pervasive developmental disorders

同

PDDs

WordNet

1. processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible; "the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours" (同)developing
2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); "the development of his ideas took many years"; "the evolution of Greek civilization"; "the slow development of her skill as a writer" (同)evolution
3. a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess); "after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter"; "in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen"
4. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining; "he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency"; "they funded research and development"
5. (music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated
6. a district that has been developed to serve some purpose; "such land is practical for small park developments"
7. a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation; "recent developments in Iraq"; "what a revolting development!"
8. bring disorder to (同)disarray
9. a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
10. a disturbance of the peace or of public order
11. of or relating to or constituting development; "developmental psychology"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉〈C〉『発達』,発展,発育,成長;『開発』;進化 / 〈U〉(写真の)現像 / 〈C〉発達(発展)の結果できたもの / 〈C〉開発した土地(地区);(特に)住宅団地(housing development) / 〈C〉(最近の)でき事,新事実
2. 〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる
3. 開発の;発達上の;発育上の
4. 広がる,みなぎる;普及する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/26 03:36:54」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"PDD" redirects here. For other uses, see PDD (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with PDD-NOS.

Pervasive developmental disorder
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Pediatrics, psychiatry
ICD-10	F84
ICD-9-CM	299
DiseasesDB	33524
eMedicine	ped/1780
MeSH	D002659

The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), refers to a group of five disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. The pervasive developmental disorders are pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), which includes atypical autism and is the most common; autism, the best-known, now understood to be part of a spectrum; Asperger syndrome; Rett syndrome; and childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD).

The first three of these disorders are commonly called the autism spectrum disorders; the last two disorders are much rarer, and are sometimes placed in the autism spectrum and sometimes not.

The onset of pervasive developmental disorders occurs during infancy, but the condition is usually not identified until the child is around three years old. Parents may begin to question the health of their child when developmental milestones are not met, including age appropriate motor movement and speech production.

There is a division among doctors on the use of the term PDD. Many use the term PDD as a short way of saying PDD-NOS. Others use the general category label of PDD because they are hesitant to diagnose very young children with a specific type of PDD, such as autism. Both approaches contribute to confusion about the term, because the term PDD actually refers to a category of disorders and is not a diagnostic label.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of PDD may include behavioral and communication problems such as:

• Difficulty using and understanding language
• Difficulty relating to people, objects, and events; for example, lack of eye contact, pointing behavior, and lack of facial responses
• Unusual play with toys and other objects
• Difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings
• Repetitive body movements or behavior patterns, such as hand flapping, hair twirling, foot tapping, or more complex movements
• Inability to cuddle or be comforted
• Difficulty regulating behaviors and emotions, which may result in temper tantrums, anxiety, and aggression.

Degrees

Children with PDD vary widely in abilities, intelligence, and behaviors. Some children do not speak at all, others speak in limited phrases or conversations, and some have relatively normal language development. Repetitive play skills and limited social skills are generally evident as well. Unusual responses to sensory information – loud noises, lights – are also common.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually made during early childhood. With the release of the DSM-5 in May 2013, the diagnosis for PDD has been removed and replaced with autism spectrum disorders. Distinction between the past disorders is implicated by a series of severity levels. Individuals who received diagnoses based on the DSM-IV should still maintain their diagnosis under the autism spectrum disorders. A study published in the October 2012 issue of American Journal of Psychiatry, found that 91% of children with PDD diagnoses from the DSM-IV retained their diagnosis under the autism spectrum disorders diagnosis using the new DSM-5.

Due to the recent release of the new diagnostic criteria, the shift in classification and diagnoses will be gradual. Additionally, the replacement of pervasive developmental disorders with autism spectrum disorders has faced great criticism from those with past diagnoses and their family members.

Before the release of the DSM-5, some clinicians used PDD-NOS as a "temporary" diagnosis for children under the age of five when, for whatever reason, they are reluctant to diagnose autism. There are several justifications for this. Very young children have limited social interaction and communication skills to begin with, so it can be tricky to diagnose milder cases of autism in toddlers. The unspoken assumption is that by the age of five, unusual behaviors will either resolve or develop into diagnosable autism. However, some parents view the PDD label as no more than a euphemism for autism spectrum disorders, problematic because this label makes it more difficult to receive aid for early childhood intervention.

Classification

The pervasive developmental disorders are:

• Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), which includes atypical autism, and is the most common (47% of diagnoses);
• Autism, the best-known;
• Asperger syndrome (9% of autism diagnoses);
• Rett syndrome; and
• Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD).

The first three of these disorders are commonly called the autism spectrum disorders; the last two disorders are much rarer, and are sometimes placed in the autism spectrum and sometimes not.

In May 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was released, updating the classification for pervasive developmental disorders. The grouping of disorders, including PDD-NOS, Autism, Asperger Syndrome, Rett Syndrome, and CDD, has been removed and replaced with the general term of Autism Spectrum Disorders. The American Psychiatric Association has concluded that using the general diagnosis of ASD supports more accurate diagnoses. The combination of these disorders was also fueled by the standpoint that Autism is characterized by common symptoms and should therefore bear a single diagnostic term. In order to distinguish between the different disorders, the DSM-5 employs severity levels. The severity levels take into account required support, restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, and deficits in social communication.

PDD and PDD-NOS

There is a division among doctors on the use of the term PDD. Many use the term PDD as a short way of saying PDD-NOS. Others use the general category because the term PDD actually refers to a category of disorders and is not a diagnostic label.

PDD is not itself a diagnosis, while PDD-NOS is a diagnosis. To further complicate the issue, PDD-NOS can also be referred to as "atypical personality development", "atypical PDD", or "atypical Autism".

Because of the "NOS", which means "not otherwise specified", it is hard to describe what PDD-NOS is, other than its being an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Some people diagnosed with PDD-NOS are close to having Asperger syndrome, but do not quite fit. Others have near full-fledged autism, but without some of its symptoms. The psychology field is considering creating several subclasses within PDD-NOS.

Treatment

Medications are used to address certain behavioral problems; therapy for children with PDD should be specialized according to the child's specific needs. Some children with PDD benefit from specialized classrooms in which the class size is small and instruction is given on a one-to-one basis. Others function well in standard special education classes or regular classes with support. Early intervention, including appropriate and specialized educational programs and support services, play a critical role in improving the outcome of individuals with PDD.

See also

• Autism and working memory
• Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy
• List of schools for people on the autistic spectrum
• Multiple complex developmental disorder
• Multisystem developmental disorder
• Overactive disorder associated with mental retardation and stereotyped movements
• Specific developmental disorder

References

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the National Institutes of Health document "NINDS Pervasive Developmental Disorders Information Page".

External links

• CDC's "Learn the Signs. Act Early." campaign - Information for parents on early childhood development and developmental disabilities
• NINDS Pervasive Developmental Disorders Information Page
• NICHCY fact sheet on Pervasive Developmental Disorder (note: not in the public domain)
• Information about Pervasive Developmental Disorders Yale Developmental Disabilities Clinic
• http://childstudycenter.yale.edu/autism/pddnos.html
• http://www.medicinenet.com/pervasive_development_disorders/page3.htm#treated

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 自閉症スペクトラム障害：臨床的特徴 autism spectrum disorder clinical features
• 2. 自閉症スペクトラム障害：用語、疫学および病因 autism spectrum disorder terminology epidemiology and pathogenesis
• 3. 自閉症スペクトラム障害：診断 autism spectrum disorder diagnosis
• 4. 自閉症スペクトラム障害：プライマリケアにおけるサーベイランスおよびスクリーニング autism spectrum disorder surveillance and screening in primary care
• 5. アスペルガー症候群（高機能自閉症スペクトラム障害）：小児および思春期における臨床的特徴および診断 asperger syndrome a specific autism spectrum disorder clinical features and diagnosis in children and adolescents

English Journal

• Better to be equal? Challenges to equality for cognitively able children with autism spectrum disorders in a social decision game.

• Schmitz EA1, Banerjee R2, Pouw LB1, Stockmann L3, Rieffe C4.
• Autism : the international journal of research and practice.Autism.2015 Feb;19(2):178-86. doi: 10.1177/1362361313516547. Epub 2014 Feb 12.
• Much controversy surrounds questions about whether humans have an aversion to inequity and how a commitment to equality might play a role in cooperation and other aspects of social interactions. Examining the social decisions of children with autism spectrum disorders provides a fascinating opportun
• PMID 24523411

• The added value of the combined use of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Diagnostic validity in a clinical Swedish sample of toddlers and young preschoolers.

• Zander E1, Sturm H2, Bölte S3.
• Autism : the international journal of research and practice.Autism.2015 Feb;19(2):187-99. doi: 10.1177/1362361313516199. Epub 2014 Jan 10.
• The diagnostic validity of the new research algorithms of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the revised algorithms of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule was examined in a clinical sample of children aged 18-47 months. Validity was determined for each instrument separately and their
• PMID 24413849

• Psychiatric diagnostic screening of social maladaptive behaviour in children with mild intellectual disability: differentiating disordered attachment and pervasive developmental disorder behaviour.

• Giltaij HP1, Sterkenburg PS, Schuengel C.
• Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR.J Intellect Disabil Res.2015 Feb;59(2):138-49. doi: 10.1111/jir.12079. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
• BACKGROUND: Children with intellectual disability (ID) are at risk for maladaptive development of social relatedness. Controversy exists whether Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) takes precedence over disordered attachment for describing maladaptive social behaviour. The aim of this study was t
• PMID 23906477

Japanese Journal

• Inhibition of Automatic Semantic Processing in Children With High-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders Having Reading Difficulty

• Journal of Special Education Research 2(1), 25-33, 2018
• NAID 130004673117

• 東邦大学医療センター大森病院における小児科医，臨床心理士，精神科医による連携医療

• 東邦医学会雑誌 64(3), 170-174, 2017-09
• NAID 120006354707

• Facilitating Social Play for Children with PDDs: Effects of Paired Robotic Devices

• Frontiers in Psychology 8, 1029, 2017-06
• NAID 120006325309

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「PDDs」
関連記事	「disorder」「development」「pervasive」「developmental」

「PDDs」

　　[★]

同

pervasive developmental disorders

「disorder」

　　[★]

• 障害：個人的苦痛や機能の障害があるので「疾病」とは言えるものの、その背景にある臓器障害がもう一つはっきりしない場合に用いられる。(PSY.9)

• n.

• an untidy state; a lack of order or organization (⇔order)
• violent behaviour of large groups of people
• an illness that cause a part of the body to stop functioning correctly

• 注意

disease <> illness <> disorder

• vt.

• 乱す、乱雑にする。(人)の(心身の)調子を狂わせる。

• vi.

　 　 　 　

「development」

　　[★]

• n.

• 発生、発達、発育、(産業)開発、発展、(クロマトグラム)展開、(写真)現像

関

buildup、deployment、develop、developmental、emergence、engender、evolution、expand、exploit、exploitation、generate、generation、growth、occur、occurrence、onset、transpire、unfold

関

growth and development

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「pervasive」

　　[★]

pervas (普及する) + ive(～の傾向がある)

• adj.

• (やたらに)広がる。浸透性の。普及力のある
• (医)広汎性の

関

diffuse, impregnate, impregnation, osmosis, penetrate, penetration, permeance, permeate, permeation, prevail, prevalence, widespread

　

「developmental」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 発生の、発生上の、発生的な、発達的な、発育性の

関

develop、development、developmentally、emergence、engender、generate、generation、occur、occurrence、onset、transpire