WordNet

grow out of, have roots in, originate in; "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war"
stop the flow of a liquid; "staunch the blood flow"; "stem the tide" (同)stanch, staunch, halt
remove the stem from; "for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed"
the tube of a tobacco pipe
cause to point inward; "stem your skis"
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
resembling lymph or lymphatic tissues

PrepTutorEJDIC

(草の)『茎』,(木の)『幹』 / 葉柄,花梗(かこう) / 『茎状のもの』;(杯・グラスの)『脚』,(パイプ・さじの)柄,(時計の)りゅうず / (単語の)語幹,語根 / 船首;船首材 / …‘の'茎(軸)を取り去る,へたをとる / (…から)生じる,(…に)由来する《+『from』+『名』(do『ing』)》
〈流れなど〉‘を'止める / 〈風・水流など〉‘に'逆らって進む,抵抗する / 〈攻撃・反対など〉‘を'くい止める,押さえる
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
リンパ状(液)の

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1. 造血および幹細胞の機能の概要 overview of hematopoiesis and stem cell function
2. 幹細胞の概要 overview of stem cells
3. 造血幹細胞の分布 sources of hematopoietic stem cells
4. 同種造血細胞移植後の免疫再構築のための戦略 strategies for immune reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
5. 古典型ホジキンリンパ腫における造血細胞移植 hematopoietic cell transplantation in classical hodgkin lymphoma

English Journal

Interleukin-33/ST2 axis promotes breast cancer growth and metastases by facilitating intratumoral accumulation of immunosuppressive and innate lymphoid cells.

Jovanovic IP, Pejnovic NN, Radosavljevic GD, Pantic JM, Milovanovic MZ, Arsenijevic NN, Lukic ML.Author information Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.AbstractThe role of IL-33/ST2 pathway in antitumor immunity is unclear. Using 4T1 breast cancer model we demonstrate time-dependent increase of endogenous IL-33 at both the mRNA and protein levels in primary tumors and metastatic lungs during cancer progression. Administration of IL-33 accelerated tumor growth and development of lung and liver metastases, which was associated with increased intratumoral accumulation of CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) TGF-β1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that expressed IL-13α1R, IL-13-producing Lin(-) Sca-1(+) ST2(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) ST2(+) IL-10(+) Tregs compared to untreated mice. Higher incidence of monocytic vs. granulocytic MDSCs and plasmocytoid vs. conventional dendritic cells (DCs) was present in mammary tumors of IL-33-treated mice. Intratumoral NKp46(+) NKG2D(+) and NKp46(+) FasL(+) cells were markedly reduced after IL-33 treatment, while phosphate-buffered saline-treated ST2-deficient mice had increased frequencies of these tumoricidal natural killer (NK) cells compared to untreated wild-type mice. IL-33 promoted intratumoral cell proliferation and neovascularization, which was attenuated in the absence of ST2. Tumor-bearing mice given IL-33 had increased percentages of splenic MDSCs, Lin(-) Sca-1(+) ILCs, IL-10-expressing CD11c(+) DCs and alternatively activated M2 macrophages and higher circulating levels of IL-10 and IL-13. A significantly reduced NK cell, but not CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxicity in IL-33-treated mice was observed and the mammary tumor progression was not affected when CD8(+) T cells were in vivo depleted. We show a previously unrecognized role for IL-33 in promoting breast cancer progression through increased intratumoral accumulation of immunosuppressive cells and by diminishing innate antitumor immunity. Therefore, IL-33 may be considered as an important mediator in the regulation of breast cancer progression.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Apr 1;134(7):1669-82. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28481. Epub 2013 Oct 10.
The role of IL-33/ST2 pathway in antitumor immunity is unclear. Using 4T1 breast cancer model we demonstrate time-dependent increase of endogenous IL-33 at both the mRNA and protein levels in primary tumors and metastatic lungs during cancer progression. Administration of IL-33 accelerated tumor gro
PMID 24105680

Leukaemogenesis induced by an activating β-catenin mutation in osteoblasts.

Kode A1, Manavalan JS1, Mosialou I1, Bhagat G2, Rathinam CV3, Luo N1, Khiabanian H4, Lee A4, Murty VV5, Friedman R6, Brum A7, Park D8, Galili N9, Mukherjee S10, Teruya-Feldstein J8, Raza A9, Rabadan R4, Berman E11, Kousteni S12.Author information 1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.2Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.3Department of Genetics and Development College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.4Department of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.5Department of Pathology & Institute for Cancer Genetics Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.6Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.71] Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.8Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.9Myelodysplastic Syndromes Center, Columbia University New York, New York 10032, USA.10Departments of Medicine Hematology & Oncology Columbia University New York, New York 10032, USA.11Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.121] Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.AbstractCells of the osteoblast lineage affect the homing and the number of long-term repopulating haematopoietic stem cells, haematopoietic stem cell mobilization and lineage determination and B cell lymphopoiesis. Osteoblasts were recently implicated in pre-leukaemic conditions in mice. However, a single genetic change in osteoblasts that can induce leukaemogenesis has not been shown. Here we show that an activating mutation of β-catenin in mouse osteoblasts alters the differentiation potential of myeloid and lymphoid progenitors leading to development of acute myeloid leukaemia with common chromosomal aberrations and cell autonomous progression. Activated β-catenin stimulates expression of the Notch ligand jagged 1 in osteoblasts. Subsequent activation of Notch signalling in haematopoietic stem cell progenitors induces the malignant changes. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Notch signalling ameliorates acute myeloid leukaemia and demonstrates the pathogenic role of the Notch pathway. In 38% of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukaemia, increased β-catenin signalling and nuclear accumulation was identified in osteoblasts and these patients showed increased Notch signalling in haematopoietic cells. These findings demonstrate that genetic alterations in osteoblasts can induce acute myeloid leukaemia, identify molecular signals leading to this transformation and suggest a potential novel pharmacotherapeutic approach to acute myeloid leukaemia.
Nature.Nature.2014 Jan 15. doi: 10.1038/nature12883. [Epub ahead of print]
Cells of the osteoblast lineage affect the homing and the number of long-term repopulating haematopoietic stem cells, haematopoietic stem cell mobilization and lineage determination and B cell lymphopoiesis. Osteoblasts were recently implicated in pre-leukaemic conditions in mice. However, a single
PMID 24429522

Human mesenchymal stromal cells from adult and neonatal sources: A comparative in vitro analysis of their immunosuppressive properties against T cells.

Castro-Manrreza M, Mayani H, Monroy-Garcia A, Flores-Figueroa E, Chávez-Rueda K, Legorreta-Haquet V, Santiago-Osorio E, Montesinos JJ.Author information Mesenchymal Stem Cells Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center, IMSS, D.F., Mexico ; elmar_ca@yahoo.com.mx.AbstractBone marrow (BM) Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) have immunosuppressive properties and have been used in cell therapies as immune regulators for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. We have previously characterized several biological properties of MSCs from placenta (PL) and umbilical cord blood (UCB), and compared them to those of BM -the gold standard. In the present study, we have compared MSCs from BM, UCB and PL in terms of their immunosuppressive properties against lymphoid cell populations enriched for CD3+ T cells. Our results confirm the immunosuppressive potential of BM-MSCs, and demonstrate that MSCs from UCB and, to a lesser extent PL, also have immunosuppressive potential. In contrast to PL-MSCs, BM-MSCs and UCB-MSCs significantly inhibited the proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ activated T cells in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner. Such a reduced proliferation in cell co-cultures correlated with upregulation of PD-L1 on MSCs and CTLA-4 on T cells, as well as increased production of IFNγ, IL-10 and PGE2. Importantly, and in contrast to PL-MSCs, both BM-MSCs and UCB-MSCs favored the generation of T-cell subsets displaying a regulatory phenotype CD4+CD25+CTLA-4+. Our results indicate that, besides BM-MSCs, UCB-MSCs might be a potent and reliable candidate for future therapeutic applications.
Stem cells and development.Stem Cells Dev.2014 Jan 15. [Epub ahead of print]
Bone marrow (BM) Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) have immunosuppressive properties and have been used in cell therapies as immune regulators for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. We have previously characterized several biological properties of MSCs from placenta (PL) and umbilical cord b
PMID 24428376

Japanese Journal

Isolation and characterization of hematopoietic stem cells in teleost fish

Developmental and Comparative Immunology 58, 86-94, 2016-05-01
NAID 120005771110

造血器腫瘍―近年の急性白血病の現状―

医学検査 65(2), 125-140, 2016
NAID 130005151822

Acute Undifferentiated Leukemia or Minimally Differentiated Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Further Emphasis on Molecular Analysis in Leukemia Diagnosis

順天堂醫事雑誌 62(1), 37-41, 2016
NAID 130005151650

「造血幹細胞」

　　[★]

英: hematopoietic stem cell, HSC
関: 幹細胞

細胞表面マーカー

CD34
c-kit

分化

			血液中	組織
造血幹細胞 hematopoietic stem cell	リンパ球幹細胞 lymphoid stem cell	T細胞 T cell
		B細胞 B cell
		NK細胞 natuarl killer cell
	骨髄球幹細胞 myeloid stem cell	granulocyte/macrophage progenitor	好中球 neutrophil
			好酸球 eosinophil
			好塩基球 basophil
			unknown precursor of mast cell	肥満細胞 mast cell
			単球	マクロファージ macrophage
		赤芽球 erythroblast	赤血球 erythrocyte
		巨核球 megakaryocyte	血小板 platelet