WordNet

a remedy that stops or controls the effects of a poison (同)counterpoison

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…の)解毒剤,毒消し《+『against』(『for, to』)+『名』》 / (…に対する)対抗手段,矯正手段《+『against』(『for, to』)+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/12 15:46:36」(JST)

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An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning.^[1] The term ultimately derives from the Greek αντιδιδοναι antididonai, "given against".

The antidotes for some particular toxins are manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and extracting the resulting antibodies from the host animals' blood. This results in an antivenom that can be used to counteract poison produced by certain species of snakes, spiders, and other venomous animals. A number of venoms lack a viable antivenom, and a bite or sting from an animal producing such a toxin often results in death.^{[citation needed]} Some animal venoms, especially those produced by arthropods (e.g. certain spiders, scorpions, bees, etc.) are only potentially lethal when they provoke allergic reactions and induce anaphylactic shock; as such, there is no "antidote" for these venoms because it is not a form of poisoning and anaphylactic shock can be treated (e.g., by the use of epinephrine).

Some other toxins have no known antidote. For example, the poison aconitine – a highly poisonous alkaloid derived from various aconite species – has no antidote, and as a result is often fatal if it enters the human body in sufficient quantities.

Mechanical approaches

Ingested poisons are frequently treated by the oral administration of activated charcoal, which adsorbs the poison and flushes it from the digestive tract, thereby removing a large part of the toxin. Poisons which are injected into the body (such as those from bites or stings from venomous animals) are usually treated by the use of a constriction band which limits the flow of lymph and/or blood to the area, thus slowing circulation of the poison around the body. This should not be confused with use of a tourniquet which cuts off blood flow completely - often leading to the loss of the limb.

List of antidotes

Agent	Indication
Activated charcoal with sorbitol	used for many oral toxins
Theophylline	adenosine poisoning
Atropine	organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, nerve agents, some mushrooms
Beta blocker	theophylline
Calcium chloride	calcium channel blockers, black widow spider bites
Calcium gluconate	hydrofluoric acid
Chelators such as EDTA, dimercaprol (BAL), penicillamine, and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA, succimer)	heavy metal poisoning
Cyanide antidote (hydroxocobalamin, amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, or thiosulfate)	cyanide poisoning
Cyproheptadine	serotonin syndrome
Deferoxamine mesylate	Iron poisoning
Digoxin Immune Fab antibody (Digibind and Digifab)	digoxin poisoning
Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and benztropine mesylate	Extrapyramidal reactions associated with antipsychotic
Ethanol or fomepizole	ethylene glycol poisoning and methanol poisoning
Flumazenil	benzodiazepine poisoning
Glucagon	beta blocker poisoning and calcium channel blocker poisoning
100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)	carbon monoxide poisoning and cyanide poisoning
Insulin with Glucagon	beta blocker poisoning and calcium channel blocker poisoning
Leucovorin	methotrexate and trimethoprim
Methylene blue	treatment of conditions that cause methemoglobinemia
Naloxone hydrochloride	opioid overdose
N-acetylcysteine	Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning
Octreotide	oral hypoglycemic agents
Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM)	organophosphate insecticides, followed after atropine
Protamine sulfate	Heparin poisoning
Prussian blue	Thallium poisoning
Physostigmine sulfate	anticholinergic poisoning
Pyridoxine	Isoniazid poisoning, ethylene glycol
Phytomenadione (vitamin K) and fresh frozen plasma	warfarin poisoning and indanedione
Sodium bicarbonate	ASA, TCAs with a wide QRS
Succimer, chemical name Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)	lead poisoning

References

^ "antidote" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary .

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における薬物中毒への一般的アプローチ general approach to drug poisoning in adults
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English Journal

N-acetylcysteine amide, a promising antidote for acetaminophen toxicity.

Khayyat A1, Tobwala S1, Hart M2, Ercal N3.
Toxicology letters.Toxicol Lett.2016 Jan 22;241:133-42. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.008. Epub 2015 Nov 19.
Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) is one of the most widely used over the counter antipyretic and analgesic medications. It is safe at therapeutic doses, but its overdose can result in severe hepatotoxicity, a leading cause of drug-induced acute liver failure in the USA. Depletion of glut
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New Oral Anticoagulants in Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolic Disease in Major Orthopedic Surgery.

Rostagno C1.
Cardiovascular & hematological disorders drug targets.Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets.2016 Jan 1. [Epub ahead of print]
Despite widespread diffusion of pharmacological prophylaxis, deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is still a common cause of morbidity after major orthopedic surgery (total hip replacement -THR- and total knee replacement -TKR) . At present, clear evidence has been provided that pharmacological primary prop
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Disulfiram inhibition of cyanide formation after acetonitrile poisoning.

De Paepe P1,2, Colin P3, Depuydt P4, Decavele AS5, De Smet J3, Boussery K3, Stove C6, Benoit D4, Verstraete A5, Van Bocxlaer J3, Buylaert W1.
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.).Clin Toxicol (Phila).2016 Jan;54(1):56-60. doi: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1101770. Epub 2015 Dec 1.
Context Cyanide poisoning may be caused by acetonitrile, a common industrial organic solvent and laboratory agent. Objective To describe the potential use of disulfiram in treating acetonitrile poisoning in a human clinical case and to further study its effect in human liver microsomes in vitro. Cas
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How to effectively manage the event of bleeding complications when using anticoagulants.

Sartori MT1, Prandoni P.
Expert review of hematology.Expert Rev Hematol.2016 Jan;9(1):37-50. doi: 10.1586/17474086.2016.1112733. Epub 2015 Nov 17.
Since affecting hemostasis, all the anticoagulant drugs carry a risk of bleeding. Minor bleeds may be managed without the need to reverse the anticoagulant effect, which is instead a key step to ensure efficacious hemostasis in major and life-threatening bleeding. Drug withdrawal applies to all anti
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Japanese Journal

ドクツルタケ中毒による昏睡型急性肝不全に対し急性血液浄化療法を併用し救命しえた1症例

吉田省造,岡田英志,土井智章 [他],中島靖浩,鈴木浩大,田中卓,福田哲也,北川雄一郎,安田立,水野洋佑,宮﨑渚,森下健太郎,牛越博昭,竹村元三,白井邦博,豊田泉,小倉真治
日本透析医学会雑誌 48(2), 129-135, 2015
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抗凝固療法の進化

長尾毅彦
脳卒中 36(3), 220-222, 2014
要旨：新規経口抗凝固薬では，ワルファリン療法に比較して，頭蓋内出血が極めて少ないことが最大の特徴とされている．頭蓋内出血の内訳は脳内出血と硬膜下血腫が半数ずつを占め，硬膜下出血のみで用量依存性が認められた．またアジア人集団の解析では，非アジア人集団と比較して新規経口抗凝固薬でも脳梗塞発症が高率であり，頭蓋内出血が増えないこととあわせて，アジア人で減量をすることは勧められない．また高齢者でも腎機能が …
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室内火災の現場より救出され，一酸化炭素中毒を合併したシアン中毒傷病者の1例

岩崎泰昌,奈女良昭,宇根一暢,太田浩平,木田佳子,廣橋伸之,谷川攻一
日本救急医学会雑誌 25(10), 797-803, 2014
室内など閉鎖空間での火災による傷病者は，熱傷の他に一酸化炭素中毒（CO）を合併することが多いが，同時に化学繊維などの燃焼で発生したシアン化水素の吸入によりシアン中毒を生じることがある。室内火災の現場から救出されCO中毒にシアン中毒を合併した1例を経験したので報告する。症例は18歳の男性。ビル内にある飲食店の一室で火災に巻き込まれて，消防により倒れているところを救助され，火災発生から約1時間後に当院 …
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Silver Nanoparticle Cytotoxicity and Antidote Proteins against Silver Toxicity in Paramecium

ABE Taiki,HANEDA Koichi,HAGA Nobuyuki
Nano Biomedicine 6(1), 35-40, 2014
Silver metals have been used as chemical catalysis and antimicrobial agents. We examined the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles by using Paramecium cells. Our results indicate that …
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