institution

• n.

• 施設、機関、設立

関

agency、establish、establishment、facility、foundation、institute、institutional

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. an establishment consisting of a building or complex of buildings where an organization for the promotion of some cause is situated
2. an organization founded and united for a specific purpose (同)establishment
3. a custom that for a long time has been an important feature of some group or society; "the institution of marriage"; "the institution of slavery"; "he had become an institution in the theater"
4. set up or found; "She set up a literacy program" (同)set_up, found, launch
5. use as a basis for; found on; "base a claim on some observation" (同)base, ground, found
6. set up or lay the groundwork for; "establish a new department" (同)found, plant, constitute, institute
7. bring about; "The trompe loeil-illusion establishes depth" (同)give
8. the basis on which something is grounded; "there is little foundation for his objections"
9. lowest support of a structure; "it was built on a base of solid rock"; "he stood at the foot of the tower" (同)base, fundament, foot, groundwork, substructure, understructure
10. education or instruction in the fundamentals of a field of knowledge; "he lacks the foundation necessary for advanced study"; "a good grounding in mathematics" (同)grounding
11. an institution supported by an endowment
12. a building or place that provides a particular service or is used for a particular industry; "the assembly plant is an enormous facility" (同)installation
13. a natural effortlessness; "they conversed with great facility"; "a happy readiness of conversation"--Jane Austen (同)readiness
14. a service that an organization or a piece of equipment offers you; "a cell phone with internet facility"
15. something designed and created to serve a particular function and to afford a particular convenience or service; "catering facilities"; "toilet facilities"; "educational facilities"
16. advance or set forth in court; "bring charges", "institute proceedings" (同)bring
17. an association organized to promote art or science or education
18. (ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat (同)ecesis
19. a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
20. the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof (同)validation
21. any large organization
22. an institution (public or private) that collects funds (from the public or other institutions) and invests them in financial assets (同)financial organization, financial organisation
23. an institution where persons are confined for punishment and to protect the public (同)penal facility

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉『設立』,制定,開始 / 〈C〉『慣例』,制度,慣習 / 〈C〉『公共機関』(学校・病院など);学会,協会;その建物
2. …‘を'『設立する』,創設する / (ある場所・識業などに,…として)〈人・自分〉‘を'落ち着かせる,安定させる《+『名』+『in』(『as』)+『名』》 / 〈法律など〉‘を'制定する / 〈ある慣習・事実など〉‘を'『確立する』,世に認めさせる / 〈事実など〉‘を'証明する,立証する
3. 〈U〉(…を)設立すること,(…の)『創立』《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『土台,』(…の)基礎《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(思想・学説などの)根拠,より所《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(維持基金によって運営される)施設;財団協会: / 〈U〉(財団などの)基金,維持基金 / 〈C〉ファンデーション(化粧下に用いる基礎化粧品)
4. 〈U〉『容易さ』,便利さ / 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)能力,(…する)才能《+『in』(『for』)+『名』(do『ing』),『with』+『名』》 / 〈C〉便,便宜;《複数形で》(…のための)施設,設備《+for+名》
5. 〈学校・政府・規則など〉‘を'『設ける』,設立する,制定する / 〈調査・訴訟など〉‘を'始める,起こす / (学校・研究所・学会などの)『教育』)『学術』『機関』
6. 〈U〉(…の)『設立』,設置;確立,樹立;制定;立証《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(確立された)『制度』,秩序 / 《the E-》『体制』,権力機構;英国国教会 / 〈C〉(土地・家財道具・使用人などを含む)住居,家,世帯 / 〈C〉(公共または私設の)施設,機構(営業所・事業所・店・ホテル・食堂・学校・病院・図書館など);《集合的に》施設(機構)を構成する人々

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/08 14:36:14」(JST)

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This article is about institutions as social mechanisms. For formal organization, see Formal organization. For a computer science concept, see Institution (computer science).

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An institution is any structure or mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of a set of individuals within a given community — may it be human or a specific animal one. Institutions are identified with a social purpose, transcending individuals and intentions by mediating the rules that govern cooperative living behavior.

The term "institution" is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and public services. As structures and mechanisms of social order among certain species, institutions are one of the principal objects of study in the social sciences, such as political science, anthropology, economics, and sociology (the latter being described by Durkheim as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning"). Institutions are also a central concern for law, the formal mechanism for political rule-making and enforcement.

Examples of institutions

• Marriage and the family - sociology of the family
• Religion and religious institutions - see sociology of religion; civil religion
• Educational institutions - schools (preschool, primary/elementary, secondary, and post-secondary/higher - see Sociology of education)
• Research community - Academia and universities; research institutes - see sociology of science
• Medicine - hospitals and other health care institutions - see sociology of health and illness, medical sociology
  • Psychiatric hospitals (history)
• Law and legal system - courts; judges; the legal profession (bar) - see jurisprudence, philosophy of law, sociology of law
  • Criminal justice or penal systems - prisons - see sociology of punishment
• Military or paramilitary forces - see military sociology
• Police forces
• Mass media - including the news media (television, newspapers) and the popular media - see media studies
• Industry - businesses, including corporations - see financial institution, factory, capitalism, division of labour, social class, industrial sociology
• Civil society or NGOs - Charitable organizations; advocacy groups; political parties; think tanks; virtual communities

In an extended context:

• Art and culture (See also: Culture industry, Critical theory, Cultural studies, Cultural sociology)
• Language (See also: Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Sociology of language)
• The nation-state - Social and political scientists often speak of the state as embodying all institutions such as schools, prisons, and so on. However, these institutions may be considered private or autonomous, whilst organised religion and family life certainly pre-date the advent of the nation state. In the Neo-Marxist thought of Antonio Gramsci, for instance, a distinction may be felt between the institutions of political society (the police, the army, legal system, etc.) which dominates directly and coercively, and civil society (the family, the education system, etc.)
• In some circumstances, individuals can be considered institutions if they are responsible for creating motifs or worldwide phenomena. Examples of this include Stanley Kubrick, Nelson Mandela, and Gandhi.

Aspects of institutions

Although individual, formal organizations, commonly identified as "institutions," may be deliberately and intentionally created by people, the development and functioning of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergence; that is, institutions arise, develop and function in a pattern of social self-organization, which goes beyond the conscious intentions of the individual humans involved.

As mechanisms of social interaction, institutions are manifest in both formal organizations, such as the U.S. Congress, or the Roman Catholic Church, and, also, in informal social order and organization, reflecting human psychology, culture, habits and customs, and encompassing subjective experience of meaningful enactments. Most important institutions, considered abstractly, have both objective and subjective aspects: examples include money and marriage. The institution of money encompasses many formal organizations, including banks and government treasury departments and stock exchanges, which may be termed, "institutions," as well as subjective experiences, which guide people in their pursuit of personal well-being. Powerful institutions are able to imbue a paper currency with certain value, and to induce millions into cooperative production and trade in pursuit of economic ends abstractly denominated in that currency's units.^{[citation needed]} The subjective experience of money is so pervasive and persuasive that economists talk of the "money illusion" and try to disabuse their students of it, in preparation for learning economic analysis.^{[citation needed]}

Perspectives of the social sciences

While institutions tend to appear to people in society as part of the natural, unchanging landscape of their lives, study of institutions by the social sciences tends to reveal the nature of institutions as social constructions, artifacts of a particular time, culture and society, produced by collective human choice, though not directly by individual intention. Sociology traditionally analyzed social institutions in terms of interlocking social roles and expectations. Social institutions created and were composed of groups of roles, or expected behaviors. The social function of the institution was executed by the fulfillment of roles. Basic biological requirements, for reproduction and care of the young, are served by the institutions of marriage and family, for example, by creating, elaborating and prescribing the behaviors expected for husband/father, wife/mother, child, etc.

The relationship of institutions to human nature is a foundational question for the social sciences. Institutions can be seen as "naturally" arising from, and conforming to, human nature—a fundamentally conservative view—or institutions can be seen as artificial, almost accidental, and in need of architectural redesign, informed by expert social analysis, to better serve human needs—a fundamentally progressive view. Adam Smith anchored his economics in the supposed human "propensity to truck, barter and exchange". Modern feminists have criticized traditional marriage and other institutions as element of an oppressive and obsolete patriarchy. The Marxist view which sees human nature as historically 'evolving' towards voluntary social cooperation, shared by some anarchists, is that supraindividual institutions such as the market and the state are incompatible with the individual liberty which would obtain in a truly free society.

Economics, in recent years, has used game theory to study institutions from two perspectives. Firstly, how do institutions survive and evolve? In this perspective, institutions arise from Nash equilibria of games. For example, whenever people pass each other in a corridor or thoroughfare, there is a need for customs, which avoid collisions. Such a custom might call for each party to keep to their own right (or left—such a choice is arbitrary, it is only necessary that the choice be uniform and consistent). Such customs may be supposed to be the origin of rules, such as the rule, adopted in many countries, which requires driving automobiles on the right side of the road.

Secondly, how do institutions affect behaviour? In this perspective, the focus is on behaviour arising from a given set of institutional rules. In these models, institutions determine the rules (i.e. strategy sets and utility functions) of games, rather than arise as equilibria out of games. For example, the Cournot duopoly model is based on an institution involving an auctioneer who sells all goods at the market-clearing price. While it is always possible to analyse behaviour with the institutions-as-equilibria approach instead, it is much more complicated.

In political science, the effect of institutions on behavior has also been considered from a meme perspective, like game theory borrowed from biology. A "memetic institutionalism" has been proposed, suggesting that institutions provide selection environments for political action, whereby differentiated retention arises and thereby a Darwinian evolution of institutions over time. Public choice theory, another branch of economics with a close relationship to political science, considers how government policy choices are made, and seeks to determine what the policy outcomes are likely to be, given a particular political decision-making process and context.

In history, a distinction between eras or periods, implies a major and fundamental change in the system of institutions governing a society. Political and military events are judged to be of historical significance to the extent that they are associated with changes in institutions. In European history, particular significance is attached to the long transition from the feudal institutions of the Middle Ages to the modern institutions, which govern contemporary life.

Institutionalization

Main article: Institutionalisation

The term "institutionalization" is widely used in social theory to refer to the process of embedding something (for example a concept, a social role, a particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual to an institution, such as a mental institution. To this extent, "institutionalization" may carry negative connotations regarding the treatment of, and damage caused to, vulnerable human beings by the oppressive or corrupt application of inflexible systems of social, medical, or legal controls by publicly owned, private or not-for-profit organizations.

The term "institutionalization" may also be used in a political sense to apply to the creation or organization of governmental institutions or particular bodies responsible for overseeing or implementing policy, for example in welfare or development.

See also

• Actor analysis
• Academic institution
• state, Nation, country, Sovereign state
• Historical institutionalism
• Ideological state apparatus
• Institute
• Institutional abuse
• Institutional economics
• Institutional logic
• Institutional memory
• Linkage institution

References

Bibliography

• Berger, P. L. and T. Luckmann (1966), The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Anchor Books, Garden City, NY.
• Chang, Ha-Joon (ed.) (2007), Institutional Change and Economic Development, Anthem Press.
• Greif, Avner (2006), Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-67134-7
• North, D. C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Schotter, A. (1981), The Economic Theory of Social Institutions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Further reading

• Report of the Committee of Inquiry into allegations of ill-treatment of patients and other irregularities at the Ely Hospital, Cardiff, HMSO 1969
• Extracts of the Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Normansfield Hospital - British Medical Journal, 1978, 2, 1560–1563
• Whyte, William H., The Organization Man, Doubleday Publishing, 1956. (excerpts from Whyte's book)
• The Production and Reproduction of Scandals in Chronic Sector Hospitals Amy Munson- Barkshire 1981

• "Social Institutions," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Edentulism risk indicators among Mexican elders 60-year-old and older.

• Islas-Granillo H, Borges-Yanez SA, Lucas-Rincon SE, Medina-Solis CE, Casanova-Rosado AJ, Marquez-Corona ML, Maupome G.SourceArea Academica de Odontologia del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ex hacienda La Concepcion S/N, ZP 42160 Tilcuautla, Hidalgo, Mexico.
• Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.Arch Gerontol Geriatr.2011 Nov-Dec;53(3):258-62. Epub 2011 Jan 15.
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• The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome and treatment quality of transfer percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in older patients with acute STEMI. In this prospective study all patients with diagnosed acute (pain-to-balloon?12h) STEMI transferred to our institution for primary PCI (n
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• Predictors of the utilization of long-term care (LTC) services among residents in community-based LTC facilities in Taiwan.

• Li IC, Fann SL, Kuo HT.SourceInstitute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
• Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.Arch Gerontol Geriatr.2011 Nov-Dec;53(3):303-8. Epub 2010 Dec 4.
• Identifying the utilization behaviors of LTC residents is necessary in order to forecast the demand and the level of resource use for health services. The purpose of this study is to understand the utilization behaviors and their predictors among residents of community-based LTC facilities in Taiwan
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Japanese Journal

• Learning of thoracoscopic radical esophagectomy: How can the learning curve be made short and flat?

• Ninomiya Itasu,Osugi Harushi,Tomizawa Naoki,Fujimura Takashi,Kayahara Masato,Takamura Hiroyuki,Fushida Sachio,Oyama Katsunobu,Nakagawara Hisatoshi,Makino Isamu,Ohta Tetsuo
• Diseases of the Esophagus 23(8), 618-626, 2011-11
• … After adoption of the procedure, the educated surgeon directed induction of this surgical procedure at another institution. … From January 2003 to December 2007, 53 patients were candidates for VATS at Kanazawa University (institution 1). … We divided this period into three parts: the induction period of VATS, post-induction period, and proficient period when the educated surgeon of institution 1 directed the procedure at Maebashi Red Cross Hospital (institution 2). …
• NAID 120002772014

• 福井工業大学SSLデザイン工房棟I

• 吉野 剛,Yoshino Tsuyoshi,相馬 浩貴,Souma Hiroki,谷内 眞之助,Taniuchi Shinnosuke
• 41, 313-318, 2011-08-04T01:45:29Z
• … One institution was completed, but also was able to have many experiences, because a company performed collaboration with students and a teacher, it was completed. …
• NAID 120003240437

• 障害の重い子への教育を考える : 重症児施設内分教室の取り組みから

• 武田 俊男
• 障害者問題研究 39(2), 54-59, 2011-08
• NAID 110008592261

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• Institution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The term "institution" is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and public service. As structures and mechanisms of social order among humans , ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「establish」「institute」「設立」「foundation」「consecutive patient」
拡張検索	「institutionalized」「institutional」「academic institution」「medical institution」

「establish」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 確立する、設置/設立する、開設/創立する、(制度・法律などを)制定する(constitute)
• 安定させる。(人を)(場所・地位・職業に)定着させる、つかせる
• (先例・習慣・所信・要求・名声などを)確立する、不動のものとする、一般に確認させる、樹立する。(事実・理論などを)確証/立証する。
• (教会を)国教会にする
• (植)(新品種などを)定着させる

• vi.

関

attest、authenticate、authentication、certification、certify、confirm、confirmation、corroborate、demonstrate、demonstration、establishment、evidence、foundation、hallmark、institute、institution、proof、prove、proven、testify、validate、validation、well-established

　 　 　 　 　

「institute」

　　[★]

• vt.

• (会、制度、法政などを)設ける、策定する

treatment with a bisphosphonate should be instituted when bone disease is identified.

• (調査を)始める

The risk of side effects and the possibility of developing an infection with a drug-resistant organism or with more harmful, invasive bacteria make it more reasonable to institute an empirical short course of treatment if symptoms develop.

• (訴訟を)起こす
• 教会/教区に(人を)任命する

• n.

関

academy、commence、commencement、establish、establishment、foundation、initiate、initiation、institution、mount、onset、research institute、start

　 　 　

「設立」

　　[★]

英

establishment、foundation、institution、establish、institute

関

開始、確証、確立、研究所、原種、根拠、施設、証明、基金、機関、樹立

「foundation」

　　[★]

• n.

• 基金、設立、根拠、(植物)原種

関

bases、basis、establish、establishment、evidence、fund、ground、institute、institution、reason

　 　 　 　 　

「consecutive patient」

　　[★]

• 継続患者、治療継続患者、 医療行為を中断せず受け続けている患者群

We maintain a prospective registry of all consecutive patients admitted to our institution with suspected stroke or TIA.

「institutionalized」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 入院した

関

admission、admit、hospitalisation、hospitalization、hospitalize

　 　

「institutional」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 施設の、機関の

関

agency、facility、institution

　 　 　

「academic institution」

　　[★]

• 学術研究機関

関

academia

「medical institution」

　　[★]

• 医療機関、医療施設