WordNet

a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains (同)basophile
staining readily with basic dyes

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/12 20:30:15」(JST)

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"Basophil" redirects here. For the cells of the anterior pituitary, see anterior pituitary basophil.

3D Rendering of a Basophil Granulocyte

Basophil granulocytes, mostly referred to as basophils, are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating white blood cells^{[citation needed]}.

Basophils contain large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope when stained. However, when unstained, the nucleus is visible and it usually has two lobes. The mast cell, another granulocyte, is similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated. However, they arise from different cell lines, and mast cells dont usually circulate in the blood stream, but instead are located in connective tissue. Like all circulating granulocytes, basophils can be recruited out of the blood into a tissue when needed.

The name comes from the fact that these leukocytes are basophilic, i.e., they are susceptible to staining by basic dyes, as shown in the picture.

Function

Reference ranges for blood tests of white blood cells, comparing basophil granulocyte amount (shown in violet) with other cells.

Basophils appear in many specific kinds of inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms. Basophils contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues. They can be found in unusually high numbers at sites of ectoparasite infection, e.g., ticks. Like eosinophils, basophils play a role in both parasitic infections and allergies.^[1] They are found in tissues where allergic reactions are occurring and probably contribute to the severity of these reactions. Basophils have protein receptors on their cell surface that bind IgE, an immunoglobulin involved in macroparasite defense and allergy. It is the bound IgE antibody that confers a selective response of these cells to environmental substances, for example, pollen proteins or helminth antigens. Recent studies in mice suggest that basophils may also regulate the behavior of T cells and mediate the magnitude of the secondary immune response.^[2]

Immunophenotyping of basophils

Basophils of mice and humans have consistent immunophenotypes, including FcεRI⁺, CD123, CD49b(DX-5)⁺, CD69⁺, Thy-1.2⁺, 2B4⁺, CD11b^dull, CD117(c-kit)^–, CD24^–, CD19^–, CD80^–, CD14^–, CD23^–, Ly49c^–, CD122^–, CD11c^–, Gr-1^–, NK1.1^–, B220^–, CD3^–, γδTCR^–, αβTCR^–, α₄ and β₄-integrin negative.^[3]

Recently, Heneberg ^[4] proposed that basophils may be defined as the cellular population positive for CD13, CD44, CD54, CD63, CD69, CD107a, CD123, CD164, CD193/ CCR3, CD203c, TLR-4, and FcεRI. When activated, some additional surface markers are known to be upregulated (CD13, CD107a, CD164), or surface-exposed (CD63, and the ectoenzyme CD203c).^[4]

Secretions

Basophils arise and mature in bone marrow. When activated, basophils degranulate to release histamine, proteoglycans (e.g. heparin and chondroitin), and proteolytic enzymes (e.g. elastase and lysophospholipase). They also secrete lipid mediators like leukotrienes, and several cytokines. Histamine and proteoglycans are pre-stored in the cell's granules while the other secreted substances are newly generated. Each of these substances contributes to inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that basophils are an important source of the cytokine, interleukin-4, perhaps more important than T cells. Interleukin-4 is considered one of the critical cytokines in the development of allergies and the production of IgE antibody by the immune system. There are other substances that can activate basophils to secrete which suggests that these cells have other roles in inflammation.^[5]

The degranulation of basophils can be investigated in vitro by using flow cytometry and the so-called basophil-activation-test (BAT). Especially, in the diagnosis of allergies including of drug reactions (e.g. induced by contrast medium), the BAT of is great impact.^[6]

Basopenia (a low basophil count) is difficult to demonstrate as the normal basophil count is so low; it has been reported in association with autoimmune urticaria^[7] (a chronic itching condition). Basophilia is also uncommon but may be seen in some forms of leukaemia or lymphoma.

References

^ Voehringer D. 2009. Trends in Parasitology.
^ Nakanishi, Kenji (December 2010). "Basophils as APC in Th2 response in allergic inflammation and parasite infection". Current Opinion in Immunology 22 (6): 814–820. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2010.10.018.
^ Schroeder JT (2009). "Basophils beyond effector cells of allergic inflammation." Adv Immunol 101:123-161, PMID 19231594, doi:10.1016/S0065-2776(08)01004-3.
^ ^a ^b Heneberg, Petr (2011). "Mast cells and basophils: trojan horses of conventional lin- stem/progenitor cell isolates". Current Pharmaceutical Design 17 (34): 3753–3771. PMID 22103846. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ Janeway CA, Jr. et al. (2001). Immunobiology. (electronic full text via NCBI Bookshelf) (5th ed.). Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8153-3642-X.
^ Böhm I et al. Pilot study on basophil activation induced by contrast medium. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011;25:267 - 276
^ Grattan CE, Dawn G, Gibbs S, Francis DM (Mar 2003). "Blood basophil numbers in chronic ordinary urticaria and healthy controls: diurnal variation, influence of loratadine and prednisolone and relationship to disease activity". Clin Exp Allergy 33 (3): 337–41. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01589.x. PMID 12614448.

Additional images

Blood cell lineage
Alternate stain of a basophil

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to basophils.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 末梢血塗抹標本の評価 evaluation of the peripheral blood smear
2. アレルギーのin vitro検査の概要 overview of in vitro allergy tests
3. IgEとアレルギー疾患の関係 the relationship between ige and allergic disease
4. 慢性蕁麻疹：臨床症状、診断、病因および自然経過 chronic urticaria clinical manifestations diagnosis pathogenesis and natural history
5. アレルギー疾患の皮下免疫療法：治療メカニズム subcutaneous immunotherapy for allergic disease therapeutic mechanisms

English Journal

Non-genomic inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on activated peripheral blood basophils through suppression of lipid raft formation.

Yamagata S, Tomita K, Sano H, Itoh Y, Fukai Y, Okimoto N, Watatani N, Inbe S, Miyajima H, Tsukamoto K, Santoh H, Ichihashi H, Sano A, Sato R, Tohda Y.SourceDepartment of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
Clinical and experimental immunology.Clin Exp Immunol.2012 Oct;170(1):86-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04636.x.
We investigated the non-genomic effects of glucocorticoids (GCs) on inhibition of plasma membrane lipid raft formation in activated human basophils. Human basophils obtained from house dust mite (HDM)-sensitive volunteers were pretreated with hydrocortisone (CORT) or dexamethasone (Dex) for 30 min
PMID 22943204

Review: Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of rat basophilic leukemia cells.

Rashid A, Sadroddiny E, Ye HT, Vratimos A, Sabban S, Carey E, Helm B.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, Abid Majeed Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2012 Oct;52(3-4):224-8. Epub 2012 Jun 27.
The research into understanding of the immunological processes is often difficult due to several factors complicating the isolation and culturing of primary degranulating cells like mast cells and basophils. The establishment of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cell line as an efficient and reliable ex
PMID 22750069

Japanese Journal

加水分解コムギ含有石鹸の使用後に発症した小麦依存性運動誘発アナフィラキシーとその経過について

平郡真記子,石井香,平郡隆明,信藤肇,三原祥嗣,松尾裕彰,秀道広
アレルギー 60(12), 1630-1640, 2011-12-30
【背景・目的】近年本邦では加水分解コムギ含有石鹸の使用後に小麦依存性運動誘発アナフィラキシーを発症したとする症例(HWP-WDEIA)の報告が相次いでいる.そこで,加水分解コムギ含有石鹸の発症への関与について調査しその後の経過についても検討した.【方法】2010年1月〜2011年6月に当院を受診しWDEIAと診断した患者を対象とし,問診,プリックテスト,血液検査およびその後の臨床症状の経過を調査し …
NAID 110008897700

4型セマフォリンによる好塩基球制御 (特集マスト細胞・好塩基球の活性化と制御)

中川幸延,高松漂太,熊ノ郷淳
臨床免疫・アレルギー科 56(6), 654-659, 2011-12
NAID 40019145166

Related Pictures

Basophils - 2. Opinions on Basophil granulocyte Basophil. Causes, symptoms, treatment Basophil Quia - formed elements Basophil with washed out granules PHASS 1 Study Guide (2012-13 1) - Instructor 1 at Arcadia University - StudyBlue

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「造血幹細胞」「好塩基球」「塩基好性」「basophilic」「好塩基性球」
拡張検索	「tissue basophil」

「造血幹細胞」

Basophil granulocyte
	; Basophil granulocyte
	; Basophil
Code	TH H2.00.04.1.02022

　　[★]

英: hematopoietic stem cell, HSC
関: 幹細胞

細胞表面マーカー

CD34
c-kit

分化

			血液中	組織
造血幹細胞 hematopoietic stem cell	リンパ球幹細胞 lymphoid stem cell	T細胞 T cell
		B細胞 B cell
		NK細胞 natuarl killer cell
	骨髄球幹細胞 myeloid stem cell	granulocyte/macrophage progenitor	好中球 neutrophil
			好酸球 eosinophil
			好塩基球 basophil
			unknown precursor of mast cell	肥満細胞 mast cell
			単球	マクロファージ macrophage
		赤芽球 erythroblast	赤血球 erythrocyte
		巨核球 megakaryocyte	血小板 platelet

「好塩基球」

　　[★]

英: basophil (Z), basophils
同: 好塩基性顆粒球 basophilic granulocyte
関: 顆粒球、白血球

組織学

好塩基性色素(メチレンブルー(紫))に染まる顆粒を有する
ヒスタミンなどのケミカルメディエーターを含む
好塩基性色素(酸性の成分を染める)で染まるのは、ヘパリン or コンドロイチン硫酸を含むため？(いずれも硫酸基を含む)　← basophilic and metachromaticの理由
FcεRIを有する