v.

透過させる、浸透する

関: impregnate、impregnation、osmosis、penetrate、penetration、permeance、permeation、pervasive、transmission、transmit

WordNet

spread or diffuse through; "An atmosphere of distrust has permeated this administration"; "music penetrated the entire building"; "His campaign was riddled with accusations and personal attacks" (同)pervade, penetrate, interpenetrate, diffuse, imbue, riddle
an attack that penetrates into enemy territory (同)incursion
the act (by a man) of inserting his penis into the vagina of a woman
the act of entering into or through something; "the penetration of upper management by women"
the depth to which something penetrates (especially the depth reached by a projectile that hits a target)
clear or deep perception of a situation (同)insight
the ability to make way into or through something; "the greater penetration of the new projectiles will result in greater injuries"
make ones way deeper into or through; "The hikers did not manage to penetrate the dense forest"
come to understand (同)fathom, bottom
pass into or through, often by overcoming resistance; "The bullet penetrated her chest" (同)perforate
insert the penis into the vagina or anus of; "Did the molester penetrate the child?"
infuse or fill completely; "Impregnate the cloth with alcohol" (同)saturate
make pregnant; "He impregnated his wife again" (同)knock_up, bang_up, prang up
fertilize and cause to grow; "the egg was impregnated"
fill, as with a certain quality; "The heavy traffic tinctures the air with carbon monoxide" (同)infuse, instill, tincture
the gears that transmit power from an automobile engine via the driveshaft to the live axle (同)transmission system
the act of sending a message; causing a message to be transmitted (同)transmittal, transmitting
communication by means of transmitted signals
send from one person or place to another; "transmit a message" (同)transfer, transport, channel, channelize, channelise
the process of totally saturating something with a substance; "the impregnation of wood with preservative"; "the saturation of cotton with ether" (同)saturation
material with which something is impregnated; "the impregnation, whatever it was, had turned the rock blue"

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘に'しみ通る, 浸透する / 〈煙などが〉‥‘に'広がる,いっぱいになる;〈思想などが〉…‘に'広がる,普及する / (…に)しみ渡る《+『through』(『in, into』)+『名』》 / 〈煙・思想などが〉(…に)広がる,普及する《+『through』(『throughout, among』)+『名』》
貫通;貫通力,突き刺す力;(…の)浸透,(…が)入り込むこと《+『of』+『名』》 / 洞察(どうさつ)力,見抜く力,眼力
…‘に'『入り込む』,‘を'『貫き通す』 / 〈液体・においなどが〉…に『しみ込む』,しみ通る / 〈思想などが〉…に浸透する / 〈真理・真相など〉‘を'見抜く,理解する / (…に)『入り込む』,『しみ込む』,浸透する《+『through(into, to)』+『名』》
…‘を'妊娠させる,…‘を'受精させる / (…を)…にしみ込ませる,溶かし込む《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (思想などを)…‘に'吹き込む《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
(また transmittal)〈U〉(…を)伝える(送る)こと,(…が)伝えられる(送られる)こし,(…の)伝達,伝送《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(ラジオ・テレビなどで)送られたもの(画面・番組など) / 〈C〉伝動装置,(車の)変速装置,ギヤ
〈手紙・品物など〉‘を'送る,(ある人・場所・物から他へ)…‘を'伝える,移す / (相続・遺伝などによって子孫に)〈財産・性質など〉‘を'伝える《+名+to+名》 / (媒介によって)〈光・熱・音・力など〉‘を'伝える,伝導する;〈ラジオ・テレビなどの内容〉‘を'放送する,〈信号など〉‘を'送信する
妊娠,受精 / 浸透

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/15 23:14:24」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

"Permeate" redirects here. For the milk product, see Milk permeate.

In physics and engineering, permeation (also called imbuing) is the penetration of a permeate (such as a liquid, gas, or vapor) through a solid. It is directly related to the concentration gradient of the permeate, a material's intrinsic permeability, and the materials' Mass diffusivity. Permeation is modeled by equations such as Fick's laws of diffusion, and can be measured using tools such as a minipermeameter.

1 Description
2 Related terms
3 History
- 3.1 Abbé Jean-Antoine Nollet (physicist, 1700–1770)
- 3.2 Thomas Graham (chemist, 1805–1869)
- 3.3 Richard Barrer (1910–1996)
4 Permeation in everyday life
5 Permeation measurement
6 Approximation using Fick's First law
7 Solubility of a gas in a metal
8 See also
9 External links
10 Further reading

Description

The process of permeation involves the diffusion of molecules, called the permeant, through a membrane or interface. Permeation works through diffusion; the permeant will move from high concentration to low concentration across the interface. A material can be semipermeable, with the presence of a semipermeable membrane. Only molecules or ions with certain properties will be able to diffuse across such a membrane. This is a very important mechanism in biology where fluids inside a blood vessel need to be regulated and controlled. Permeation can occur through most materials including metals, ceramics and polymers. However, the permeability of metals is much lower than that of ceramics and polymers due to their crystal structure and porosity.

Permeation is something that must be regarded highly in various polymer applications, due to their high permeability. Permeability depends on the temperature of the interaction as well as the characteristics of both the polymer and the permeant component. Through the process of sorption, molecules of the permeant can be either absorbed or adsorbed at the interface. The permeation of a material can be measured through numerous methods that quantify the permeability of a substance through a specific material.

Permeability is measured in units of area, commonly meters squared. It can be measured in a darcy or millidarcy popularized by Henry Darcy. They are not official SI units, however they are widely used. The permeability coefficient can be calculated in Barrers. Standard SI units for temperature, time, distance and pressure are used for the gasses and diffusion coefficients used to calculate permeability.

Related terms

Permeant: The substance or species, ion, molecules permeating through the solid.
Semipermeability: Property of a material to be permeable only for some substances and not for others.
Permeation measurement: Method for the quantification of the permeability of a material for a specific substance.

History

Abbé Jean-Antoine Nollet (physicist, 1700–1770)

Nollet tried to seal wine containers with a pig's bladder and stored them under water. After a while the bladder bulged outwards. He noticed the high pressure that discharged after he pierced the bladder. Curious, he did the experiment the other way round: he filled the container with water and stored it in wine. The result was a bulging inwards of the bladder. His notes about this experiment are the first scientific mention of permeation (later it would be called semipermeability).

Thomas Graham (chemist, 1805–1869)

Graham experimentally proved the dependency of gas diffusion on molecular weight, which is now known as Graham's law.

Richard Barrer (1910–1996)

Barrer developed the modern Barrer measurement technique, and first used scientific methods for measuring permeation rates.

Permeation in everyday life

Packaging: The permeability of the package (materials, seals, closures, etc.) needs to be matched with the sensitivity of the package contents and the specified shelf life. Some packages must have nearly hermetic seals while others can (and sometimes must) be selectively permeable. Knowledge about the exact permeation rates is therefore essential.

Fuel Cell Configuration

Tires: Air pressure in tires should decrease as slowly as possible. A good tire is one that allows the least amount of gas to escape. Permeation will occur over time with the tires, so it is best to know the permeability of the material that will make up the tire with the desired gas to make the most efficient tires.
Insulating material: Water vapour permeation of insulating material is important as well as for submarine cables to protect the conductor from corrosion.
Fuel cells: Automobiles are equipped with Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells to convert hydrogen fuel and oxygen found in the atmosphere to produce electricity. However, these cells only produce around 1.16 volts of electricity. In order to power a vehicle, multiple cells are arranged into a stack. A stack's power output depends on both the number and the size of the individual fuel cells.
Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Piping: Pipes intended to transport water under high pressure can be considered as failed when there is a detectable permeation of water through the pipe wall to the outer surface of the pipe.
Medical Uses: Permeation can also be seen in the medical field in drug delivery. Drug patches made up of polymer material contain a chemical reservoir that is loaded beyond its solubility, and then transferred to the body through contact. In order for the chemical to release itself into the body, it must permeate and diffuse through the polymer membrane, according to the concentration gradient. Due to the over solubility of the reservoir, transport of the drug follows the burst and lag mechanism. There is a high transfer rate of the drug when the patch makes contact with the skin, but as time increases a concentration gradient is established, meaning delivery of the drug settles to a constant rate. This is crucial in drug delivery and is used in cases such as the Ocusert System.

Permeation measurement

Permeation measurement with sweep gas

The permeation of films and membranes can be measured with any gas or liquid. One method uses a central module which is separated by the test film: the testing gas is fed on the one side of the cell and the permeated gas is carried to the detector by a sweep gas. The diagram on the right shows a testing cell for films, normally made from metals like stainless steel. The photo shows a testing cell for pipes made from glass, similar to a Liebig condenser. The testing medium (liquid or gas) is situated in the inner white pipe and the permeate is collected in the space between the pipe and the glass wall. It is transported by a sweep gas (connected to the upper and lower joint) to an analysing device.

Permeation can also be measured through intermittent contact. This method involves taking a sample of the test chemical and placing it on the surface of the material whose permeability is being observed while adding or removing specific amounts of the test chemical. After a known amount of time, the material is analyzed to find the concentration of the test chemical present throughout its structure. Along with the amount of time the chemical was on the material and the analysis of the test material, one can determine the cumulative permeation of the test chemical.

The following table gives examples of the calculated permeability coefficient of certain gases through a silicone membrane.

Gas Name	Formula	Silicone Permeability Coefficient (Barrer)*
Oxygen		600
Hydrogen		650
Carbon Dioxide		3250
Methanol		13900
Water		36000

1 Barrer = 10-10 cm3 (STP)· cm /cm2 · s · cm-Hg

Unless otherwise noted, permeabilities are measured and reported at 25C (RTP) and not (STP) From: THIN SILICONE MEMBRANES-THEIR PERMEATION PROPERTIES AND SOME APPLICATIONS Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 146, issue 1 Materials in, pp. 119–137 W. L. Robb

Approximation using Fick's First law

The flux or flow of mass of the permeate through the solid can be modeled by Fick's first law.

This equation can be modified to a very simple forumula that can be used in basic problems to approximate permeation through a membrane.

where

is the "diffusion flux"

is the diffusion coefficient or mass diffusivity

is the concentration of the permeate

is the thickness of the membrane

We can introduce into this equation, which represents the sorption equilibrium parameter, which is the constant of proportionality between pressure () and . This relationship can be represented as .

The diffusion coefficient can be combined with the sorption equilibrium parameter to get the final form of the equation, where is the permeability of the membrane. The relationship being

Solubility of a gas in a metal

In practical applications when looking at gases permeating metals, there is a way to relate gas pressure to concentration. Many gases exist as diatomic molecules when in the gaseous phase, but when permeating metals they exist in their singular ionic form. Sieverts' law states that the solubility of a gas, in the form of a diatomic molecule, in metal is proportional to the square root of the partial pressure of the gas.

The flux can be approximated in this case by the equation:

We can introduce into this equation, which represents the reaction equilibrium constant. From the relationship .

The diffusion coefficient can be combined with the reaction equilibrium constant to get the final form of the equation, where is the permeability of the membrane. The relationship being

External links

Diffusion Coefficient of Gas, Liquid & Vapour in Polymers

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