出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/27 12:26:56」(JST)
In physics and engineering, permeation (also called imbuing) is the penetration of a permeate (such as a liquid, gas, or vapor) through a solid. It is directly related to the concentration gradient of the permeate, a material's intrinsic permeability, and the materials' Mass diffusivity. Permeation is modeled by equations such as Fick's laws of diffusion, and can be measured using tools such as a minipermeameter.
The process of permeation involves the diffusion of molecules, called the permeant, through a membrane or interface. Permeation works through diffusion; the permeant will move from high concentration to low concentration across the interface. A material can be semipermeable, with the presence of a semipermeable membrane. Only molecules or ions with certain properties will be able to diffuse across such a membrane. This is a very important mechanism in biology where fluids inside a blood vessel need to be regulated and controlled. Permeation can occur through most materials including metals, ceramics and polymers. However, the permeability of metals is much lower than that of ceramics and polymers due to their crystal structure and porosity.
Permeation is something that must be regarded highly in various polymer applications, due to their high permeability. Permeability depends on the temperature of the interaction as well as the characteristics of both the polymer and the permeant component. Through the process of sorption, molecules of the permeant can be either absorbed or adsorbed at the interface. The permeation of a material can be measured through numerous methods that quantify the permeability of a substance through a specific material.
Permeability is measured in units of area, commonly meters squared. It can be measured in a darcy or millidarcy popularized by Henry Darcy. They are not official SI units, however they are widely used. The permeability coefficient can be calculated in Barrers. Standard SI units for temperature, time, distance and pressure are used for the gasses and diffusion coefficients used to calculate permeability.
Nollet tried to seal wine containers with a pig's bladder and stored them under water. After a while the bladder bulged outwards. He noticed the high pressure that discharged after he pierced the bladder. Curious, he did the experiment the other way round: he filled the container with water and stored it in wine. The result was a bulging inwards of the bladder. His notes about this experiment are the first scientific mention of permeation (later it would be called semipermeability).
Graham experimentally proved the dependency of gas diffusion on molecular weight, which is now known as Graham's law.
Barrer developed the modern Barrer measurement technique, and first used scientific methods for measuring permeation rates.
The permeation of films and membranes can be measured with any gas or liquid. One method uses a central module which is separated by the test film: the testing gas is fed on the one side of the cell and the permeated gas is carried to the detector by a sweep gas. The diagram on the right shows a testing cell for films, normally made from metals like stainless steel. The photo shows a testing cell for pipes made from glass, similar to a Liebig condenser. The testing medium (liquid or gas) is situated in the inner white pipe and the permeate is collected in the space between the pipe and the glass wall. It is transported by a sweep gas (connected to the upper and lower joint) to an analysing device.
Permeation can also be measured through intermittent contact. This method involves taking a sample of the test chemical and placing it on the surface of the material whose permeability is being observed while adding or removing specific amounts of the test chemical. After a known amount of time, the material is analyzed to find the concentration of the test chemical present throughout its structure. Along with the amount of time the chemical was on the material and the analysis of the test material, one can determine the cumulative permeation of the test chemical.
The following table gives examples of the calculated permeability coefficient of certain gases through a silicone membrane.
| Gas Name | Chemical Formula | Silicone Permeability Coefficient (Barrer)* |
|---|---|---|
| Oxygen | O2 | 600 |
| Hydrogen | H2 | 650 |
| Carbon Dioxide | CO2 | 3250 |
| Methanol | CH3OH | 13900 |
| Water | H2O | 36000 |
*1 Barrer = 10−10 cm3 (STP)· cm /cm2 · s · cm-Hg
Unless otherwise noted, permeabilities are measured and reported at 25C (RTP) and not (STP) From: THIN SILICONE MEMBRANES-THEIR PERMEATION PROPERTIES AND SOME APPLICATIONS Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 146, issue 1 Materials in, pp. 119–137 W. L. Robb
The flux or flow of mass of the permeate through the solid can be modeled by Fick's first law.
This equation can be modified to a very simple formula that can be used in basic problems to approximate permeation through a membrane.
where
We can introduce into this equation, which represents the sorption equilibrium parameter, which is the constant of proportionality between pressure () and . This relationship can be represented as .
The diffusion coefficient can be combined with the sorption equilibrium parameter to get the final form of the equation, where is the permeability of the membrane. The relationship being
In practical applications when looking at gases permeating metals, there is a way to relate gas pressure to concentration. Many gases exist as diatomic molecules when in the gaseous phase, but when permeating metals they exist in their singular ionic form. Sieverts' law states that the solubility of a gas, in the form of a diatomic molecule, in metal is proportional to the square root of the partial pressure of the gas.
The flux can be approximated in this case by the equation:
We can introduce into this equation, which represents the reaction equilibrium constant. From the relationship .
The diffusion coefficient can be combined with the reaction equilibrium constant to get the final form of the equation, where is the permeability of the membrane. The relationship being
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| リンク元 | 「penetrate」「impregnate」「pervasive」「浸潤」「impregnation」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「ion permeation」「ionic permeation」 |
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