WordNet

a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds)
the 8th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)h

PrepTutorEJDIC

hydrogenの化学記号
鉛筆の硬度 / 《俗》heroin

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/03 20:34:18」(JST)

企業名などの略称

ヒューレット・パッカード (Hewlett-Packard) - パソコン等電子機器製作・販売企業。同社のロゴでは、小文字で「hp」と表記される。
アメリカウエスト航空 (America West Airlines) のIATA航空会社コード。

科学・技術

ヒートポンプ (heat pump)。
ヘルムホルツ面 (helmholz plain) - 電気二重層におけるイオンの最近接面のこと。
冬眠特異的タンパク質(hibernation-specific protein)。三菱化学生命科学研究所主任研究員の近藤宣昭らにより発見された^[1]。脳で冬眠を制御するホルモンと考えられている。
ホームページ (homepage) - ウェブブラウザを起動した時や、多くのブラウザに存在するホームボタンを押した時に表示されるウェブページのこと。
馬力 (horse power)。記号㏋。
ヒューム管（hume pipe） - 遠心力鉄筋コンクリート管渠材
ヒュームの原理 (Hume's Principle)
双曲放物線面 (hyperbolic paraboloid) - 建築におけるHPシェルなど。

メディア

ホットペッパー (フリーペーパー) (Hot Pepper) - リクルートが発行するフリーペーパー。
NHK高松放送局ラジオ第1放送、総合テレビ、FM放送(JOHP / JOHP-DTV / JOHP-FM)

娯楽

ハリー・ポッターシリーズ (Harry Potter) - 魔法使いの少年を主人公とした小説シリーズ。また、その主人公。
ハロー!プロジェクト (Hello! Project) - つんく♂プロデュースの女性アイドル集団。
ヒットポイント (hit point) または ヘルスポイント (health point) - ゲームにおけるキャラクターの生命力。

スポーツ

ハーフパイプ (halfpipe) - スノーボード、スケートボード、インラインスケートなどの競技で用いられる人工設備。
ホールドポイント (Hold Points) - 野球で、ホールド数と救援勝利数を足したもの。

その他

ホームパーティー (Home Party) - ニフティが会員向けに提供していたパーソナル掲示板サービス。
病院 (hospital)の英文略語。
ハンドフォン（Hand Phone）- 韓国において携帯電話の略称に使われる。コングリッシュの一種。
ハイパワー(Hi-Power) - ベルギー製の拳銃。

脚注

[ヘルプ]

^ 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.017 Cell 125, 161-172, 2006. DOI

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wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Coordinates: 37°24′49″N 122°08′42″W / 37.413579°N 122.14508°W / 37.413579; -122.14508

Hewlett-Packard Company or HP (styled as 【hp】) is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. It provides hardware, software and services to consumers, small- and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises, including customers in the government, health and education sectors.

The company was founded in a one-car garage in Palo Alto by William "Bill" Redington Hewlett and David "Dave" Packard starting with a line of electronic test equipment. HP is the world's leading PC manufacturer and has been since 2007, fending off a challenge by Chinese manufacturer Lenovo, according to Gartner Inc.^[2] It specializes in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. Major product lines include personal computing devices, enterprise and industry standard servers, related storage devices, networking products, software and a diverse range of printers and other imaging products. HP markets its products to households, small- to medium-sized businesses and enterprises directly as well as via online distribution, consumer-electronics and office-supply retailers, software partners and major technology vendors. HP also has services and consulting business around its products and partner products. In 2014 it was the world's second-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales after Lenovo.^[3]

Hewlett-Packard company events have included the spin-off of its electronic and bio-analytical measurement instruments part of its business as Agilent Technologies in 1999, its merger with Compaq in 2002, the sponsor of Mission: Space in 2003, and the acquisition of EDS in 2008, which led to combined revenues of $118.4 billion in 2008 and a Fortune 500 ranking of 9 in 2009. In November 2009, HP announced the acquisition of 3Com,^[4] with the deal closing on April 12, 2010.^[5] On April 28, 2010, HP announced the buyout of Palm, Inc. for $1.2 billion.^[6] On September 2, 2010, HP won its bidding war for 3PAR with a $33 a share offer ($2.07 billion), which Dell declined to match.^[7]

On October 6, 2014, Hewlett-Packard announced plans to split the PC and printers business from its enterprise products and services business. The split is expected to close by October 2015 and will result in two publicly traded companies: Hewlett-Packard Enterprise and HP, Inc.^[8]

Tech giant Hewlett-Packard Monday said it will acquire Wi-Fi solutions provider Aruba Networks for an equity value of USD 3 billion to boost its networking business.The move gives the US-based computer and enterprise solutions firm a stronger foothold in the over USD 18 billion campus networking solutions market.The transaction is expected to close in the second half of HP's fiscal year 2015. The firm's fiscal year runs from November 1 to October 31.The company in a statement today said it will acquire Aruba for USD 24.67 per share in cash."Equity value of the transaction is approximately USD 3 billion and net of cash and debt approximately USD 2.7 billion. Both companies' boards of directors have approved the deal," it added.Founded in 2002, California-based Aruba is in wireless networking solutions with around 1,800 employees. The company had revenues of USD 729 million in fiscal 2014 and has reported compounded annual growth revenue of 30 percent over the last five years.^[9]

1 History
- 1.1 Founding
- 1.2 Early years
- 1.3 1960s
- 1.4 1970s
- 1.5 1980s
- 1.6 1990s
- 1.7 2000s
- 1.8 2010s
2 Facilities
3 Products and organizational structure
4 Culture
5 Corporate social responsibility
6 Brand
7 HP DISCOVER customer event
8 Controversies
- 8.1 Restatement
- 8.2 Spying scandal
- 8.3 Hardware
- 8.4 Lawsuit against Oracle
- 8.5 Takeover of Autonomy
- 8.6 Bribery
- 8.7 Divestment from HP regarding involvement in Israeli occupation and blockade of Palestinian territories
9 Notable people
10 See also
11 References
12 External links

History

Founding

The garage in Palo Alto where Hewlett and Packard began their company

Bill Hewlett ^[10] and Dave Packard graduated with degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1935. The company originated in a garage in nearby Palo Alto during a fellowship they had with a past professor, Frederick Terman at Stanford during the Great Depression. Terman was considered a mentor to them in forming Hewlett-Packard.^[11] In 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard (HP) in Packard's garage with an initial capital investment of US$538.^[12] Hewlett and Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett.^[13] HP incorporated on August 18, 1947, and went public on November 6, 1957.

Of the many projects they worked on, their very first financially successful product was a precision audio oscillator, the Model HP200A. Their innovation was the use of a small incandescent light bulb (known as a "pilot light") as a temperature dependent resistor in a critical portion of the circuit, the negative feedback loop which stabilized the amplitude of the output sinusoidal waveform. This allowed them to sell the Model 200A for $54.40 when competitors were selling less stable oscillators for over $200. The Model 200 series of generators continued until at least 1972 as the 200AB, still tube-based but improved in design through the years.

One of the company's earliest customers was Walt Disney Productions which bought eight Model 200B oscillators (at $71.50 each) for use in certifying the Fantasound surround sound systems installed in theaters for the movie Fantasia.

Early years

1954 Hewlett-Packard logo

They worked on counter-radar technology and artillery shell fuses during World War II, which allowed Packard (but not Hewlett) to be exempt from the draft.^[14]

1960s

HP is recognized as the symbolic founder of Silicon Valley, although it did not actively investigate semiconductor devices until a few years after the "traitorous eight" had abandoned William Shockley to create Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957. Hewlett-Packard's HP Associates division, established around 1960, developed semiconductor devices primarily for internal use. Instruments and calculators were some of the products using these devices.

HP partnered in the 1960s with Sony and the Yokogawa Electric companies in Japan to develop several high-quality products. The products were not a huge success, as there were high costs in building HP-looking products in Japan. HP and Yokogawa formed a joint venture (Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard) in 1963 to market HP products in Japan.^[15] HP bought Yokogawa Electric's share of Hewlett-Packard Japan in 1999.^[16]

HP spun off a small company, Dynac, to specialize in digital equipment. The name was picked so that the HP logo "hp" could be turned upside down to be a reverse reflect image of the logo "dy" of the new company. Eventually Dynac changed to Dymec, then was folded back into HP in 1959.^[17] HP experimented with using Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) minicomputers with its instruments, but after deciding that it would be easier to build another small design team than deal with DEC, HP entered the computer market in 1966 with the HP 2100 / HP 1000 series of minicomputers. These had a simple accumulator-based design, with registers arranged somewhat similarly to the Intel x86 architecture still used today. The series was produced for 20 years, in spite of several attempts to replace it, and was a forerunner of the HP 9800 and HP 250 series of desktop and business computers.

1970s

Hewlett-Packard logo, mid-1970s

The HP 3000 was an advanced stack-based design for a business computing server, later redesigned with RISC technology. The HP 2640 series of smart and intelligent terminals introduced forms-based interfaces to ASCII terminals, and also introduced screen labeled function keys, now commonly used on gas pumps and bank ATMs. The HP 2640 series included one of the first bit mapped graphics displays that when combined with the HP 2100 21MX F-Series microcoded Scientific Instruction Set^[18] enabled the first commercial WYSIWYG Presentation Program, BRUNO that later became the program HP-Draw on the HP 3000. Although scoffed at in the formative days of computing, HP would eventually surpass even IBM as the world's largest technology vendor, in terms of sales.^[19]

"The new Hewlett-Packard 9100A personal computer is ready, willing, and able ... to relieve you of waiting to get on the big computer."

Although Programma 101 was the first commercial "desktop computer", HP is identified by Wired magazine as the producer of the world's first device to be called a personal computer, the Hewlett-Packard 9100A, introduced in 1968.^[20] HP called it a desktop calculator, because, as Bill Hewlett said, "If we had called it a computer, it would have been rejected by our customers' computer gurus because it didn't look like an IBM. We therefore decided to call it a calculator, and all such nonsense disappeared." An engineering triumph at the time, the logic circuit was produced without any integrated circuits; the assembly of the CPU having been entirely executed in discrete components. With CRT display, magnetic-card storage, and printer, the price was around $5,000. The machine's keyboard was a cross between that of a scientific calculator and an adding machine. There was no alphabetic keyboard.

Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple, originally designed the Apple I computer while working at HP and offered it to them under their right of first refusal to his work, but they did not take it up as the company wanted to stay in scientific, business, and industrial markets.^{[citation needed]}

The company earned global respect for a variety of products. They introduced the world's first handheld scientific electronic calculator in 1972 (the HP-35), the first handheld programmable in 1974 (the HP-65), the first alphanumeric, programmable, expandable in 1979 (the HP-41C), and the first symbolic and graphing calculator, the HP-28C. Like their scientific and business calculators, their oscilloscopes, logic analyzers, and other measurement instruments have a reputation for sturdiness and usability (the latter products are now part of spin-off Agilent's product line). The company's design philosophy in this period was summarized as "design for the guy at the next bench".^{[citation needed]}

The 98x5 series of technical desktop computers started in 1975 with the 9815, and the cheaper 80 series, again of technical computers, started in 1979 with the 85.^[21] These machines used a version of the BASIC programming language which was available immediately after they were switched on, and used a proprietary magnetic tape for storage. HP computers were similar in capabilities to the much later IBM Personal Computer, although the limitations of available technology forced prices to be high.^{[citation needed]}

1980s

In 1984, HP introduced both inkjet and laser printers for the desktop. Along with its scanner product line, these have later been developed into successful multifunction products, the most significant being single-unit printer/scanner/copier/fax machines. The print mechanisms in HP's tremendously popular LaserJet line of laser printers depend almost entirely on Canon's components (print engines), which in turn use technology developed by Xerox. HP develops the hardware, firmware, and software that convert data into dots for the mechanism to print.^{[citation needed]} HP transitioned from the HP3000 to the HP9000 series minicomputers with attached storage such as the HP 7935 hard drive holding 404 MiB.

On March 3, 1986, HP registered the HP.com domain name, making it the ninth Internet .com domain ever to be registered.

In 1987, the Palo Alto garage where Hewlett and Packard started their business was designated as a California State historical landmark.

1990s

Hewlett-Packard logo used from 1981 to 2009

In the 1990s, HP expanded their computer product line, which initially had been targeted at university, research, and business users, to reach consumers.

HP also grew through acquisitions, buying Apollo Computer in 1989 and Convex Computer in 1995.

Later in the decade, HP opened hpshopping.com as an independent subsidiary to sell online, direct to consumers; in 2005, the store was renamed "HP Home & Home Office Store."

From 1995 to 1998, Hewlett-Packard were sponsors of the English football team Tottenham Hotspur.

In 1999, all of the businesses not related to computers, storage, and imaging were spun off from HP to form Agilent Technologies. Agilent's spin-off was the largest initial public offering in the history of Silicon Valley.^[22] The spin-off created an $8 billion company with about 30,000 employees, manufacturing scientific instruments, semiconductors, optical networking devices, and electronic test equipment for telecom and wireless R&D and production.

In July 1999, HP appointed Carly Fiorina as CEO, the first female CEO of a company in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Fiorina served as CEO during the technology industry downturn of the early 2000s. During her tenure, the market value of HP halved and the company incurred heavy job losses.^[23] The HP Board of Directors asked Fiorina to step down in 2005, and she resigned on February 9, 2005.

2000s

A sign marking the entrance to the HP corporate headquarters in Palo Alto, California, 2006

Hewlett-Packard Deskjet 3845 printer

HP Presario F700 F767CL

iPAQ h4150 Pocket PC from 2003

iPAQ 112 Pocket PC from 2008

HP stock price since 2000.

On September 3, 2001, HP announced that an agreement had been reached with Compaq to merge the two companies.^[24] In May, 2002, after passing a shareholder vote, HP officially merged with Compaq. Prior to this, plans had been in place to consolidate the companies' product teams and product lines.^[25]

In 1998, Compaq had already taken over Digital Equipment Corporation. HP therefore still offers support for the former Digital Equipment products PDP-11, VAX and AlphaServer.

The merger occurred after a proxy fight with Bill Hewlett's son Walter, who objected to the merger. Compaq itself had bought Tandem Computers in 1997 (which had been started by ex-HP employees), and Digital Equipment Corporation in 1998. Following this strategy, HP became a major player in desktops, laptops, and servers for many different markets. After the merger with Compaq, the new ticker symbol became "HPQ", a combination of the two previous symbols, "HWP" and "CPQ", to show the significance of the alliance and also key letters from the two companies Hewlett-Packard and Compaq (the latter company being famous for its "Q" logo on all of its products.)

In 2004, HP released the DV 1000 Series, including the HP Pavilion dv 1658 and 1040 two years later in May 2006, HP began its campaign, The Computer is Personal Again. The campaign was designed to bring back the fact that the PC is a personal product. The campaign utilized viral marketing, sophisticated visuals, and its own website (www.hp.com/personal). Some of the ads featured Pharrell, Petra Nemcova, Mark Burnett, Mark Cuban, Alicia Keys, Jay-Z, Gwen Stefani, and Shaun White.^{[citation needed]}

On May 13, 2008, HP and Electronic Data Systems (EDS) announced^[26] that they had signed a definitive agreement under which HP would purchase EDS. On June 30, HP announced^[27] that the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 had expired. "The transaction still requires EDS stockholder approval and regulatory clearance from the European Commission and other non-U.S. jurisdictions and is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the other closing conditions specified in the merger agreement." The agreement was finalized on August 26, 2008, and it was publicly announced that EDS would be re-branded "EDS an HP company." As of September 23, 2009, EDS is known as HP Enterprise Services.

On November 11, 2009, 3Com and Hewlett-Packard announced that Hewlett-Packard would be acquiring 3Com for $2.7 billion in cash.^[28] The acquisition is one of the biggest in size among a series of takeovers and acquisitions by technology giants to push their way to become one-stop shops. Since the beginning of the financial crisis in 2007, tech giants have constantly felt the pressure to expand beyond their current market niches. Dell purchased Perot Systems recently to invade into the technology consulting business area previously dominated by IBM. Hewlett-Packard's latest move marked its incursion into enterprise networking gear market dominated by Cisco.

2010s

A Hewlett-Packard Mini 1000 netbook computer, a type of notebook computer

On April 28, 2010, Palm, Inc. and Hewlett-Packard announced that HP would be acquiring Palm for $1.2 billion in cash and debt,^[29] In the months leading up to the buyout, it was rumored that Palm was going to be purchased by either HTC, Dell, RIM or HP. The addition of Palm handsets to the HP product line provided some overlap with the then current iPAQ mobile products but was thought to significantly increase HP's mobile presence as those devices had not been selling well. The addition of Palm brought to HP a library of valuable patents as well as the mobile operating platform known as webOS. On July 1, 2010, the acquisition of Palm was final.^[30] The purchase of Palm, Inc.'s webOS began a big gamble – to build HP's own ecosystem.^[31] On July 1, 2011, HP launched its first tablet named HP TouchPad, bringing webOS to tablet devices. On September 2, 2010, HP won its bidding war for 3PAR with a $33 a share offer ($2.07 billion) which Dell declined to match. Following HP's acquisition of Palm, it would phase out the Compaq brand.

On August 6, 2010, CEO Mark Hurd resigned amid controversy and CFO Cathie Lesjak assumed the role of interim CEO. Hurd had turned HP around and was widely regarded as one of Silicon Valley's star CEOs, but was accused of sexual harassment against a colleague. Although the allegations were deemed baseless, the investigation led to questions concerning between $1000 and $20000 of his private expenses and his lack of disclosure related to the friendship.^[32]^[33] Some observers have argued that Hurd was innocent, but the board asked for his resignation to avoid negative PR.^[34] Public analysis was divided between those who saw it as a commendable tough action by HP in handling expenses irregularities, and those who saw it as an ill-advised, hasty and expensive reaction, in ousting a remarkably capable leader who had turned the business around.^[32]^[33]^[35] Shares of HP dropped by 8.4% in after-hours trading, hitting a 52-week low with $9 billion in market capitalization shaved off.^[36] Larry Ellison publicly attacked HP's board for his ousting.^[37]

On September 30, 2010, Léo Apotheker was named as HP's new CEO and President.^[38] Apotheker's appointment sparked a strong reaction from Oracle chief executive Larry Ellison,^[39] who complained that Apotheker had been in charge of SAP when one of its subsidiaries was systematically stealing software from Oracle. SAP accepted that its subsidiary, which has now closed, illegally accessed Oracle intellectual property.^[40] Following Hurd's departure, HP was seen by the market as problematic, with margins falling and having failed to redirect and establish itself in major new markets such as cloud and mobile services.^{[citation needed]} Apotheker's strategy was broadly to aim at disposing of hardware and moving into the more profitable software services sector. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that it would strategically exit the smartphone and tablet computer business, focusing on higher-margin "strategic priorities of Cloud, solutions and software with an emphasis on enterprise, commercial and government markets"^[41] They also contemplated selling off their personal computer division or spinning it off into a separate company,^[42] quitting the 'PC' business, while continuing to sell servers and other equipment to business customers, was a strategy already undertaken by IBM in 2005.^[43]

HP's stock continued to drop, by about a further 40% (including 25% on one day, 19 August 2011), after the company abruptly announced a number of decisions: to discontinue its webOS device business (mobile phones and tablet computers), the intent to sell its personal computer division (at the time HP was the largest personal computer manufacturer in the world), and to acquire British big data software firm Autonomy for a 79% premium, seen externally as an "absurdly high" price^[44] for a business with known concerns over its accounts.^[45] Media analysts described HP's actions as a "botched strategy shift" and a "chaotic" attempt to rapidly reposition HP and enhance earnings that ultimately cost Apotheker his job.^[44]^[46]^[47] The Autonomy acquisition had been objected to even by HP's own CFO.^[48]^[49]^:3–6

On September 22, 2011, the HP Board of Directors fired Apotheker as chief executive, effective immediately, and replaced him with fellow board member and former eBay chief Meg Whitman,^[50] with Raymond J. Lane as executive chairman. Though Apotheker served barely ten months, he received over $13 million in compensation.^[51] HP lost more than $30 billion in market capitalization during his tenure. Weeks later, HP announced that a review had concluded their PC division was too integrated and critical to business operations, and the company reaffirmed their commitment to the Personal Systems Group.^[52] A year later in November 2012 wrote-down almost $9 billion related to the Autonomy acquisition (see below: Takeover of Autonomy), which became the subject of intense litigation as HP accused Autonomy's previous management of fraudulently exaggerating Autonomy's financial position and called in law enforcement and regulators in both countries, and Autonomy's previous management accused HP of "textbook" obfuscation and finger pointing to protect HP's executives from criticism and conceal HP culpability, their prior knowledge of Autonomy's financial position, and gross mismanagement of Autonomy after acquisition.^[49]^:6

On March 21, 2012, HP said its printing and PC divisions would become one unit headed by Todd Bradley from the PC division. Printing chief Vyomesh Joshi is leaving the company.^[53]

On May 23, 2012, HP announced plans to lay off approximately 27,000 employees, after posting a profit decline of 31% in the second quarter of 2012.^[54] The profit decline is on account of the growing popularity of smart phones, tablets, and other mobile devices, that has slowed the sale of personal computers.^[55]

On May 30, 2012, HP unveiled its first net zero energy data center. HP data center plans to use solar energy and other renewable sources instead of traditional power grids.^[56]

On July 10, 2012, HP's Server Monitoring Software was discovered to have a previously unknown security vulnerability.^[57] A security warning was given to customers about two vulnerabilities, and a patch released.^[58] One month later HP's official site of training center was hacked and defaced by a Pakistani hacker known to as 'Hitcher' to demonstrate a web vulnerability.^[59]

On September 10, 2012, HP revised their restructuring figures; they are now cutting 29,000 jobs. HP had already cut 3,800 jobs – around 7 percent of the revised 29,000 figure – as of July 2012.^[60]

On December 31, 2013, HP revised the amount of jobs cut from 29,000 to 34,000 up to October 2014. The current amount of jobs cut until the end of 2013 was 24,600.^[61]^[62]^[63] At the end of 2013 the company had 317,500 employees. On May 22, 2014 HP announced it would cut a further 11,000 to 16,000 jobs, in addition to the 34,000 announced in 2013. "We are gradually shaping HP into a more nimble, lower-cost, more customer and partner-centric company that can successfully compete across a rapidly changing IT landscape," CEO Meg Whitman said at the time.^[64]

In June 2014, during the HP Discover customer event in Las Vegas, Meg Whitman and Martin Fink announced a project for a radically new computer architecture called The Machine. Based on memristors and silicon photonics, The Machine is supposed to come in commercialization before the end of the decade, meanwhile representing 75% of the research activity in HP Labs.^[65]

On October 6, 2014, Hewlett Packard announced it was planning to break into two separate companies, separating its personal-computer and printer businesses from its technology services. The split, which was first reported by The Wall Street Journal and confirmed by other media, will result in two publicly traded companies: Hewlett-Packard Enterprise and HP, Inc. Meg Whitman will serve as chairman of HP, Inc. and CEO of Hewlett-Packard Enterprise, Patricia Russo will be chairman of the enterprise business, and Dion Weisler will be CEO of HP, Inc. The split is expected to be completed by the end of fiscal year 2015, in October 2015.^[66]^[67]^[68]

On October 29, 2014, Hewlett-Packard announced their new Sprout personal computer.^[69]

Facilities

The research center of Hewlett-Packard in the Paris-Saclay cluster, France.

HP's global operations are directed from its headquarters in Palo Alto, California, USA. Its U.S. operations are directed from its facility in unincorporated Harris County, Texas, near Houston. Its Latin America offices in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida, U.S., near Miami and in Medellín, Colombia. Its Europe offices are in Meyrin, Switzerland, near Geneva, but it has also a research center in the Paris-Saclay cluster, 20 km in the south of Paris, France. Its Asia-Pacific offices are in Singapore.^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[72]^[74]^[75]

It also has large operations in Austin, Texas, Boise, Idaho; Roseville, California; Fort Collins, Colorado; Vancouver, Washington; San Diego; Tulsa, Oklahoma; and Plano, Texas (the former headquarters of EDS, which HP acquired). In the UK, HP is based at a large site in Bracknell, Berkshire with offices in various UK locations, including a landmark office tower in London, 88 Wood Street. Its recent acquisition of 3Com will expand its employee base to Marlborough, Massachusetts.^[76] The company also has a large workforce and numerous offices at Bangalore, India, to address their back end and IT operations. MphasiS, which is headquartered at Bangalore, also enabled HP to increase their footprint in the city as it was a subsidiary of EDS which the company acquired.

Products and organizational structure

HP produces lines of printers, scanners, digital cameras, calculators, PDAs, servers, workstation computers, and computers for home and small-business use; many of the computers came from the 2002 merger with Compaq. HP as of 2001^[update] promotes itself as supplying not just hardware and software, but also a full range of services to design, implement, and support IT infrastructure.

HP's Imaging and Printing Group (IPG) is "the leading imaging and printing systems provider in the world for printer hardware, printing supplies and scanning devices, providing solutions across customer segments from individual consumers to small and medium businesses to large enterprises".^[77] Products and technology associated with IPG include:

Inkjet and LaserJet printers
consumables and related products
Officejet all-in-one multifunction printer/scanner/faxes
Designjet and Scitex Large Format Printers
Indigo Digital Press
HP Web Jetadmin printer management software
HP Output Management suite of software
LightScribe optical recording technology
HP Photosmart digital cameras and photo printers
HP SPaM
Snapfish by HP, a photo sharing and photo products service.

On December 23, 2008, HP released iPrint Photo for iPhone, a free downloadable software application that allows the printing of 4" x 6" photos.^[78]

HP's Personal Systems Group (PSG) claims to be "one of the leading vendors of personal computers ("PCs") in the world based on unit volume shipped and annual revenue."^[77] PSG deals with:

business PCs and accessories
consumer PCs and accessories, (e.g., HP Pavilion, Compaq Presario, VoodooPC)
handheld computing (e.g., iPAQ Pocket PC)
digital "connected" entertainment (e.g., HP MediaSmart TVs, HP MediaSmart Servers, HP MediaVaults, DVD+RW drives)

HP resold the Apple iPod until November 2005.^[77]

HP Enterprise Business (EB) incorporates HP Technology Services, Enterprise Services (an amalgamation of the former EDS, and what was known as HP Services), HP Enterprise Security Services oversees professional services such as network security, information security and information assurance/ compliancy, HP Software Division, and Enterprise Servers, Storage and Networking Group (ESSN). The Enterprise Servers, Storage and Networking Group (ESSN) oversees "back end" products like storage and servers. HP Networking (former ProCurve) is responsible for the NW family of products. They are a business unit of ESSN.

An HP camera with an SDIO interface, designed for use in conjunction with a Pocket PC

HP Software Division is the company's enterprise software unit. For years,^[when?] HP has produced and marketed its brand of enterprise-management software, HP OpenView. From September 2005 HP purchased several software companies as part of a publicized, deliberate strategy to augment its software offerings for large business customers.^[79] HP Software sells several categories of software, including:

business service management software
application lifecycle management software
mobile apps
big data and analytics
service and portfolio management software
automation and orchestration software
enterprise security software
- ArcSight
- Fortify Software
- Atalla
- TippingPoint

HP Software also provides software as a service (SaaS), cloud computing solutions, and software services, including consulting, education, professional services, and support.

HP's Office of Strategy and Technology^[80] has four main functions:

steering the company's $3.6 billion research and development investment
fostering the development of the company's global technical community
leading the company's strategy and corporate development efforts,^[81]
performing worldwide corporate marketing activities

Under the Office of Strategy and Technology comes HP Labs, the research arm of HP. Founded in 1966, HP Labs aims to deliver new technologies and to create business opportunities that go beyond HP's current strategies. Examples of recent HP Labs technology includes the Memory spot chip of 2006. HP IdeaLab further provides a web forum on early-state innovations to encourage open feedback from consumers and the development community.^[82]

HP also offers managed services by which they provide complete IT-support solutions for other companies and organizations. Some examples of these include:

offering "Professional Support" and desktop "Premier Support" for Microsoft in the EMEA marketplace. This is done from the Leixlip campus near Dublin, Sofia and Israel. Support is offered on the line of Microsoft operation systems, Exchange, Sharepoint and some office-applications.^[83]
outsourced services for companies like Bank of Ireland, some UK banks, the U.S. defense forces.

Culture

The founders, known to friends and employees alike as Bill and Dave, developed a unique management style that came to be known as "The HP Way". In Bill's words, the HP Way is "a core ideology ... which includes a deep respect for the individual, a dedication to affordable quality and reliability, a commitment to community responsibility, and a view that the company exists to make technical contributions for the advancement and welfare of humanity."^[84] The following are the tenets of The HP Way:^[85]

We have trust and respect for individuals.

We focus on a high level of achievement and contribution.

We conduct our business with uncompromising integrity.

We achieve our common objectives through teamwork.

We encourage flexibility and innovation.

Corporate social responsibility

In July 2007, the company announced that it had met its target, set in 2004, to recycle one billion pounds of electronics, toner and ink cartridges.^[86] It has set a new goal of recycling a further two billion pounds of hardware by the end of 2010. In 2006, the company recovered 187 million pounds of electronics, 73 percent more than its closest competitor.^[87]

In 2008, HP released its supply chain emissions data — an industry first.^[88]

In September 2009, Newsweek ranked HP No. 1 on its 2009 Green Rankings of America's 500 largest corporations.^[89] According to environmentalleader.com, "Hewlett-Packard earned its number one position due to its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction programs, and was the first major IT company to report GHG emissions associated with its supply chain, according to the ranking. In addition, HP has made an effort to remove toxic substances from its products, though Greenpeace has targeted the company for not doing better."^[90]

HP took the top spot on Corporate Responsibility Magazine 's 100 Best Corporate Citizens List for 2010.^[91] The list is cited by PR Week as one of America's most important business rankings. HP beat out other Russell 1000 Index companies because of its leadership in seven categories including environment, climate changes and corporate philanthropy. In 2009, HP was ranked fifth.^[92]

Fortune magazine named HP one of the World's Most Admired Companies in 2010, placing it No. 2 in the computer industry and No. 32 overall in its list of the top 50. This year in the computer industry HP was ranked No. 1 in social responsibility, long-term investment, global competitiveness, and use of corporate assets.^[93]

In May 2011, HP released a Global Responsibility report covering accomplishments during 2010.^[94] The report, the company's tenth, provides a comprehensive view of HP's global citizenship programs, performance, and goals and describes how HP uses its technology, influence, and expertise to make a positive impact on the world. The company's 2009 report won best corporate responsibility report of the year.^[95] The 2009 reports claims HP decreased its total energy use by 9 percent compared with 2008. HP recovered a total of 118,000 tonnes of electronic products and supplies for recycling in 2009, including 61 million print cartridges.^[96]

In an April 2010 San Francisco Chronicle article, HP was one of 12 companies commended for "designing products to be safe from the start, following the principles of green chemistry." The commendations came from Environment California, an environmental advocacy group, who praised select companies in the Golden State and the Bay Area for their efforts to keep our planet clean and green.^[97]

In May 2010, HP was named one of the World's Most Ethical Companies by Ethisphere Institute. This is the second year in a row HP has made the list. Ethisphere reviewed, researched and analyzed thousands of nominations in more than 100 countries and 35 industries to create the 2010 list. HP was one of only 100 companies to earn the distinction of top winner and was the only computer hardware vendor to be recognized. Ethisphere honors firms that promote ethical business standards and practices by going beyond legal minimums, introducing innovative ideas that benefit the public.^[98]

HP is listed in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics that ranks electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, energy and climate and green products. In November 2011, HP secured the 1st place (out of 15) in this ranking (climbing up 3 places) with an increased score of 5.9 (up from 5.5). It scored most points on the new Sustainable Operations criteria, having the best program for measuring and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases from its suppliers and scoring maximum points for its thorough paper procurement policy.^[99] In the November 2012 report, HP was ranked second, with a score of 5.7.^[100]

HP does especially well for its disclosure of externally verified greenhouse gas emissions and its setting of targets for reducing them.^[101] However, Greenpeace reports that HP risks a penalty point in future editions due to the fact that it is a member of trade associations that have commented against energy efficiency standards.^[99]

HP has earned recognition of its work in the area of data privacy and security.^[102] In 2010 the company ranked No. 4 in the Ponemon Institute's annual study of the most trusted companies for privacy.^[103] Since 2006, HP has worked directly with the U.S. Congress, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and the Department of Commerce to establish a new strategy for federal legislation.^[104] HP played a key role in work toward the December 2010 FTC report "Protecting Consumer Privacy in an Era of Rapid Change."^[105]

After winning nine straight annual "Most Respected Company in China" awards from the Economic Observer and Peking University, HP China has added the "10 Year Contribution" award to its list of accolades. The award aims to identify companies doing business in China with outstanding and sustained performance in business operations, development and corporate social responsibility.^[106]

In its 2012 rankings of consumer electronics companies on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated HP second out of 24 companies, calling it a "Pioneer of progress".^[107]

Brand

A Hewlett-Packard sponsored Porsche 997 GT3 Cup

The company sponsored the HP Pavilion at San Jose (now SAP Center at San Jose), home to the NHL's San Jose Sharks.

According to a BusinessWeek Study, HP was the world's 11th most valuable brand as of 2009.^[108]

HP has many sponsorships. One well known sponsorship is of Walt Disney World's Epcot Park's Mission: SPACE.^[109] From 1995 to 1999, and again from 2013, HP has been the shirt sponsor of ^[110] Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur F.C.^{[citation needed]} From 1997 to 1999 they were sponsors of Australian Football League club North Melbourne Football Club.^{[citation needed]} They also sponsored the BMW Williams Formula 1 team until 2005 (a sponsorship formerly held by Compaq), and as of 2010 sponsor Renault F1.^{[citation needed]} Hewlett-Packard also had the naming rights arrangement for the HP Pavilion at San Jose, home of the San Jose Sharks NHL hockey team until 2013, in which the arena's naming rights were acquired by SAP AG, renaming the arena to the SAP Center at San Jose.^[111]

After the acquisition of Compaq in 2002, HP has maintained the "Compaq Presario" brand on low-end home desktops and laptops, the "HP Compaq" brand on business desktops and laptops, and the "HP ProLiant" brand on Intel-architecture servers. (The "HP Pavilion" brand is used on home entertainment laptops and all home desktops.)^[112]

Tandem's "NonStop" servers are now branded as "HP Integrity NonStop".^[113]

HP DISCOVER customer event

In 2011, HP Enterprise Business, along with participating independent user groups, combined its annual HP Software Universe, HP Technology Forum and HP Technology@Work into a single event, HP DISCOVER.^[114] There are two HP Discover events annually, one for the Americas and one for Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA). HP DISCOVER 2011 Americas took place June 6–10, in Las Vegas at the Venetian/Palazzo.^[115] The company demonstrated the webOS TouchPad, introduced July 1, 2011.^[31]^[116]

The HP DISCOVER 2011 event in EMEA took place in Vienna, Austria, on November 29 through December 1, 2011.^[117]

Controversies

Restatement

In March 2003, HP restated its first-quarter cash flow from operations, reducing it 18 percent because of an accounting error. Actual cash flow from operations was $647 million, not $791 million as reported earlier. HP shifted $144 million to net cash used in investing activities.^[118]

Spying scandal

On September 5, 2006, Shawn Cabalfin and David O'Neil of Newsweek wrote that HP's general counsel, at the behest of chairwoman Patricia Dunn, contracted a team of independent security experts to investigate board members and several journalists in order to identify the source of an information leak.^[119] In turn, those security experts recruited private investigators who used a spying technique known as pretexting.^[120] The pretexting involved investigators impersonating HP board members and nine journalists (including reporters for CNET, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal) in order to obtain their phone records. The information leaked related to HP's long-term strategy and was published as part of a CNET article^[121] in January 2006. Most HP employees accused of criminal acts have since been acquitted.^[122]

Hardware

In November 2007, Hewlett-Packard released a BIOS update covering a wide range of laptops with the intent to speed up the computer fan as well as have it run constantly, whether the computer was on or off.^[123] The reason was to prevent the overheating of defective NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs) that had been shipped to many of the original equipment manufacturers, including Hewlett-Packard, Dell, and Apple.^[124] The defect concerned the new packaging material used by NVIDIA from 2007 onwards in joining the graphics chip onto the motherboard, which did not perform well under thermal cycling and was prone to develop stress cracks – effectively severing the connection between the GPU and the motherboard, leading to a blank screen.^[125] In July 2008, HP issued an extension to the initial one-year warranty to replace the motherboards of selected models.^[126] However this option was not extended to all models with the defective NVIDIA chipsets despite research showing that these computers were also affected by the fault.^[127] Furthermore the replacement of the motherboard was a temporary fix, since the fault was inherent in all units of the affected models from the point of manufacture, including the replacement motherboards offered by HP as a free 'repair'.^[128]^[129] Since this point, several websites have been documenting the issue, most notably www.hplies.com, nvidiasettlement.com at the Wayback Machine (archived October 1, 2010), a forum dedicated to what they refer to as Hewlett-Packard's "multi-million dollar cover up" of the issue, and www.nvidiadefect.com [2], which details the specifics of the fault and offers advice to the owners of affected computers. There have been several small-claims lawsuits filed in several states, as well as suits filed in other countries. Hewlett-Packard also faced a class-action lawsuit in 2009 over its i7 processor computers. The complainants stated that their systems locked up within 30 minutes of powering on, consistently. Even after being replaced with newer i7 systems, the lockups continued.^[130]

Lawsuit against Oracle

On June 15, 2011, HP filed a lawsuit in California Superior Court in Santa Clara, claiming that Oracle Corporation had breached an agreement to support the Itanium microprocessor used in HP's high-end enterprise servers.^[131] On June 15, 2011, HP sent a "formal legal demand" letter to Oracle in an attempt to force the world's No. 3 software maker to reverse its decision to discontinue software development on Intel Itanium microprocessor.^[132]

On August 1, 2012, HP released the following statement after winning the court ruling in Itanium Litigation:

The Court ordered and declared as follows:

In this action for declaratory relief, the Court finds in favor of HP and against Oracle on both the breach of contract and promissory estoppel causes of action brought by HP.
The Settlement and Release Agreement entered into by HP, Oracle and Mark Hurd on September 20, 2010, requires Oracle to continue to offer its product suite on HP's Itanium-based server platforms and does not confer on Oracle the discretion to decide whether to do so or not.
The terms "product suite" means Oracle software products that were offered on HP's Itanium-based servers at the time Oracle signed the September 20, 2010 Settlement and Release Agreement, including any new releases, versions or updates of those products.
Oracle's obligation to continue to offer its products on HP's Itanium-based server platforms lasts until such time as HP discontinues the sales of its Itanium-based servers.
Oracle is required to port its products to HP's Itanium-based servers without charge to HP.

Takeover of Autonomy

In November 2012, HP recorded a writedown of around $8.8 billion related to its acquisition a year earlier of the UK based Autonomy Corporation PLC. HP accused Autonomy of deliberately inflating the value of the company prior to its takeover. The former management team of Autonomy flatly rejected the charge.

Autonomy specialized in analysis of large scale unstructured "big data", and by 2010 also the UK's largest and most successful^[46] software business. It maintained an aggressively entrepreneurial marketing approach, and controls described as a "rod of iron", which was said to include zero tolerance and firing the weakest 5% of its sales force each quarter, while cosetting the best sales staff "like rock stars".^[48]

At the time, HP had fired its previous CEO for expenses irregularities a year ago, and appointed Léo Apotheker as CEO and President. HP was seen as problematic by the market, with margins falling and having failed to redirect and establish itself in major new markets such as cloud and mobile services. Apotheker's strategy was to aim at disposing of hardware and moving into the more profitable software services sector.

As part of this strategy, Autonomy was acquired by HP in October 2011. HP paid $10.3 billion for 87.3% of the shares, valuing Autonomy at around $11.7 billion (£7.4 billion) overall, a premium of around 79% over market price. The deal was widely criticized as "absurdly high", a "botched strategy shift" and a "chaotic" attempt to rapidly reposition HP and enhance earnings,^[44]^[46]^[47] and had been objected to even by HP's own CFO.^[48]^[49]^:3–6 Within a year, Apotheker himself had been fired, major culture clashes became apparent and HP had written off $8.8 billion of Autonomy's value.^[48]

HP claim this resulted from "accounting improprieties, misrepresentations and disclosure failures" by the previous management, who in turn accuse HP of a "textbook example of defensive stalling" ^[49]^:6 to conceal evidence of its own prior knowledge and gross mismanagement and undermining of the company, noting public awareness since 2009 of its financial reporting issues^[49]^:3 and that even HP's CFO disagreed with the price paid.^[48]^[49]^:3–6 External observers generally state that only a small part of the write-off appears to be due to accounting mis-statements, and that HP had overpaid for businesses previously.^[48]^[133]

The Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom), and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission joined the FBI in investigating the potential anomalies. HP incurred much damage with its stock falling to decades' low.^[134]^[135]^[136] Three lawsuits were brought by shareholders against HP, for the fall in value of HP shares. In August 2014 a United States district court judge threw out a proposed settlement, which Autonomy's previous management had argued would be collusive and intended to divert scrutiny of HP's own responsibility and knowledge, by essentially engaging the plaintiff's attorneys from the existing cases and redirecting them against the previous Autonomy vendors and management, for a fee of up to $48 million, with plaintiffs agreeing to end any claims against HP's management and similarly redirect those claims against the previous Autonomy vendors and management.^[137]^[138] In January 2015 the SFO closed its investigation as the likelihood of a successful prosecution was low. ^[139] The dispute is still being litigated in the US, and is being investigated by the UK and Ireland Financial Reporting Council.

Bribery

On April 9, 2014, an administrative proceeding before Securities and Exchange Commission was settled by HP consenting to an order acknowledging that HP had violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) when HP subsidiaries in Russia, Poland, and Mexico made improper payments to government officials to obtain or retain lucrative public contracts.^[140]

The SEC's order finds that HP's subsidiary in Russia paid more than $2 million through agents and various shell companies to a Russian government official to retain a multi-million dollar contract with the federal prosecutor's office. In Poland, HP's subsidiary provided gifts and cash bribes worth more than $600,000 to a Polish government official to obtain contracts with the national police agency. And as part of its bid to win a software sale to Mexico's state-owned petroleum company, HP's subsidiary in Mexico paid more than $1 million in inflated commissions to a consultant with close ties to company officials, and money was funneled to one of those officials. HP agreed to pay $108 million to settle the SEC charges and a parallel criminal case.^[141]^[142]^[143]

Divestment from HP regarding involvement in Israeli occupation and blockade of Palestinian territories

On June 20, 2014, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) voted to divest from Hewlett-Packard and two other American companies, Caterpillar and Motorola Solutions.^[144]^[145]^[146]^[147]

The advisory opinion of the Presbyterian Peace Fellowship, which recommended divestment, cited HP's involvement in assisting Israel in maintaining the occupation of the Palestinian West Bank and human rights abuses of the Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza strip through its hardware and information technology support to the Israeli military and settlements.^[148]

Notable people

Michael Capellas (Compaq CEO/Chairman – HP President)^[149]
Steve Jobs (Apple Inc. founder, CEO until his death in 2011)^[150]
Steve Wozniak ^[151]
Tom Perkins
Matt Shaheen, management consultant executive at HP Enterprise Services in Plano, Texas; Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives
List of HP Chairmen and CEOs

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^ "HP Official Press Kit. June 6, 2011". Hewlett Packard. June 8, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
^ Business Wire: "HP Unveils Premiere Client Event – HP Discover Americas, Nov. 16, 2010
^ "Computing.co.uk. "HP Discover: Sneak look at HP's TouchPad." Dawinderpal Sahota. June 8, 2011". Computing.co.uk. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
^ "Taume.com: "HP Unveils Premier Client Event – HP DISCOVER EMEA." December 2, 2010". News.taume.com. December 2, 2010. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
^ "Hewlett-Packard Restates Cash Flow But Not Earnins". The New York Times. March 13, 2003.
^ David Kaplan. "Suspicions and Spies in Silicon Valley". Newsweek Business. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
^ FAQ: The HP 'pretexting' scandal | ZDNet
^ Kawamoto, Dawn. "HP outlines long-term strategy |CNET News.com". News.com.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
^ Katz, Leslie (March 31, 2007). "Calif. court drops charges against Dunn". News.cnet.com. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
^ "HP Limited Warranty Service Enhancement – HP Customer Care (United States – English)". H10025.www1.hp.com. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
^ "All nvidia g84 and g86s are bad". The Inquirer. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
^ NVIDIA. "NVIDIA 2009 Business Update". NVIDIA. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ "HP Limited Warranty Service Enhancement (Product Numbers Included) – HP Customer Care (United States – English)". H10025.www1.hp.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
^ "www.nvidiadefect.com". http://www.nvidiadefect.com/. Missing or empty |url= (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ "What to Do If You Are Offered a Repair". Nvidia Defect Forum. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
^ Crothers, Brooke. "HP: Nvidia graphics defect an issue since November 2007". CNET. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ "Justia docket information Kent v. Hewlett-Packard Company". Justia. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
^ Jack Clark, ZDNet UK. "HP unleashes lawyers on Oracle over Itanium support." June 16, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^ Poornima Gupta and Dan Levine, Reuters. "UPDATE 2-HP's latest lawsuit heightens rivalry with Oracle." June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^ The mysterious case of Hewlett-Packard's Autonomy deal, Marketwatch, August 19, 2014
^ James Rogers (November 24, 2012). "HP's Autonomy Hassles". thestreet.com (TheStreet). Tech. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ "Autonomy misled HP about finances, Hewlett Packard says". BBC News. November 21, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ Jeremy C. Owens (November 23, 2012). "Investors go Black Friday shopping too, sending HP and other struggling tech stocks higher". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/25/us-hp-autonomy-idUSKBN0GP1L420140825
^ http://www.nasdaq.com/article/us-judge-rejects-settlement-deal-reached-in-hps-derivative-lawsuits-20140825-00874
^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30883288
^ <Business Insider
^ SEC Press Release
^ Business Insider
^ Fox Business
^ Goodstein, Laurie (June 20, 2014). "Presbyterians Vote to Divest Holdings to Pressure Israel". New York Times. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
^ "U.S. Presbyterians vote to divest from companies used by Israel in occupied territories". Haaretz. June 21, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
^ "Presbyterian Church votes to divest holdings to sanction Israel". The Guardian. June 21, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
^ "Presbyterian Church General Assembly Approves Divestment from Caterpillar, Hewlett-Packard and Motorola Solutions for Businesses Supporting Israel's Occupation of Palestine". Presbyterian Peace Fellowship. June 20, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
^ "On Divestment from Caterpillar, Hewlett-Packard and Motorola Solutions". Presbyterian Peace Fellowship. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
^ "HP Press Release: Hewlett-Packard Announces Departure of Michael D. Capellas". Hp.com. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
^ "HP Retiree: Quotes and anecdotes About Bill Hewlett". Hp.com. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
^ hpandwoz (2010-04-23). "Steve Wozniak Talks About HP". YouTube. Retrieved 2011-11-30.

External links

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Official website
HP Printing and The Science Museum of Minnesota
The Museum of HP Calculators
HP History Links
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Atalla
Protect 724 Community
HP Photo

- Business data for Hewlett-Packard Company:
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- SEC filings

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 過敏性肺臓炎（外因性アレルギー性肺胞炎）の診断 diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis extrinsic allergic alveolitis
2. 過敏性肺臓炎（外因性アレルギー性肺胞炎）の治療および予後 treatment and prognosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis extrinsic allergic alveolitis
3. 過敏性肺臓炎（外因性アレルギー性肺胞炎）の疫学および原因 epidemiology and causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis extrinsic allergic alveolitis
4. ヘリコバクターピロリ感染に対する診断検査およびその適応 indications and diagnostic tests for helicobacter pylori infection
5. 過敏性肺臓炎（外因性アレルギー性肺胞炎）の分類および臨床症状 classification and clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity pneumonitis extrinsic allergic alveolitis

English Journal

K-lactate and high pressure effects on the safety and quality of restructured hams.

Fulladosa E, Sala X, Gou P, Garriga M, Arnau J.AbstractThe use of K-lactate in combination with new elaboration procedures and high pressure (HP) treatments may help to produce safe, salt-reduced restructured dry-cured ham with no sensory defects. The effect of K-lactate addition on the microbiota of restructured hams manufactured with a reduced salt content was evaluated after the resting period (16% weight loss) and at two drying levels (40% and 50% weight loss). Additionally, the effect of high pressure (HP) on the microbiota and sensory characteristics of hams at 50% weight loss was evaluated. K-lactate reduced a(w) and microbiota of processed hams, mainly in the inner parts, and had no effect on color or sensory parameters. HP treatment at 600MPa provided an additional reduction in the microbiological counts, increased pink color, brightness, hardness and saltiness and reduced pastiness and adhesiveness.
Meat science.Meat Sci.2012 May;91(1):56-61. Epub 2011 Dec 14.
The use of K-lactate in combination with new elaboration procedures and high pressure (HP) treatments may help to produce safe, salt-reduced restructured dry-cured ham with no sensory defects. The effect of K-lactate addition on the microbiota of restructured hams manufactured with a reduced salt co
PMID 22226361

Hepatic parenchymal enhancement at Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging: correlation with morphological grading of severity in cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis.

Kanki A, Tamada T, Higaki A, Noda Y, Tanimoto D, Sato T, Higashi H, Ito K.AbstractThe aim was to clarify whether enhancement effects of the liver parenchyma in the hepatobiliary phase (HP) of gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced MR imaging were correlated with the morphological grading of the severity in cirrhosis. A total of 62 patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging. Relative enhancement (RE) of liver parenchyma was calculated from signal intensity (SI) measurements obtained at precontrast images (SIpre) and 20-min postcontrast HP images (SIpost) as: (SIpost-SIpre)/SIpre. Morphological MR grades of severity in cirrhosis were divided into four groups. Then, RE of liver parenchyma and morphologic MR grading were correlated. Regarding the morphologic severity of cirrhosis, the numbers of patients with MR grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 14 (23%), 7 (11%), 28 (45%) and 13 (21%), respectively. The mean REs of liver parenchyma in each group of MR morphologic grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 0.71±0.21, 0.62±0.16, 0.70±0.22 and 0.77±0.18, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the MR grading of morphologic severity and the RE of liver parenchyma at 20-min HP. Hepatic parenchymal enhancement in the HP of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging did not necessarily decrease according to the severity of morphologic changes in cirrhosis. This fact may suggest that the hepatic uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA depends on the preserved hepatocytes function rather than the severity of morphologic changes in cirrhosis.
Magnetic resonance imaging.Magn Reson Imaging.2012 Apr;30(3):356-60. Epub 2012 Jan 5.
The aim was to clarify whether enhancement effects of the liver parenchyma in the hepatobiliary phase (HP) of gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced MR imaging were correlated with the morphological grading of the severity in cirrhosis. A total of 62 patie
PMID 22227353

Japanese Journal

開かれた婚姻制度のための公共的理性

東京女子大学社会学年報 3, 17-32, 20150302-00-00
NAID 120005601982

五月革命論の現在：その背景とその社会学

東京女子大学社会学年報 3, 1-16, 20150302-00-00
NAID 120005601981

枝久保商店 : オーダー家具製造販売/埼玉県電話対応主眼のデザインカッコ良さより分かりやすさ (特集 HP(ホームページ)を点検しよう)

商業界 68(12), 104-106, 2015-12
NAID 40020640074

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「過敏性肺臓炎」「Helicobacter pylori」「熱産生」「hereditary pancreatitis」
拡張検索	「SHP1 protein tyrosine phosphatase」「HPN」「4-HPR」「HPTLC」「HPV-16」
関連記事	「H」

「過敏性肺臓炎」

Hewlett-Packard Company
	HP headquarters in Palo Alto, California
Type	Public
Traded as	NYSE: HPQ; S&P 500 Component
Industry	Computer hardware; Computer software; IT services; IT consulting
Founded	January 1, 1939
Founder	Bill Hewlett, Dave Packard
Headquarters	Palo Alto, California, United States
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Meg Whitman; (Chairman, President and CEO)
Products	See list of HP products.
Revenue	US$ 111.454 billion (2014)
Operating income	US$ 7.185 billion (2014)
Net income	US$ 5.013 billion (2014)
Total assets	US$ 103.206 billion (2014)
Total equity	US$ 26.731 billion (2014)
Number of employees	317,500 (2014)
Divisions	Financing, Hardware, Services, Software
Subsidiaries	List of subsidiaries
Website	HP.com

　　[★]

pneumonitis
英: hypersensitivity pneumonitis, HP
同: 過敏性肺炎、外因性アレルギー性肺胞炎 extrinsic allergic alveolitis
関: セコイア症、夏型過敏性肺炎

[show details]

過敏性肺臓炎 : 約 56,300 件
過敏性肺炎 : 約 102,000 件

概念

種々の有機性粉塵を感受性のあるヒトが反復吸入した結果、粉塵中の抗原成分によって惹起される呼吸困難、発熱などをきたす疾患群。
非乾酪性の類上皮細胞性肉芽腫の形成を伴う間質性肺炎である。
肺の炎症性疾患であり、肺胞壁や終末の気道も侵される。
本態はIII型アレルギーおよびIV型アレルギー(慢性期。Th1サイトカインによる肉芽腫形成)である。
外因性アレルギー性胞隔炎extrinsic allergic alveolitisとも呼ばれる。

病型

急性
亜急性
慢性

病因

抗原に感作された人に対する抗原の再暴露により生じる
抗原は種々ある。

病因による分類

夏型過敏性肺臓炎
加湿器肺
空調病
農夫肺
砂糖キビ肺症
鳥飼病
ハト飼病
木屑病
草屋病
キノコ栽培者肺病
毛皮商人肺
コーヒー労働者肺症
チーズ洗い病
楓皮病
コルク肺
麦芽労働者肺
痘苗病
養蚕従事者肺
たたみ職人肺
空洞病
加湿器肺

疫学

IMD

夏型過敏性肺炎：80%。屋内のカビ。日本では8-9月に多い。
農夫肺：8.1%。干草中の真菌。
換気装置肺炎：4.3%
鳥飼病：4.1%

病態

IMD

III型アレルギーの関与

抗原曝露後約4-6時間で発症。抗原除去により6-8時間後に自然消退。
皮内反応：アルサス型
BALF・血清中に抗原特異的IgG・IgAの出現
急性期のBALFには好中球が増加

IV型アレルギーの関与

肺生検において、肉芽腫形成。間質性肺炎(マクロファージ・リンパ球の浸潤)。
BALFにおいて、リンパ球の増加がみられる

病理

病理組織学的には、肺胞壁のリンパ球を主体とした細胞浸潤、肺胞壁とそれに隣接した細気管支領域にみられる類上皮細胞肉芽腫病変が主要所見である。　→　肉芽腫性間質性肺炎

身体所見

両側の下肺野？に捻髪音。
慢性型：ばち指

症状

HIM.1607

急性型：(抗原暴露後6-8時間より)咳、発熱、悪寒、全身倦怠感、呼吸困難
亜急性型：(数週間かけて潜行性に発症)咳、呼吸困難－(次第に悪化)→チアノーゼ、重度の呼吸困難。急性型の病型で、抗原が除去されない場合に亜急性に移行することがある。急性・亜急性型はいずれも抗原除去により数日～数週間～数ヶ月の経過で症状が消失。
慢性型：臨床的に肺線維症と区別できない。不可逆的。

検査

IMD. YN.I-111

原因抗原を確定するために血清中の沈降抗体の証明や、気管支肺胞洗浄液リンパ球の抗原刺激試験が必要

血液検査：(総じて炎症所見)白血球増加、ESR上昇、CRP上昇、リウマチ因子陽性、アンジオテンシン転換酵素(ACE)上昇(類上皮肉芽腫のせい)、γグロブリン上昇、(間質の障害を伴うので)KL-6上昇

好酸球は不変、補体不変

免疫血清学的検査：沈降抗体の検出/リンパ球幼若化反応陽性(Trichosporon asahii, Trichosporon mucoides)

動脈血液ガス検査：PaO2低下

ツベルクリン反応：陰性化
肺機能検査：拘束性肺障害、一酸化炭素拡散能低下

胸部単純X線：

急性・亜急性型：(間質性肺炎の像)両側中下肺野を中心にびまん性にすりガラス様陰影や小粒状陰影
慢性型：(肺線維症の像)肺の萎縮、線状影や輪状影。20-30%の症例で上肺野優位。

胸部CT：

急性・亜急性型：肺野濃度の上昇、2-4mm大の境界不鮮明な小円形の粒状影が小葉中心性にびまん性に認められる。
慢性型：辺縁不整な線状影、輪状影

BALF：抗原曝露後24時間以内には多核白血球、以降はリンパ球の増加が認められる。

CD4/CD8低下(Tc優位)：夏型過敏性肺炎、塗装工肺(イソシアネート)
CD4/CD8上昇(Th優位)：農夫肺
CD4/CD8基準範囲内　：換気装置肺炎、鳥飼病　　　←　YN.I-111には鳥飼病ではCD4/CD8↑

経気管支肺生検(TBLB)：

急性型：非乾酪性類上皮性肉芽腫、胞隔炎(リンパ球・マクロファージ)。肺胞内のMasson体
慢性型：肉芽腫病変は稀。

吸入誘発試験：抗原の吸入により咳・呼吸困難を認め、検査上、炎症所見、低酸素血症が認められる。急性・亜急性型で有用。

診断基準

急性過敏性肺炎

(参考1)

a. 臨床像

臨床症状・所見1) ～4) のうちいずれか2つ以上と、検査所見1) ～4) のうち1) を含む2つ以上の項目を同時に満足するもの

1. 臨床症状・所見

1) せき、2) 息切れ　3) 発熱、4) 捻髪音ないし小水疱性ラ音

2. 検査所見

1) 胸部Ｘ線像にてびまん性散布性粒状陰影(またはスリガラス状)
2) 拘束性換気能障害
3) 血沈値亢進、好中球増多、CRP陽性のいずれか一つ)
4) 低酸素血症(安静時あるいは運動後)

b. 発症環境

1) ～6) のうちいずれか1つを満足するもの

1) 夏型過敏性肺炎は夏期(5～10月) に、高温多湿の住宅で起こる
2) 鳥飼病は鳥の飼育や羽毛と関連して起こる
3) 農夫肺は黴びた枯れ草の取り扱いと関連して起こる
4) 空調肺、加湿器肺はこれらの機器の使用と関連して起こる
5) 有機塵挨抗原に曝露される環境での生活歴
6) 特定の化学物質と関連して起こる

注：症状は抗原暴露4～8時間して起こることが多く、環境から離れると自然に軽快する。

c. 免疫学的所見

1) ～3) のうち1つ以上を満足するもの

1) 抗原に対する特異抗体陽性(血清あるもいはBAL*1液中)
2) 特異抗原によるリンパ球増殖反応陽性(末梢瓜あるいはBALリンパ球)
3) BAL所見(リンパ球↑、Tリンパ球↑) *2

d. 吸入誘発

1) ～2) のうち1つ以上を満足するもの

1) 特異抗原吸入にまる臨床像の再現
2) 環境暴露による臨床像の再現

e. 病理学的所見

1) ～3) のうちいずれか2つ以上を満足するもの

1) 肉芽腫形成、2) 胞隔炎、3) Masson体

診断

確実：a、b、dまたはa、b、c、eを満たすもの
強い疑い：aを含む3項目を満たすもの
疑い：aを含む2項目を満たすもの

(*1)bronchoalveolar lavage(気管支肺胞洗浄)

(*2)一般的にリンパ球比率は35％を超える。抗原回避2日以内では好中球増多を示す。

慢性過敏性肺炎

(参考2)

1.　環境誘発あるいは抗原誘発試験で陽性
2.　組織学的の線維化が観察される
3.　HRCTで線維化所見とhoneycombが観察される
4.　肺機能の拘束性障害が1年以上にわたって進行性である
5.　過敏性肺炎と関連した症状が6ヶ月以上続く
6.　当該抗原に対する抗体か、あるいはリンパ球増殖試験が陽性か、両者が陽性

以上1か6、および2か3、および4か5の3項目以上を満足させれば慢性過敏性肺炎と診断する

付記

1.　環境誘発試験は陰性のこともあるが、抗原誘発試験は陽性となる。この場合、症状の発現は弱くても白血球数、CRP、PaO2、DLCOなどの検査所見だけでも陽性と判定する。

2. 病理学的所見では肉芽腫はほとんどみられず、限局性のhoneycomb、リンパ球主体の肺隔炎とリンパ球の集族がみられる

3.　症状は抗原吸入を持続しても軽くなることが多い。労作時呼吸困難が主な症状である。

4.　抗体が陰性で抗原添加リンパ球増殖試験だけが陽性例もみられる

5.　KL-6、SP-Dは高値

6.　慢性過敏性肺炎の発症環境として、カビの多い住宅や仕事場、羽毛布団使用、隣人の鳩飼育、公園・神社・駅の野鳩、野鳥の集団棲息などがある

治療

抗原の隔離
薬物療法：ステロイド(呼吸困難例)、ステロイドパスル療法(呼吸困難の重症例、急性増悪例)
支持療法：在宅酸素療法

予後

抗原から隔離されれば予後良好

予防

抗原からの隔離

参考

まとめ

http://www.naoru.com/kabinseihaien.htm

慢性過敏性肺炎

http://www.geocities.jp/kokyukika/document/ChronicHP.html

急性過敏性肺臓炎

http://www.ibaraisikai.or.jp/treasure/chisivew/chisi-03.html

国試

104I067、103A049、103E045

「Helicobacter pylori」

　　[★]

同: H. pylori HP、ピロリ菌、ヘリコバクター・ピロリ
関: ヘリコバクター属

除菌方法

PPI-AC療法：プロトンポンプ阻害薬＋アモキシシリン＋クラリスロマイシン　：除菌率70-80%
PPI-CM療法：プロトンポンプ阻害薬＋クラリスロマイシン＋メトロニダゾール：除菌率90%

除菌の適応

参考1

胃潰瘍・十二指腸潰瘍、胃MALTリンパ腫
早期胃癌に対する内視鏡的粘膜切除術後の胃、萎縮性胃炎、過形成性ポリープ
機能性胃腸症、胃食道逆流症
特発性血小板減少性紫斑病、鉄欠乏性貧血、慢性蕁麻疹、レイノー現象、虚血性心疾患、片頭痛、ギラン・バレー症候群

参考

1. Helicobacter pylori 感染の診断と治療のガイドライン2009改訂版 - 日本ヘリコバクター学会

http://www.jshr.jp/pdf/journal/guideline2009-2.pdf

「熱産生」

　　[★]

英: heat production HP
関

ホルモンとの関係

甲状腺ホルモン、カテコラミン(β3受容体を介して)

「hereditary pancreatitis」

　　[★] 遺伝性膵炎

同: HP

「SHP1 protein tyrosine phosphatase」

　　[★]

SHP1タンパク質チロシンホスファターゼ

関: non-receptor type 6 protein tyrosine phosphatase

「HPN」

　　[★]

在宅静脈栄養

在宅静脈栄養、在宅静脈栄養法

関: home parenteral nutrition

「4-HPR」

　　[★]

4-ヒドロキシフェニルレチナミド

関: 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide、fenretinide

「HPTLC」

　　[★] 高性能薄層クロマトグラフィー, high-performance thin-layer chromatography

「HPV-16」

　　[★]

関: Human papilloma virus-16

関: Human papilloma virus-16

「H」

　　[★]

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[telegraph19aug2011-46] Autonomy board backs £7bn Hewlett-Packard offer, The Telegraph, August 19, 2011

[reuters3oct2011-47] HP closes Autonomy deal, Reuters, 2011-11-03: "Hewlett-Packard completed its $12 billion buy of British software firm Autonomy on Monday, the centerpiece of a botched strategy shift that cost ex-chief executive Leo Apotheker his job last month. HP said its 25.50 pounds-per-share cash offer -- representing a 79 percent premium that many HP shareholders found excessive -- had been accepted by investors."

[telegraph25nov2012-48] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rage of the Titans: Whitman vs Lynch, The Telegraph, November 25, 2012

[hussainmotion11aug2014-49] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Motion by Hussain, 2014-08-11 p.1-6

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