研究所

関: academy、institute

WordNet

a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge
an institution for the advancement of art or science or literature (同)honorary society
a school for special training
a secondary school (usually private)
attempt to find out in a systematically and scientific manner; "The student researched the history of that word"
systematic investigation to establish facts
inquire into; "the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project"; "He searched for information on his relatives on the web"; "Scientists are exploring the nature of consciousness" (同)search, explore
advance or set forth in court; "bring charges", "institute proceedings" (同)bring
an association organized to promote art or science or education

PrepTutorEJDIC

『学士院』,芸術院 / 《米》私立中等(高等)学校 / (特殊教育の)専門学校
(新しい事実などの探究のための,特定の分野の)『研究』,『調査』《+『in』(『into』,『on』)+『名』》 / …‘を'研究する,調査する / (…を)研究する,調査する《+into(on)+名》
〈学校・政府・規則など〉‘を'『設ける』,設立する,制定する / 〈調査・訴訟など〉‘を'始める,起こす / (学校・研究所・学会などの)『教育』)『学術』『機関』

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/27 17:28:15」(JST)

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A research institute is an establishment endowed for doing research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research. Although the term often implies natural science research, there are also many research institutes in the social sciences as well, especially for sociological and historical research purposes.

Famous research institutes

In the early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century Baghdad observatory built during the time of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, though the most famous were the 13th-century Maragheh observatory, 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory.^[1]

The earliest research institute in Europe was Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg complex on the island of Hven, a 16th-century astronomical laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of the stars. In the United States there are numerous notable research institutes including Bell Labs, Xerox Parc, The Scripps Research Institute,^[2] Beckman Institute, and SRI International. Hughes Aircraft used a research institute structure for its organizational model.^[3]

Thomas Edison, dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park",^[4] was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.^[5]

Research institutes in early modern Europe

From the throes of the Scientific Revolution came the 17th century scientific academy. In France Louis XIV founded the Académie royale des sciences in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in the seventeenth century to foster research. In London, the Royal Society was founded.

In the early 18th century Peter the Great established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, St Petersburg. His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within the structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724.^[6]

Scientific research in twentieth century America

Research institutes came to emerge at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include the theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a leadership in expertise. Outside of scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which was necessarily "scientific" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to "science". The growth of scientific study stimulated a desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract "pure" science from such broad categorisation.^[7]

1900–1939

This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included the Rockefeller Institute, Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Institute for Advanced Study. Research was advanced in both theory and application. This was aided by substantial private donation.^[7]

1940 onwards

The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass scientific communities. A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to the fore in driving specific research developments. After the Second World War and the atom bomb specific research threads were followed: environmental pollution and national defense.^[7]

Footnotes

^ E. S. Kennedy (1962), Reviewed Work: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili", Isis 53 (2): 237–239.doi:10.1086/349558
^ The Scripps Research Institute
^ Hughes After Howard, Dr. Kenneth Richardson, 2011, pg88, ISBN 978-0-9708050-8-9
^ "The Wizard of Menlo Park". The Franklin Institute. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
^ Walsh, Bryan (July 15, 2009). "The Electrifying Edison". Time.com. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
^ History of Universities: 1994, Volume 13, Peter Denley, Oxford University Press.1995, p142 ISBN 978-0-19-820531-9
^ ^a ^b ^c Reingold, Ida H. (1981). Science in America, a documentary history, 1900-1939. The Chicago History of Science and Medicine. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70946-8.

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English Journal

Incidence of hip fracture in Rohtak district, North India.

Dhanwal DK, Siwach R, Dixit V, Mithal A, Jameson K, Cooper C.SourceMaulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002, India. dineshdhanwal@hotmail.com
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2013 Dec;8(1-2):135. doi: 10.1007/s11657-013-0135-2. Epub 2013 Apr 26.
Hip fracture incidence is not known in India. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate hip fracture incidence rates in Rohtak, a single district of North India. A total of 304 patients from this district with hip fracture were hospitalized during the calendar year 2009. The crude hip fract
PMID 23620225

Sites, frequencies, and causes of self-reported fractures in 9,720 rheumatoid arthritis patients: a large prospective observational cohort study in Japan.

Ochi K, Furuya T, Ikari K, Taniguchi A, Yamanaka H, Momohara S.SourceInstitute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 10-22 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2013 Dec;8(1-2):130. doi: 10.1007/s11657-013-0130-7. Epub 2013 Mar 23.
Sites, frequencies, and causes of self-reported fractures in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were evaluated in a prospective, observational cohort study. The incidence and cause of fracture differ by anatomical site, sex, and age. These differences may be considered in establishing
PMID 23526031

The genetic study utility of a hexaploid wheat DH population with non-recombinant A- and B-genomes.

Hao M, Chen J, Zhang L, Luo J, Yuan Z, Yan Z, Zhang B, Chen W, Wei Y, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Liu D.SourceTriticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan P.R. China.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):131. Epub 2013 Mar 25.
To study the D-genome of the wild wheat relative Aegilops tauschii Cosson at the hexaploid level, we developed a synthetic doubled-haploid (DH) hexaploid wheat population, SynDH3. This population was derived from the spontaneous chromosome doubling of triploid F1 hybrid plants obtained from a cross
PMID 23577301

Japanese Journal

漢訳『方便心論』の金剛寺本と興聖寺本をめぐって〔附追記〕

日本古写経研究所研究紀要 = Journal of the Research
NAID 120005739062

Morphological and Simple Sequence Repeat Analysis to Clarify the Diversity of Natural <i>Lilium japonicum</i> and <i>L. auratum</i> Hybrids in the Hybrid Zone of the Izu Peninsula, Japan

The Horticulture Journal, 2018
NAID 130005661833

Prediction of Skin Coloration of Grape Berries from Air Temperature

The Horticulture Journal, 2018
NAID 130005620200

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「academy」「研究所」
関連記事	「institute」「research」

「academy」

　　[★]

アカデミー、学会、協会

関: acad、academic meeting、academic society、association、institute、research institute、scientific meeting、scientific society、society

「研究所」

　　[★]

英: institute、research institute
関: アカデミー、開始、設立

「institute」

　　[★]

vt.

(会、制度、法政などを)設ける、策定する

treatment with a bisphosphonate should be instituted when bone disease is identified.

(調査を)始める

The risk of side effects and the possibility of developing an infection with a drug-resistant organism or with more harmful, invasive bacteria make it more reasonable to institute an empirical short course of treatment if symptoms develop.

(訴訟を)起こす
教会/教区に(人を)任命する

n.

関: academy、commence、commencement、establish、establishment、foundation、initiate、initiation、institution、mount、onset、research institute、start

「research」

　　[★]

n.

研究、調査、リサーチ

v.

研究する

関: examine、exploration、explore、inquire、inquiry、investigate、investigation、investigational、investigative、laboratory research、probing、research activity、research and development、research priority、research technique、scan、study、summary report、surveillance、survey、work

[1] E. S. Kennedy (1962), Reviewed Work: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili", Isis 53 (2): 237–239.doi:10.1086/349558

[2] The Scripps Research Institute

[3] Hughes After Howard, Dr. Kenneth Richardson, 2011, pg88, ISBN 978-0-9708050-8-9

[Wizard-4] "The Wizard of Menlo Park". The Franklin Institute. Retrieved February 24, 2013.

[Walsh-5] Walsh, Bryan (July 15, 2009). "The Electrifying Edison". Time.com. Retrieved December 31, 2013.

[6] History of Universities: 1994, Volume 13, Peter Denley, Oxford University Press.1995, p142 ISBN 978-0-19-820531-9

[Ida-7] Reingold, Ida H. (1981). Science in America, a documentary history, 1900-1939. The Chicago History of Science and Medicine. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70946-8.

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research institute