initiation

• n.

• 開始、惹起、イニシエーション

関

commence、commencement、evoke、initiate、institute、mount、onset、start

　 　 　

WordNet

1. the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new; "she looked forward to her initiation as an adult"; "the foundation of a new scientific society" (同)founding, foundation, institution, origination, creation, innovation, introduction, instauration
2. a formal entry into an organization or position or office; "his initiation into the club"; "he was ordered to report for induction into the army"; "he gave a speech as part of his installation into the hall of fame" (同)induction, installation
3. play in the starting lineup
4. the advantage gained by beginning early (as in a race); "with an hours start he will be hard to catch" (同)head_start
5. a turn to be a starter (in a game at the beginning); "he got his start because one of the regular pitchers was in the hospital"; "his starting meant that the coach thought he was one of their best linemen" (同)starting
6. a line indicating the location of the start of a race or a game (同)starting line, scratch, scratch line
7. the beginning of anything; "it was off to a good start"
8. begin or set in motion; "I start at eight in the morning"; "Ready, set, go!" (同)go, get going
9. bulge outward; "His eyes popped" (同)protrude, pop, pop_out, bulge, bulge out, bug out, come_out
10. get going or set in motion; "We simply could not start the engine"; "start up the computer" (同)start up
11. get off the ground; "Who started this company?"; "We embarked on an exciting enterprise"; "I start my day with a good breakfast"; "We began the new semester"; "The afternoon session begins at 4 PM"; "The blood shed started when the partisans launched a surprise attack" (同)start up, embark on, commence
12. begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job; "Take up a position"; "start a new job" (同)take_up
13. put up or launch; "mount a campaign against pornography"
14. a mounting consisting of a piece of metal (as in a ring or other jewelry) that holds a gem in place; "the diamond was in a plain gold mount" (同)setting
15. prepare and supply with the necessary equipment for execution or performance; "mount a theater production"; "mount an attack"; "mount a play" (同)put_on
16. attach to a support; "They mounted the aerator on a floating"
17. fix onto a backing, setting, or support; "mount slides for macroscopic analysis"
18. take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of; "This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants" (同)pioneer
19. people who have been introduced to the mysteries of some field or activity; "it is very familiar to the initiate" (同)enlightened
20. someone who has been admitted to membership in a scholarly field (同)learned person, pundit, savant
21. accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite; "African men are initiated when they reach puberty" (同)induct
22. advance or set forth in court; "bring charges", "institute proceedings" (同)bring
23. an association organized to promote art or science or education
24. the beginning or early stages; "the onset of pneumonia" (同)oncoming

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉開始;創業 / 〈U〉入会,入門;〈C〉入会(入門)式 / 〈U〉手ほどき,伝授
2. (…から…に向かって)『出発する』《+『from』+『名』+『for』(『to』)+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『始まる』,発生する;)…で)始まる《+『with』+『塁』》,(…から)生じる《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈人が〉『活動し始める』,〈機械などが〉動き始める;(…を)始める,(…に)着手する《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈人が〉(…に驚いて)急に動く;《比喩(ひゆ)的に》ぎまりとする,ぎょっとする 《+『at』+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈物が〉急に動く,飛び出る,噴出する / (試合の)先発メンバーになる / …‘を'『始める』,開始する / 〈人〉‘に'始めさせる / …‘を'生じさせる,引き起こす / 〈機械など〉‘を'『始動させる』 / …‘を'使い始める / 〈獲物〉‘を'狩り出す,飛び立たせる,先発メンバーしとて出す / 〈C〉『出発』,スタート;出発点 / 〈C〉(事業などの)『開始』,着手 / 〈C〉最初,初め,出だし / 〈C〉《a ~》はっと(びっくり)すること,びっくりして飛び上がること / 〈U〉《時にa ~》(…に対する)先発[権],優先[権];機先《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》
3. …‘を'『登る』(ascend, climb) / 〈馬・車〉‘に'『乗る』,〈台の上など〉‘に'上がる,乗る / (馬などに)〈人〉‘を'『乗せる』《+『名』〈人〉+『on』+『名』》 / (…の上に)…‘を'『載せる』《+『名』+『on』+『名』》 / (…に)…‘を'据え付ける,はめる,取り付ける,はる《+『名』+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / 〈劇〉‘に'舞台装置や衣装を用意する / 〈攻撃など〉‘を'仕掛ける;〈作戦など〉‘を'展開する / 『登る』,上がる《+『up』》 / 『馬』(乗用の動物)『に乗る』 / (数・量において)ふえる,(程度において)高まる,強まる《+『up』》 / 乗用の動物,(特に)馬 / 台紙;(宝石などの)台;(顕微鏡用の)スライド板
4. 〈C〉《文》『山』 / 《『M-』》《固有名詞の前に付けて》…『山』
5. …‘を'始める / 《しばしば受動態で》(特に式を行って)(…に)〈人〉‘を'入会させる《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『into』)+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘に'(…の)初歩を教える,秘伝(秘訣)を教える《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『into』)+『名』》 / 新入りの,手ほどきを受けた / 新入会者;手ほどきを受けた人
6. 〈学校・政府・規則など〉‘を'『設ける』,設立する,制定する / 〈調査・訴訟など〉‘を'始める,起こす / (学校・研究所・学会などの)『教育』)『学術』『機関』
7. 攻撃,襲撃 / (病気・季節などの)始まり,開始《+『of』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/16 00:22:20」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Initiation (disambiguation).

Part of a series on
Anthropology of religion
Initiation ceremony, Korogo Village, Sepik River, Papua New Guinea, 1975. Franz Luthi
Basic concepts Afterlife Animism Bora (Australian) Communitas Comparative religion Divination Divine language Evolutionary origin of religions Fetishism Great Spirit Henotheism Initiation Liminality Magic Mana Monotheism Polytheism Transtheism Revitalization movement Rite of passage Ritual Sacred language Sacred–profane dichotomy Shamanism Theories about religions Totem Totemism Veneration of the dead
Case studies Magic Coral Gardens and Their Magic Neo-Paganism Dukun Kebatinan Ritual Slametan Revitalization movement Cargo cult Ghost dance Handsome Lake
Related articles The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life Purity and Danger Myth and ritual Archaeology of religion and ritual Poles in mythology
Major theorists Akbar S. Ahmed Talal Asad Joseph Campbell Mary Douglas Émile Durkheim Arnold van Gennep E. E. Evans-Pritchard James Frazer Clifford Geertz Robin Horton Claude Lévi-Strauss Robert Marett Roy Rappaport Saba Mahmood Marshall Sahlins Melford Spiro Stanley Tambiah Victor Turner Edward Burnett Tylor Daniel Martin Varisco Anthony F. C. Wallace
Journals Anthropological Perspectives on Religion Folklore The Hibbert Journal The Journal of Religion Oceania
Religions Buddhism Mahayana Nichiren Pure Land Shingon Theravada Tiantai Tibetan Vajrayana Zen Christianity Adventism Anglicanism Armenian Baptists Calvinism Catholic Congregationalists Coptic Eastern Orthodox Coptic Orthodox Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Protestantism Quakers Russian Orthodox Shakers Hinduism Hindu denominations Shaivism Vaishnavism Shaktism Islam Ahmadiyya Ibadi Mahdavia Non-denominational Quranists Shia Sufism Sunni Yazdânism Jainism
Social and cultural anthropology

Initiation is a rite of passage marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. In an extended sense it can also signify a transformation in which the initiate is 'reborn' into a new role. Examples of initiation ceremonies might include Hindu diksha, Christian baptism or confirmation, Jewish bar or bat mitzvah, acceptance into a fraternal organization, secret society or religious order, or graduation from school or recruit training. A person taking the initiation ceremony in traditional rites, such as those depicted in these pictures, is called an initiate.

Characteristics

Mircea Eliade discussed initiation as a principal religious act by classical or traditional societies. He defined initiation as "a basic change in existential condition," which liberates man from profane time and history. "Initiation recapitulates the sacred history of the world. And through this recapitulation, the whole world is sanctified anew... [the initiand] can perceive the world as a sacred work, a creation of the Gods."

Eliade differentiates between types of initiations in two ways: types and functions.

Reasons for and functions of Initiation

• "this real valuation of ritual death finally led to conquest of the fear of real death."
• "[initiation's] function is to reveal the deep meaning of existence to the new generations and to help them assume the responsibility of being truly men and hence of participating in culture."
• "it reveals a world open to the trans-human, a world that, in our philosophical terminology, we should call transcendental."
• "to make [the initiand] open to spiritual values."

Types

• Puberty Rites- "collective rituals whose function is to effect the transition from childhood or adolescence to adulthood." They represent "above all the revelation of the sacred."
• Entering into a Secret Society-
• Mystical Vocation- "the vocation of a medicine man or a shaman." This is limited to the few who are "destined to participate in a more intense religious experience than is accessible to the rest of the community."

These can be broken into two types:

• puberty rites, "by virtue of which adolescents gain access to the sacred, to knowledge, and to sexuality-- by which, in short, they become human beings."
• specialized initiations, which certain individuals undergo in order to transcend their human condition and become protégés of the Supernatural Beings or even their equals."

Psychological

In the study of certain social forms of initiation, such as hazing in college fraternities and sororities, laboratory experiments in psychology suggest that severe initiations produce cognitive dissonance. Dissonance is then thought to produce feelings of strong group attraction among initiates after the experience, because they want to justify the effort used. Rewards during initiations have important consequences in that initiates who feel more rewarded express stronger group identity. As well as group attraction, initiations can also produce conformity among new members. Psychology experiments have also shown that initiations increase feelings of affiliation.

Examples

Religious and spiritual

See also: Religious initiation rites, Empowerment (Vajrayana) and Endowment (Latter Day Saints)

A spiritual initiation rite normally implies a shepherding process where those who are at a higher level guide the initiate through a process of greater exposure of knowledge. This may include the revelation of secrets, hence the term secret society for such organizations, usually reserved for those at the higher level of understanding. One famous historical example is the Eleusinian Mysteries of ancient Greece, thought to go back to at least the Mycenaean period or "bronze age".

Freemasonry initiation. 18th century

In the context of ritual magic and esotericism, an initiation is considered to cause a fundamental process of change to begin within the person being initiated. The person conducting the initiation (the initiator), being in possession of a certain power or state of being, transfers this power or state to the person being initiated. Thus the concept of initiation is similar to that of apostolic succession. The initiation process is often likened to a simultaneous death and rebirth, because as well as being a beginning it also implies an ending as existence on one level drops away in an ascension to the next. Initiation is a key component of Vaishnavism, Sant Mat, Surat Shabd Yoga, Wicca, and similar religious gnostic traditions. It denotes acceptance by the Guru and also implies that the Chela (student or disciple) agrees to the requirements (such as living an ethical lifestyle, meditating, etc.)

Trade union

In unionised organizations, the "initiation" is typically no more than a brief familiarization with basic procedures and the provision of a copy of the appropriate collective bargaining agreement that governs the work performed by members of the union. Some unions also charge a one-time initiation fee, after which the joining person is officially deemed to be a member in good standing.

Naval and military

Some communities on board a military vessel and also of military soldiers tend to form a closed 'family' which absorbs in members, who are often formally accepted, generally after a form of trial or hazing.

In addition, there can be similar rites of passages associated with parts of naval and military life, which do not constitute true initiations as the participants are already and remain members of the same community. One such rite is associated with crossing the equator on board a naval ship, but it can even be taken by passengers on board a cruise liner, who are not and do not become members of anything but the so-called "equator crossing club". Another form, “Kissing the Royal Belly” or “Royal Baby”, calls for initiates to kneel before a senior member of the crew, who wears a mock diaper. This “Baby” usually has a huge stomach covered with greasy materials ranging from cooking oil to mustard, shaving cream, eggs, and oysters. Junior sailors must lick the Baby’s navel area, while the "baby" grabs and shakes their head to better smear the goo onto their faces.

Gang

Gangs often require new members to commit crimes before accepting them as part of the gang. New members may be physically beaten by fellow gang members to demonstrate their courage, also known as "beat in" or "jump in", which occasionally results in a fatality. One study indicates that young people are more likely to be hurt in gang initiation than they are by refusing to join. Female members may be required to have sex with male members as a form of initiation, also known as "sex in", though they may also be "jumped-in" like their male counterparts. One study shows that female members who were “sexed-in” as part of gang initiation were there after viewed with lower respect than those that were "jumped-in", even when promised they would become full-fledged members. Another study found that sexed-in members face greater risks of sexual exploitation and abuse by fellow male members.

Tribal

Tribes often have initiations. The initiation done in the Bapedi tribe of South Africa is normally regarded as a stage where a boy is to be taught manhood and a girl to be taught womanhood. In many African tribes, initiation involves circumcision/genital mutilation of males and sometimes circumcision/genital mutilation of females as well. Initiation is considered necessary for the individual to be regarded as a full member of the tribe. Otherwise, the individual may not be allowed to participate in ceremonies or even in social rituals such as marriage. A man will not be allowed to marry or have any special relationship with a woman who did not go to an initiation, because she is not considered to be a woman.

Initiation may be thought of as an event which may help teens prepare themselves to be good husbands and wives. Where modernization is occurring, initiation is not taken so seriously as before, although there are still certain areas which still perform initiations.

In some African tribes, boys take about 3–4 months participating in initiation rites and girls take about 1–2 months.

Australian Aboriginal tribes usually had long periods of time to help prepare adolescent boys, teaching them traditional lore before they were ready to attend large elaborate ceremonies at the time of initiation when they were finally recognized as full-fledged men in their society. Most tribes had circumcision and scarification as part of the male initiation rituals, while many Central Australian tribes also practiced subincision.

A salient shared cultural feature of the Min peoples of the New Guinea Highlands is initiation into a secret male religious cult. For example, the Urapmin people used to practice a type of male initiation known in Urap as ban. These elaborate rituals were a central part of Urapmin social life. The ban was a multistage process which involved beatings and manipulation of various objects. At each stage, the initiate was offered revelations of secret knowledge (Urap: weng awem), but at the next stage these would be shown to be false (Urap: famoul). These initiations were abandoned with the adoption of Christianity, and the Urap have expressed relief at no longer having to administer the beatings which were involved.

China

Under the Rites of Zhou, boys are initiated into adulthood at age 20 (加冠) and girls at 15 (及笄). The text Yili (儀禮) in the chapter 士冠禮 gives the procedural details of the ceremonies involved.

Close to the end of the ceremony, the initiate is given a 字, or an alias; his name thereafter is secreted except before parents and rulers.

See also

• Hazing
• Ulwaluko

References

Bibliography

• Barker, John (2007). The Anthropology of Morality in Melanesia and Beyond. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754671852. 
• Brumbaugh, Robert (1980). "Models of Separation and a Mountain Ok Religion". Ethos 8 (4). 
• Robbins, Joel (2001). "God Is Nothing but Talk: Modernity, Language, and Prayer in a Papua New Guinea Society". American Anthropologist 103 (4). doi:10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.901. 
• Robbins, Joel (1998). "Becoming Sinners: Christianity and Desire among the Urapmin of Papua New Guinea". Ethnology (University of Pittsburgh) 37 (4). 

• Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation, first edition, New York, NY Harper and Row, 1958.

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Related Links

• Initiation | Define Initiation at Dictionary.com

initiation in·i·ti·a·tion (ĭ-nĭsh'ē-ā'shən) n. The act or an instance of initiating. The condition of being initiated. The first stage of tumor induction by a carcinogen in which cells are altered so that they are likely to form a tumor upon ...

• initiationの意味 - goo辞書 英和和英

initiationとは。意味や和訳。[名][C][U]1 （…への）（正式の）加入，入会，入門，入社，入党((into ...)).2 （加入・入会・入社・就任などの）儀式；《民族》イニシエーション.3 （…の）創設，開始，始まり((of ...))；手ほどき（されている ...

• Initiation | Definition of Initiation by Merriam-Webster

:the process of being formally accepted as a member of a group or organization : the process of being initiated: a ceremony or series of actions that makes a ... Seen and Heard What made you want to look up initiation? Please tell ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「start」「institute」「onset」「開始」「commence」
拡張検索	「eukaryotic initiation factor-4B」「peptide initiation factor」「flower initiation」

「start」

　　[★]

• vi.
• vt.

• 始める(begin)。(仕事などを)始める、～に取りかかる。(旅行など)にでかける
• (討論・話題など)の口火を切る、(苦情などを)言い渡す、持ち出す、(うわさを)流す。(賞賛・舞踏などを)先にたってする、煽動する、主唱する。
• (子を)宿らせる
• (機械を)指導させる。(火事などを)起こす。使い始める
• (競争で)～にスタートの合図を欠ける、スタートさせる。先発メンバーにする
• (人を)旅行に行かせる。(商売・店などを)(人)に始めさせる、身の立つようにしてやる。～の初期の面倒を見る。(ねじ・釘などを)あらかじめ少し打ち込んでやる
• (～を)(初任給～で)雇う(at)
• (目的語と現在分詞を伴って)始めさせる、～の原因になる
• (獲物を)飛びだたせる、狩り出す
• (船材・釘などを)ゆるませる、そらせる、はずれさせる、曲がらせる。

• n.

関

begin, commence, commencement, initiate, initiation, institute, launch, mobilize, mount, onset, outset, undertake

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「institute」

　　[★]

• vt.

• (会、制度、法政などを)設ける、策定する

treatment with a bisphosphonate should be instituted when bone disease is identified.

• (調査を)始める

The risk of side effects and the possibility of developing an infection with a drug-resistant organism or with more harmful, invasive bacteria make it more reasonable to institute an empirical short course of treatment if symptoms develop.

• (訴訟を)起こす
• 教会/教区に(人を)任命する

• n.

関

academy、commence、commencement、establish、establishment、foundation、initiate、initiation、institution、mount、onset、research institute、start

　 　 　

「onset」

　　[★]

• n.

• 襲撃、攻撃。(病気などの)始まり、開始、襲来。着手、手始め

関

affect、commence、commencement、develop、development、developmental、emergence、engender、episode、event、generate、generation、initiate、initiation、institute、mount、occur、occurrence、pathogenesis、start、symptom onset、transpire

　 　

「開始」

　　[★]

英

initiation、start、onset、commencement、start、initiate、mount、institute、commence

関

イニシエーション、イニシエート、オンセット、研究所、設立、着手、発症、発生、始める、惹起、起動、発病、始動、乗せる、高まる、スタート、マウント

-initiation

「commence」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 始める、開始する

• vi.

• (～から)始める、始まる(with)

the glucolytic degradation of the ingested glucose commences with the action of which of the following enzymes?

関

commencement, initiate, initiation, institute, mount, onset, start

　

「eukaryotic initiation factor-4B」

　　[★]

• 真核生物・訳開始因子4B

関

eIF-4B、eIF4B、eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B

「peptide initiation factor」

　　[★]

• ペプチド開始因子

関

initiation factor

「flower initiation」

　　[★]

• 花芽分化、花芽形成