WordNet

capacity or power to produce a desired effect; "concern about the safety and efficacy of the vaccine" (同)efficaciousness
works well as a means or remedy; "an effective reprimand"; "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat"
producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witchs broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation"-LewisMumford; "effective teaching methods"; "effective steps toward peace"; "made an effective entrance"; "his complaint proved to be effectual in bringing action"; "an efficacious law" (同)effectual, efficacious
able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; "people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons..."-G.B.Shaw; "effective personnel"; "an efficient secretary"; "the efficient cause of the revolution" (同)efficient
exerting force or influence; "the law is effective immediately"; "a warranty good for two years"; "the law is already in effect (or in force)" (同)good, in effect, in force
existing in fact; not theoretical; real; "a decline in the effective demand"; "confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done"
ready for service; "the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers"
act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change"
a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic"
(of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect" (同)force
the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work (同)essence, burden, core, gist
an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect"
produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave" (同)effectuate, set_up
the quality of having legal force or effectiveness (同)validness
the ratio of the output to the input of any system
skillfulness in avoiding wasted time and effort; "she did the work with great efficiency"
a lack of efficacy (同)inefficaciousness

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…に対する,における)効きめ,効力《+『against』(『in』)+『名』》
『効果的な』,効きめのある / (法律などが)『有効な』,実施されている / 印象深い,感銘的な / 実際に役立つ,実動の
〈C〉〈U〉『結果』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…への)『効果』,効きめ,影響《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(色・音・形などの)印象,感銘 / 《複数形で》品物;身の回り品;動産,財産 / (結果として)…‘を'『もたらす』;〈目的など〉‘を'果たす,遂行する
(理論・理由などの)『妥当性』,正当性《+of+名》 / (契約などの)有効性,合法性《+of+名》
『能率』,(仕事をする)『能力』 / (機械の)『効率』
利用できること,有用性,利用価値

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/09 19:19:29」(JST)

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Efficacy is the capacity to produce an effect. It has different specific meanings in different fields. In medicine, it is the ability of an intervention or drug to produce a desired effect.

Context[edit]

Medicine[edit]

In medicine, efficacy indicates the capacity for beneficial change (or therapeutic effect) of a given intervention (e.g. a drug, medical device, surgical procedure, or a public health intervention). If efficacy is established, an intervention is likely to be at least as good as other available interventions, to which it will have been compared. Comparisons of this type are typically made in 'explanatory' randomized controlled trials, whereas 'pragmatic' trials are used to establish the effectiveness of an intervention.

When talking in terms of efficacy vs. effectiveness, effectiveness relates to how well a treatment works in the practice of medicine, as opposed to efficacy, which measures how well treatment works in clinical trials or laboratory studies.^[1]

Pharmacology[edit]

Main article: Intrinsic activity

In pharmacology, efficacy ( $E max$ ) refers to the maximum response achievable from a drug.^[2] Intrinsic activity is a relative term that describes a drug's efficacy relative to a drug with the highest observed efficacy. Effectiveness refers to the ability of a drug to produce a beneficial effect. A distinction is made between 'method' effectiveness which describes the effect achievable if the drug was taken as prescribed and 'use' effectiveness which is the effect obtained under typical use circumstances when adherence is not 100%. The widely used intention to treat method of analysing clinical trials provides estimates of 'use' effectiveness which are typically biased compared with 'method' effectiveness. Efficacy is the magnitude of response with respect to the K_d.

Lighting[edit]

Main article: Luminous efficacy

In lighting design, "efficacy" refers to the amount of light (luminous flux) produced by a lamp (a lamp or other light source), usually measured in lumens, as a ratio of the amount of power consumed to produce it, usually measured in watts. This is not to be confused with efficiency which is always a dimensionless ratio of output divided by input which for lighting relates to the watts of visible power as a fraction of the power consumed in watts. The visible power can be approximated by the area under the Planck curve between 300 nm and 700 nm for a blackbody at the temperature of the filament as a ratio of the total power under the blackbody curve. Efficiency values for light from a heat source are typically less than two percent.

Insolvency[edit]

Main article: Individual voluntary arrangement

In an insolvency context, in particular in relation to an Individual Voluntary Arrangement, the efficacy of such an arrangement is judged by the extent to which it is achieving its aims of getting money in to pay to the creditors of the debtor.

Lutheranism[edit]

In Lutheranism efficacy is used to describe the characteristics of Scripture. The efficacy of Scripture means that it is united with the power of the Holy Spirit and with it, not only demands, but also creates the acceptance of its teaching^[3]^[4]^[5] and that this teaching produces faith and obedience. Efficacy further means that Holy Scripture is not a dead letter, but rather, the power of the Holy Spirit is inherent in it^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] and that Scripture does not compel a mere intellectual assent to its doctrine, resting on logical argumentation, but rather it creates the living agreement of faith.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] The Smalcald Articles affirm, "in those things which concern the spoken, outward Word, we must firmly hold that God grants His Spirit or grace to no one, except through or with the preceding outward Word."^[15] The Formula of Concord teaches that when humans reject the calling of the Holy Spirit, it is not a result of the Word being less efficacious. Instead, contempt for the means of grace is the result of "the perverse will of man, which rejects or perverts the means and instrument of the Holy Ghost, which God offers him through the call, and resists the Holy Ghost, who wishes to be efficacious, and works through the Word..."^[16]

Difference amplifiers[edit]

Main article: Common-mode rejection ratio

The efficacy of a differential amplifier, known as the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), is the degree of its rejection of common-mode signals in preference to differential signals.

References[edit]

^ How FDA Approves Drugs see textbox pg 4. There is some confusion caused by the fact that the FDA has a mandate to insure that drugs are "safe and effective," but in reality the FDA will approve drugs that have been proven to have clinical efficacy, without any required proof of "clinical effectiveness" by this definition.
^ Holford NHG, Sheiner LB. Understanding the dose-effect relationship: clinical application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1981;6(6):429-53.
^ Romans 1:16, 1 Thessalonians 2:13
^ Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 11 http://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 27.
^ Romans 1:16, 1 Thessalonians 1:5
^ Psalm 119:105, 2 Peter 1:19
^ 2 Timothy 1:16-17,Ephesians 3:3-4
^ Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 11–12 http://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 28.
^ John 6:63, Revelation 1:3, Ephesians 3:3-4
^ John 7:17
^ Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Outlines Of Doctrinal Theology. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 12.
^ Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 28.
^ Smalcald Articles, part 8, "Of Confession"
^ Solid Declaration, article xii, "Election", par. 41

UpToDate Contents

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Assessment of current prescribing practices using World Health Organization core drug use and complementary indicators in selected rural community pharmacies in Southern India.

Aravamuthan A1, Arputhavanan M1, Subramaniam K1, Udaya Chander J SJ2.
Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice.J Pharm Policy Pract.2016 Jul 19;10:1. doi: 10.1186/s40545-016-0074-6. eCollection 2017.
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Role of pH-responsiveness in the design of chitosan-based cancer nanotherapeutics: A review.

Suarato G1, Li W1, Meng Y1.
Biointerphases.Biointerphases.2016 Dec 25;11(4):04B201. doi: 10.1116/1.4944661.
There is a continuous demand for sensitive and efficient cancer drug delivery systems that, when administered at low concentrations, are capable of detecting early-stage pathological conditions and increasing patient survival without adverse side effects. Recent developments in the design of chitosa
PMID 27016506

Efficacy and toxicity of aerosolised colistin in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a prospective, randomised trial.

Abdellatif S1, Trifi A2, Daly F1, Mahjoub K1, Nasri R1, Ben Lakhal S1.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0127-7. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
BACKGROUND: Cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacilli (GNB) mainly Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterobacteria are common in hospitalised patients of Tunisian intensive care units (ICUs). Parenteral colistin has been
PMID 27033711

Safety, efficacy and clinical generalization of the STAR protocol: a retrospective analysis.

Stewart KW1, Pretty CG2, Tomlinson H2, Thomas FL2, Homlok J3, Noémi SN4, Illyés A4, Shaw GM5, Benyó B3, Chase JG2.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0125-9. Epub 2016 Mar 29.
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PMID 27025951

Japanese Journal

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Journal of Crohn's & colitis 7(10), 803-811, 2013-11-01
… We investigated the rate of colonic CMV reactivation and the efficacy of GMAA in active UC patients positive for CMV without concomitant corticosteroid (CS) therapy. …
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… We conducted a retrospective study to examine the efficacy of renal mass biopsies in our hospital. …
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A novel drug delivery system of intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis using gelatin microspheres incorporating cisplatin.

Gunji Shutaro,Obama Kazukata,Matsui Makoto,Tabata Yasuhiko,Sakai Yoshiharu
Surgery 154(5), 991-999, 2013-11
… their therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects were evaluated in comparison with intraperitoneal administration of free CDDP. …
NAID 120005347135