side effect

副作用

WordNet

1. take sides for or against; "Who are you widing with?"; "I"m siding against the current candidate"
2. an extended outer surface of an object; "he turned the box over to examine the bottom side"; "they painted all four sides of the house"
3. a surface forming part of the outside of an object; "he examined all sides of the crystal"; "dew dripped from the face of the leaf" (同)face
4. an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute; "there are two sides to every question" (同)position
5. a lengthwise dressed half of an animals carcass used for food (同)side of meat
6. a family line of descent; "he gets his brains from his fathers side"
7. a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure; "the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side"
8. a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location; "they always sat on the right side of the church"; "he never left my side"
9. an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect); "he was on the heavy side"; "he is on the purchasing side of the business"; "it brought out his better side"
10. either the left or right half of a body; "he had a pain in his side"
11. one of two or more contesting groups; "the Confederate side was prepared to attack"
12. located on a side; "side fences"; "the side porch"
13. act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change"
14. a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic"
15. (of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect" (同)force
16. the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work (同)essence, burden, core, gist
17. an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect"
18. produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave" (同)effectuate, set_up
19. material applied to the outside of a building to make it weatherproof
20. a short stretch of railroad track used to store rolling stock or enable trains on the same line to pass (同)railroad siding, turnout, sidetrack
21. property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business; "she left some of her personal effects in the house"; "I watched over their effects until they returned" (同)personal_effects

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (物体)『面』 / (物体の)『側面』,わき / (紙・レコードなど平らな物の)『面』 / (中心線・分離線から見た)『片側』 / (中心部分から見て)…『側』 / (人間・動物の体の右または左の)『側面』,(特に)横腹,わき腹 / 《単随形で》(人の)『そば』,わき / (物の)端,へり;(図形の)辺 / (競技・争いなどの一方の)『側』,味方 / (事柄の持っている)一面,局面 / (父方または母方の)血統,…方(かた) / 側部の,側面の,わきの / 側部(側面)からの(への) / 二次的な,従の / 〈建物など〉‘に'側面を付ける / (…に賛成の(反対の))側につく《+『with(against)』+『名』》
2. 〈C〉〈U〉『結果』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…への)『効果』,効きめ,影響《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(色・音・形などの)印象,感銘 / 《複数形で》品物;身の回り品;動産,財産 / (結果として)…‘を'『もたらす』;〈目的など〉‘を'果たす,遂行する
3. 〈C〉(鉄道の)側線,待避線 / 〈U〉《米》(木造家屋外壁の)下見張り,(建物の外側の)壁板
4. =ti

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/16 20:37:31」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about side effects in the context of medicine. For side effects in the context of computer science, see Side effect (computer science). For other uses, see Side effect (disambiguation).

In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.

Occasionally, drugs are prescribed or procedures performed specifically for their side effects; in that case, said side effect ceases to be a side effect, and is now an intended effect. For instance, X-rays were historically (and are currently) used as an imaging technique; the discovery of their oncolytic capability led to their employ in radiotherapy (ablation of malignant tumours).

Examples of therapeutic side effects

Possible side effects of nicotine.

• Bevacizumab (Avastin), used to slow the growth of blood vessels, has been used against dry age-related macular degeneration, as well as macular edema from diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion.
• Buprenorphine has been shown experimentally (1982–1995) to be effective against severe, refractory depression.
• Bupropion (Wellbutrin), an anti-depressant, is also used as a smoking cessation aid; this indication was later approved, and the name of the smoking cessation product is Zyban. In Ontario, Canada, smoking cessation drugs are not covered by provincial drug plans; elsewhere, Zyban is priced higher than Wellbutrin, despite being the same drug. Therefore, some physicians prescribe Wellbutrin for both indications.
• Sildenafil was originally intended for pulmonary hypertension; subsequently, it was discovered that it also produces erections, for which it was later marketed.
• Carbamazepine is an approved treatment for bipolar disorder and convulsions, but it has side effects useful in treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, phantom limb syndrome, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, neuromyotonia, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Dexamethasone and Betamethasone in premature labor, to enhance pulmonary maturation of the fetus.
• Doxepin has been used to treat angiodema and severe allergic reactions due to its strong antihistamine properties.
• Gabapentin, approved for treatment of seizures and postherpetic neuralgia in adults, has side-effects which are useful in treating bipolar disorder1, essential tremor, hot flashes, migraine prophylaxis, neuropathic pain syndromes, phantom limb syndrome, and restless leg syndrome.
• Hydroxyzine, an antihistamine, is also used as an anxiolytic.
• Magnesium sulfate in obstetrics for premature labor and preeclampsia.
• Methotrexate (MTX), approved for the treatment of choriocarcinoma, is frequently used for the medical treatment of an unruptured ectopic pregnancy.
• The SSRI medication sertraline is approved as an anti-depressant but delays conjugal climax in men, and thus may be supplied to those in which climax is premature.

Examples of undesirable/unwanted side effects

• Echinacea – more than 20 different types of reactions have been reported, including asthma attacks, loss of pregnancy, hives, swelling, aching muscles and gastrointestinal upsets.
• Feverfew – pregnant women should avoid using this herb, as it can trigger uterine contractions. In animal experiments, the use of feverfew was found to trigger spontaneous abortions (miscarriages).
• Asteraceae plants – which include feverfew, echinacea, dandelion and chamomile. Side effects include allergic dermatitis and hay fever.

References

External links

• MedEffect Canada (Health Canada)
• definitions.pdf

UpToDate Contents

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• 5. β-ラクタム系抗生物質：作用機序、耐性および有害作用 beta lactam antibiotics mechanisms of action and resistance and adverse effects

English Journal

• Operational parameters and their influence on particle-side mass transfer resistance in a packed bed bioreactor.

• Hussain A1, Kangwa M, Yumnam N, Fernandez-Lahore M.
• AMB Express.AMB Express.2015 Dec;5(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s13568-015-0138-z. Epub 2015 Aug 14.
• The influence of internal mass transfer on productivity as well as the performance of packed bed bioreactor was determined by varying a number of parameters; chitosan coating, flow rate, glucose concentration and particle size. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were immobilized in chitosan and non-chit
• PMID 26272478

• Early side effects and first results of radioligand therapy with (177)Lu-DKFZ-617 PSMA of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer: a two-centre study.

• Ahmadzadehfar H1, Rahbar K, Kürpig S, Bögemann M, Claesener M, Eppard E, Gärtner F, Rogenhofer S, Schäfers M, Essler M.
• EJNMMI research.EJNMMI Res.2015 Dec;5(1):114. doi: 10.1186/s13550-015-0114-2. Epub 2015 Jun 20.
• BACKGROUND: Radioligand therapy (RLT) with (177)Lu-DKFZ-617 PSMA (Lu-PSMA) (prostate-specific membrane antigen) is a novel targeted therapy of metastatic prostate cancer. We analysed retrospectively the early side effects and the response rate in the first patients, who received a therapy with Lu-PS
• PMID 26099227

• Lithium nephrotoxicity.

• Azab AN1, Shnaider A, Osher Y, Wang D, Bersudsky Y, Belmaker RH.
• International journal of bipolar disorders.Int J Bipolar Disord.2015 Dec;3(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s40345-015-0028-y. Epub 2015 Jun 5.
• Reports of toxic effects on the kidney of lithium treatment emerged very soon after lithium therapy was introduced. Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is usually self-limiting or not clinically dangerous. Some reports of irreversible chronic kidney disease and renal failure were difficul
• PMID 26043842

Japanese Journal

• Scaling characteristics of depletion type, fully transparent amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide thin-film transistors and inverters following Ar plasma treatment

• Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(11), 114102, 2015-10-13
• NAID 150000111491

• 数値解析によるリニアエアロスパイクノズルの側壁効果 : 圧力比の影響

• 宇宙科学技術連合講演会講演集 59, 6p, 2015-10-07
• NAID 40020623594

• 結核専門病院における結核入院治療成績 : 標準治療が困難時の対応について

• 結核 90(10), 665-670, 2015-10
• NAID 40020625558

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「副作用」「adverse effect」
拡張検索	「local side effect」「systemic side effect」
関連記事	「effect」「side」「effected」「sided」

「副作用」

　　[★]

英

side effect

関

有害作用、有害反応

主作用	main action	治療に有用な作用
副作用	side action	治療効果以外の作用(生体に有利・不利は不問)
有害反応	adverse reaction	常用量で発現する全ての好ましくいない反応

→副作用と有害反応は区別されるべきものであるが、日本では混用されている(SPC.6)

「adverse effect」

　　[★]

• 有害作用、副作用

関

adverse reaction、side effect、untoward effect

「local side effect」

　　[★]

• 局所的副作用、局所性副作用、局所副作用

「systemic side effect」

　　[★]

• 全身性副作用、全身的副作用

「effect」

　　[★]

• n.

• 結果。遂行、成就。
• 効果。効力。効き目、効能、影響。
• [美術・芸術]色彩、形の配合、光景、趣き、印象。外観、見え、体裁
• 趣旨、意図。本質、基本的意味

• vt.

• (変化などを)もたらす。(目的・計画など)果たす、遂げる。実施/施行する

関

act, action, affect, efficacy, impact, impinge, indication, influence, potency, effected

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「side」

　　[★]

• n.

• 側、面、端、側面、サイド

• adj.

• 側面の

関

aspect、brink、chamfer、corner、end、extremity、face、facet、lateral、plane、profile、sided、sidedness、surface

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「effected」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 結果として生じる

関

effect

「sided」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 側の

関

lateral、side