01
NAID 110008510241

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「子宮内膜症」「metr」「endometrioma」「endometriotic」
拡張検索	「endometriosis interna」「endometriosis heteropica」「ovarian endometriosis cyst」

「子宮内膜症」

Endometriosis
	Endometriosis as seen during laparoscopic surgery
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Gynecology
ICD-10	N80
ICD-9-CM	617.0
OMIM	131200
DiseasesDB	4269
MedlinePlus	000915
eMedicine	med/3419 ped/677 emerg/165
Patient UK	Endometriosis
MeSH	D004715
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

endo metr
英: endometriosis
同: 異所性子宮内膜症, heterotopic endometriosis, endometriosis heteropica、骨盤内子宮内膜症, pelvic endometriosis、エンドメトリオーシス
関: 子宮腺筋症

概念

子宮内膜組織(子宮内膜様組織)が異所性に存在するもの。

病型

1. 内性子宮内膜症 endometriosis interna = 子宮腺筋症：子宮筋層内に存在
2. 外性子宮内膜症 endometriosis externa

卵巣子宮内膜症

卵巣チョコレート嚢胞

骨盤子宮内膜症

疫学

婦人科で、新規外来患者の5%、開腹手術の5-15%程度、。腹腔鏡施行令では、不妊症の30%、原因不明の不妊症の50%、月経困難症の50%、腹痛・腰痛などの15%。 (NGY.195)
好発年齢

子宮腺筋症：30代後半-40代
骨盤子宮内膜症：20代後半-30代

病態

子宮内膜あるいはその類似組織が月経周期に一致して増殖・崩壊を繰り返す。
好発部位は子宮体部、卵巣、骨盤腹膜(ダグラス窩)、卵管、仙骨子宮靭帯、直腸など

症状

骨盤子宮内膜症：疼痛、不妊

疼痛：月経困難症、下腹部痛、腰痛、性交時痛、排便時痛。重症例では不妊を伴う。

性交時痛、排便時痛：Douglas窩周辺の病変がひどくなると癒着してDouglas窩が閉鎖するため、月経痛以外にも性交痛や排便痛を生じる。
症状の特徴は、以前より明らかに強くなっている痛みと不妊である。

(子宮腺筋症の場合は)月経困難症、性器出血、月経過多を伴う(NGY.195)

診断

臨床的子宮内膜症

1. 問診：(月経困難症、性交痛、不妊、腰痛
2. 内診、直腸診：可動性不良(癒着性子宮後屈)、ダグラス窩の圧痛や硬結
3. 画像診断：超音波断層撮影、MRI
4. 血液検査：CA125

確定診断

直接観察：腹腔鏡検査・手術　→　組織診断

治療

(妊娠希望)保存的手術、生殖補助医療技術 ART

(挙児希望)ホルモン療法　＋　保存的手術

(挙児希望しないor進行例)子宮全摘　＋　両側付属器摘出

内科的治療

ホルモン療法

偽妊娠療法(例えばピル)
偽閉経療法(ダナゾール療法)
プロゲスチン療法(黄体ホルモン製剤。ex. ジエノゲスト)
GnRHアゴニスト：スプレキュア療法(酢酸ブセリン)

外科的治療

保存的手術：嚢胞開放切開・嚢胞壁焼灼、嚢胞摘出・病巣摘出、癒着剥離
根治手術：子宮摘出、両側卵巣摘出

症例

33歳女性。不妊と昨年よりも増強する月経痛のため来院した。最近では夫婦生活の時に痛みを感じるようになった。内診では、子宮は鶏卵大だが可動性はやや不良で、Douglas窩に圧痛を認めた。血中CA125は上昇していた。

「metr」

　　[★]

comb form

「子宮」「髄」「核」

ex.

endometriosis 子宮内膜症

「endometrioma」

　　[★]

子宮内膜腫

関: adenomyosis、endometriosis

「endometriotic」

　　[★]

adj.

子宮内膜症の

関: endometriosis

「endometriosis interna」

　　[★] 子宮腺筋症。内性子宮内膜症

「endometriosis heteropica」

　　[★] 異所子宮内膜増殖症

「ovarian endometriosis cyst」

　　[★] 卵巣子宮内膜症嚢胞

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[Endoburden-95] Simoens S, Dunselman G, Dirksen C, et al. (14 March 2012). "The burden of endometriosis: costs and quality of life of women with endometriosis and treated in referral centres". Human Reproduction 27 (5): 1292–1299. doi:10.1093/humrep/des073.

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endometriosis