WordNet

write a petition for something to somebody; request formally and in writing
one praying humbly for something; "a suppliant for her favors" (同)suppliant, supplicant, requester

PrepTutorEJDIC

(正式の)『請願書』,陳情書 / 『請願』,陳情 / …‘に'『請願する』,陳情する / (…を)『請願する』,陳情する《+『for』+『名』》
請願者,嘆願者

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/26 21:52:38」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Look up petition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A petition is a request to do something, most commonly addressed to a government official or public entity. Petitions to a deity are a form of prayer.

In the colloquial sense, a petition is a document addressed to some official and signed by numerous individuals. A petition may be oral rather than written, and in this era may be transmitted via the Internet.

Legal

Petition can also be the title of a legal pleading that initiates a legal case. The initial pleading in a civil lawsuit that seeks only money (damages) might be called (in most U.S. courts) a complaint. An initial pleading in a lawsuit that seeks non-monetary or "equitable" relief, such as a request for a writ of mandamus or habeas corpus, custody of a child, or probate of a will, is instead called a petition.

Early history

In pre-modern Imperial China petitions were always sent to an Office of Transmission (Tongzheng si or 通政司) where court secretaries read petitions aloud to the emperor.^[1] Petitions could be sent by anybody, from a scholar-official to a common farmer, although the petitions were more likely read to the emperor if they were persuasive enough to impeach questionable and corrupt local officials from office.^[1] When petitions arrived to the throne, multiple copies were made of the original and stored with the Office of Supervising Secretaries before the original written petition was sent to the emperor.^[1]

Petitions were a common form of protest and request to the British House of Commons in the 18th and 19th centuries, the largest being the Great/People's Charter, or petition of the Chartists. They are still presented in small numbers.

The Petition Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right of the people "to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." The right to petition has been held to include the right to file lawsuits against the government.

Modern use

Petitions are commonly used in the U.S. to qualify candidates for public office to appear on a ballot; while anyone can be a write-in candidate, a candidate desiring that his or her name appear on printed ballots and other official election materials must gather a certain number of valid signatures from registered voters. In jurisdictions whose laws allow for ballot initiatives, the gathering of a sufficient number of voter signatures qualilfies a proposed initiative to be placed on the ballot. The 2003 California recall election, which culminated in the recall of Governor Gray Davis and the election of Arnold Schwarzenegger, began when U.S. Representative Darrell Issa employed paid signature gatherers who obtained millions of signatures at a cost to Issa of millions of dollars. Once the requisite number of signatures was obtained on the recall petition, other petitions were circulated by would-be candidates who wanted to appear on the ballot as possible replacements for Davis. After that step, a vote on the recall was scheduled.

Other types of petitions include those that sought to free Nelson Mandela during his imprisonment by the former apartheid government of South Africa. The petitions had no legal effect, but the signatures of millions of people on the petitions represented a moral force that may have helped free Mandela and end apartheid. Non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International often use petitions in an attempt to exert moral authority in support of various causes. Other nongovernmental subjects of petition drives include corporate personnel decisions.^[2] Internet petition is a new form of a petition becoming commonplace in the 21st century. An example of an internet petition is the current petition to be presented to President Obama and Speaker of the House John Boehner to reopen the investigation into the shooting down of KAL 007 and reports of the survival of Congressman Larry McDonald, a passenger on that flight [1].

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Brook, 33.
^ Flight attendant launches petition drive to replace American Airlines executives By Terry Maxon, Fri., Feb. 17, 2012 Dallas Morning News

External links

"Petition". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD)
2. 養子縁組 adoption
3. 成人における原発性硬化性胆管炎：マネージメント primary sclerosing cholangitis in adults management
4. 食物アレルギーのマネージメント：回避策 management of food allergy avoidance
5. 高齢者の虐待：虐待、放置、および経済的搾取 elder mistreatment abuse neglect and financial exploitation

English Journal

Voices - The next government must improve regulation as a priority, says Janet Finch.

Finch DJ1.
Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).Nurs Stand.2015 May 6;29(36):26. doi: 10.7748/ns.29.36.26.s26.
After more than 100,000 people signed an e-petition calling for the Nursing and Midwifery Council to reconsider the registration fee increase, the issue was debated in the House of Commons in March.
PMID 25942966

Financial pressures should not force students out of nursing.

Byrne G1.
Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).Nurs Stand.2015 Apr 8;29(32):31. doi: 10.7748/ns.29.32.31.s40.
I was pleased to hear of the petition by nursing student Katherine Webb calling on the health secretary to increase the bursary for nursing students (News April 1).
PMID 25850503

Student bursary 'forces nurses to work for free'.

[No authors listed]
Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).Nurs Stand.2015 Apr 1;29(31):9. doi: 10.7748/ns.29.31.9.s6.
An online petition calling on health secretary Jeremy Hunt to increase the bursary for nursing students has been signed by nearly 10,000 people.
PMID 25827983

Japanese Journal

米州人権裁判所における国内的救済悉尽の原則とその実際（研究論文）

齊藤功高
文教大学国際学部紀要 24(1), 63-82, 2013-07
… However, when the Commission complains about a case of rights violated by the state to the Court, it is limited in its authority to receive and admit a petition lodged by a victim of the violation of human rights because the victim should exhaust all available remedies in the local legal system before resorting to the international court. …
NAID 120005324307

中国社会の市民社会性と信訪制度 : 農民意識調査を手がかりとして

松戸武彦
アカデミア. 社会科学編 : 南山大学紀要 (5), 49-69, 2013-06
NAID 40019781649

｢町人諸願之部｣からみる代地の町人の動向に関する研究

李佶勲
日本建築学会計画系論文集 78(686), 935-940, 2013-04
NAID 40019621429

Related Pictures

Clear Skies Petition Forms – Download For Your Own Region | NORTHLAND NEW ZEALAND Petition | Collectif T'AIR-EAU 94 Petition gegen Howard Lederer | Hochgepokert Support the OB Community Plan – Sign the Petition! Petition Template | www.imgkid.com - The Image Kid Has It! Very popular images: Paper Petition Generator Pin Blank Petition on Pinterest Petition – Tenants for Social Housing