WordNet

to stress, single out as important; "Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet" (同)emphasize, emphasise, punctuate, accent, accentuate
special emphasis attached to something; "the stress was more on accuracy than on speed" (同)focus
difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension; "she endured the stresses and strains of life"; "he presided over the economy during the period of the greatest stress and danger"- R.J.Samuelson (同)strain
(physics) force that produces strain on a physical body; "the intensity of stress is expressed in units of force divided by units of area"
the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch); "he put the stress on the wrong syllable" (同)emphasis, accent
put stress on; utter with an accent; "In Farsi, you accent the last syllable of each word" (同)accent, accentuate
of critical importance and consequence; "an acute (or critical) lack of research funds"
having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions; "an acute observer of politics and politicians"; "incisive comments"; "icy knifelike reasoning"; "as sharp and incisive as the stroke of a fang"; "penetrating insight"; "frequent penetrative observations" (同)discriminating, incisive, keen, knifelike, penetrating, penetrative, piercing, sharp
extremely sharp or intense; "acute pain"; "felt acute annoyance"; "intense itching and burning" (同)intense
having or experiencing a rapid onset and short but severe course; "acute appendicitis"; "the acute phase of the illness"; "acute patients"
of an angle; less than 90 degrees
bring disorder to (同)disarray
a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
a disturbance of the peace or of public order
suffering severe physical strain or distress; "he dropped out of the race, clearly distressed and having difficulty breathing" (同)distressed
bearing a stress or accent; "an iambic foot consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable as in `delay" (同)accented
not arranged in order (同)unordered

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉(精神的・感情的な)『緊張』,ストレス / 〈U〉(…に対する)『強調』,力説《+on+名》 / 〈C〉〈U〉『強勢』,アクセント / 〈U〉(一般に)『圧迫』,圧力 / …‘を'『強調する』,力説する / 〈音節・語〉‘に'強勢(アクセント)を置く / 《まれ》（に）圧力をかける
(先の)『鋭い』,とがった / (痛み・感情などが)『激しい』,強い / (知力・感覚などが)『鋭い』,鋭敏な / (事態が)重大な / (病気が)急性の / (音が)高い,鋭い / 鋭角の
〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/18 04:05:36」(JST)

wiki en

Acute stress reaction (also called acute stress disorder, psychological shock, mental shock, or simply shock) is a psychological condition arising in response to a terrifying or traumatic event. It should not be confused with the unrelated circulatory condition of shock, or the concept of shock value.

"Acute stress response" was first described by Walter Cannon in the 1920s as a theory that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. The response was later recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.

Signs and symptoms

Common symptoms that sufferers of acute stress disorder experience are: numbing; emotional detachment; muteness; derealization; depersonalization; psychogenic amnesia; continued re-experiencing of the event via thoughts, dreams, and flashbacks; and avoidance of any stimulation that reminds them of the event. During this time, they must have symptoms of anxiety, and significant impairment in at least one essential area of functioning. Symptoms last for a minimum of 2 days, and a maximum of 4 weeks, and occur within 4 weeks of the event..

Causes

Acute stress disorder (abbreviated ASD) is the result of a traumatic event in which the person experiences or witnesses an event that causes the victim/witness to experience extreme, disturbing, or unexpected fear, stress, or pain, and that involves or threatens serious injury, perceived serious injury, or death to themselves or someone else. A study of rescue personnel after exposure to a traumatic event showed no gender difference in acute stress reaction. ^[1] Acute stress reaction is a variation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

The onset of a stress response is associated with specific physiological actions in the sympathetic nervous system, both directly and indirectly through the release of adrenaline and to a lesser extent noradrenaline from the medulla of the adrenal glands. These catecholamine hormones facilitate immediate physical reactions by triggering increases in heart rate and breathing, constricting blood vessels. An abundance of catecholamines at neuroreceptor sites facilitates reliance on spontaneous or intuitive behaviors often related to combat or escape.

Normally, when a person is in a serene, unstimulated state, the "firing" of neurons in the locus ceruleus is minimal. A novel stimulus, once perceived, is relayed from the sensory cortex of the brain through the thalamus to the brain stem. That route of signaling increases the rate of noradrenergic activity in the locus ceruleus, and the person becomes alert and attentive to the environment.

If a stimulus is perceived as a threat, a more intense and prolonged discharge of the locus ceruleus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (Thase & Howland, 1995). The activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to the release of norepinephrine from nerve endings acting on the heart, blood vessels, respiratory centers, and other sites. The ensuing physiological changes constitute a major part of the acute stress response. The other major player in the acute stress response is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Diagnosis

There must be a clear temporal connection between the impact of an exceptional stressor and the onset of symptoms; onset is usually within a few minutes or days but may occur up to one month after the stressor. In addition, the symptoms show a mixed and usually changing picture; in addition to the initial state of "daze," depression, anxiety, anger, despair, overactivity, and withdrawal may all be seen, but no one type of symptom predominates for long; the symptoms usually resolve rapidly in those cases where removal from the stressful environment is possible; in cases where the stress continues or cannot by its nature be reversed, the symptoms usually begin to diminish after 24–48 hours and are usually minimal after about 3 days.^[2]

If symptoms last for more than a month, then the patient might be instead diagnosed with PTSD.

Treatment

This disorder may resolve itself with time or may develop into a more severe disorder such as PTSD. However, results of Creamer, O'Donnell, and Pattison's (2004) study of 363 patients suggests that a diagnoses of acute stress disorder had only limited predictive validity for PTSD. Creamer et al. did find that re-experiences of the traumatic event and arousal were better predictors of PTSD.^[3] Medication can be used for a short duration (up to four weeks).^{[citation needed]}

Studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of counselling and psychotherapy for people with ASD. Cognitive behavioral therapy which included exposure and cognitive restructuring was found to be effective in preventing PTSD in patients diagnosed with ASD with clinically significant results at 6 months follow-up. A combination of relaxation, cognitive restructuring, imaginal exposure, and in vivo exposure was superior to supportive counseling.^[4] Mindfulness based stress reduction programs also appear to be effective for stress management.^[5]

References

^ Ben-Ezra M., Essar N., Saar R. "Gender Differences and Acute Stress Reactions Among Rescue Personnel 36 to 48 Hours After Exposure to Traumatic Event". (2006) Traumatology, 12 (2) , pp. 139-142.
^ Acute Stress Disorder
^ Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M.L., and Pattison, P. (2004). Acute stress disorder is of limited benefit in predicting post-traumatic stress disorder in people surviving traumatic injury. Behavior Research and Therapy, 42, 315-328
^ Lambert, M.J., (Ed.). (2004). Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavioral Change. New York: Wiley
^ Sharma M, Rush SE (Jul 2014). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a stress management intervention for healthy individuals: a systematic review". J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 19 (4): 271–86. doi:10.1177/2156587214543143.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. Acute stress disorder in adults: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, and diagnosis
2. Treatment of acute stress disorder in adults
3. 成人における心的外傷後ストレス障害：疫学、病態生理、臨床症状、経過、および診断 posttraumatic stress disorder in adults epidemiology pathophysiology clinical manifestations course and diagnosis
4. 成人における心的外傷後ストレス障害の心理療法 psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in adults
5. Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents

English Journal

Association of acute coronary syndrome-induced posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with self-reported sleep.

Shaffer JA, Kronish IM, Burg M, Clemow L, Edmondson D.SourceCenter for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH9-318, New York, NY, 10032, USA, js3742@columbia.edu.
Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.Ann Behav Med.2013 Dec;46(3):349-57. doi: 10.1007/s12160-013-9512-8.
BACKGROUND: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are associated with recurrent ACS events and mortality. Poor sleep may be a mechanism, but the association between PTSD and sleep after ACS is unknown.PURPOSE: This study aims to estimate the association
PMID 23720185

Redox homeostasis is compromised in vivo by the metabolites accumulating in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency in rat cerebral cortex and liver.

da Rosa MS, Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Fernandes CG, Gasparotto J, Moreira JC, Gelain DP, Wajner M, Leipnitz G.SourceDepartamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brazil.
Free radical research.Free Radic Res.2013 Dec;47(12):1066-75. doi: 10.3109/10715762.2013.853876. Epub 2013 Nov 4.
Abstract 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficiency is a disorder biochemically characterized by the predominant accumulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate (HMG), 3-methylglutarate (MGA), 3-methylglutaconate and 3-hydroxyisovalerate in tissues and biological fluids of the affected patient
PMID 24127998

Arsenic trioxide alleviates airway hyperresponsiveness and promotes apoptosis of CD4+ T lymphocytes: evidence for involvement of the ER stress-CHOP pathway.

Li K, Zhang L, Xiang X, Gong S, Ma L, Xu L, Wang G, Liu Y, Ji X, Liu S, Chen P, Zeng H, Li J.SourceDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
Irish journal of medical science.Ir J Med Sci.2013 Dec;182(4):573-83. doi: 10.1007/s11845-013-0928-8. Epub 2013 Mar 14.
BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is an ancient Chinese medicine, which is used to treat psoriasis, asthma, and acute promyelocytic leukemia.AIM: We wanted to research the effect of arsenic trioxide on asthma.METHODS: Using a murine model of
PMID 23494705

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「急性ストレス障害」「acute traumatic stress disorder」
関連記事	「disorder」「stress」「acute」

「急性ストレス障害」

Acute stress reaction
Classification and external resources
Specialty	psychiatry
ICD-10	F43.0
ICD-9-CM	308
MeSH	D040701

　　[★]

英: acute stress disorder
同: 急性ストレス反応 acute stress reaction(ICD)
関: [[]]

精神系 090424 IV

	急性ストレス反応	外傷後ストレス障害	適応障害
ストレス強度	大	大	小
個体要因	小	小	大
発現時間	1hr以内	遅発性（数W～数M)	1M以内
症状	幻覚、抑うつ、不安、激怒、絶望、葛藤、引きこもり	再体験、回避、精神麻痺、過覚醒	抑うつ、不安、行為障害
経過	48hr以内に沈静化	慢性、動揺性の経過 1Y後に50%が回復	1M以内、遅くとも5M以内

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3
急性ストレス障害（きゅうせいストレスしょうがい、Acute Stress Disorder - ASD）とは、心的外傷後ストレス障害（PTSD）と似たような症状を起こすが、主に生死に関わるような要因でトラウマ（心的外傷）を経験した後、これによる神経症の症状が数時間、数日から4週間以内に自然治癒する一過性の障害を指す。疾病及び関連保健問題の国際統計分類における名称は、急性ストレス反応とされている。この反応についての最初の記述は、ウォルター・B・キャノンが1923年の著書『外傷性ショック』（Traumatic Shock）の中で、様々なストレスに対するアドレナリンの緊急反応について論じたものである。
症状が4週間以上続く場合、PTSDを考慮する。