n.

有病率、罹患率、蔓延、普及、流行

関: attack rate、case rate、epidemic、fashion、morbidity、morbidity rate、pervasive、prevail、prevalence rate、prevalent、spread、susceptibility

WordNet

(epidemiology) the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population
the quality of prevailing generally; being widespread; "he was surprised by the prevalence of optimism about the future"
(especially of medicine) of disease or anything resembling a disease; attacking or affecting many individuals in a community or a population simultaneously; "an epidemic outbreak of influenza"
a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease; many people are infected at the same time
the state of being susceptible; easily affected (同)susceptibleness
prepared or arranged for a meal; especially having food set out; "a table spread with food"
act of extending over a wider scope or expanse of space or time (同)spreading
the expansion of a persons girth (especially at middle age); "she exercised to avoid that middle-aged spread"
a tasty mixture to be spread on bread or crackers or used in preparing other dishes (同)paste
two facing pages of a book or other publication (同)spread head, spreadhead, facing pages
process or result of distributing or extending over a wide expanse of space (同)spreading
distribute or disperse widely; "The invaders spread their language all over the country" (同)distribute
spread across or over; "A big oil spot spread across the water" (同)overspread
become distributed or widespread; "the infection spread"; "Optimism spread among the population" (同)propagate
strew or distribute over an area; "He spread fertilizer over the lawn"; "scatter cards across the table" (同)scatter, spread out
cover by spreading something over; "spread the bread with cheese"
distribute over a surface in a layer; "spread cheese on a piece of bread"
make out of components (often in an improvising manner); "She fashioned a tent out of a sheet and a few sticks" (同)forge
characteristic or habitual practice
consumer goods (especially clothing) in the current mode
the latest and most admired style in clothes and cosmetics and behavior
use persuasion successfully; "He prevailed upon her to visit his parents"
be valid, applicable, or true; "This theory still holds" (同)hold, obtain
continue to exist; "These stories die hard"; "The legend of Elvis endures" (同)persist, die hard, run, endure
prove superior; "The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight" (同)triumph

PrepTutorEJDIC

広く行きわっていること,普及 / 優勢,支配
(病気などが)『伝染性の』,急速に広がる / (一般に)流行している / (一時的な)流行病,伝染病 / 流行,はやり
〈U〉(…に)(感染し)やすいこと,敏感《+to+名》 / 《複数形で》(傷つきやすい)感情
〈たたんだ物など〉‘を'『広げる』,伸ばす《+『out』+『名,』+『名』+『out』》 / (…に)‥‘を'『薄く塗る;』(…に)‥‘を'かける,かぶせる《+『名』+『on(over)』+『名』》 / (…を)…‘に'『薄く塗る;』(で)…‘を'おおう《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'引き離す,押し広げる / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》(…に)…‘を'『まき散らす』;〈知識・ニュースなど〉‘を'広める;〈病気など〉‘を'まん延させる《+『名』+『over(among)』+『名』》 / 〈仕事・支払いなど〉‘を'引き延ばす《+『名』+『out,』+『out』+『名』》;(ある期間に)〈支払いなど〉‘を'わたらせる《+『名』+『over(for)』+『名』》 / …‘を'広げて見せる,展示する / (食事ができるように)〈食卓〉‘を'用意する,〈食卓〉‘に'料理を並べる / 〈物が〉『広がる,』伸びる / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》(…に)〈うわさなどが〉『広まる』〈病気などが〉まん延する《+『over』+『名』》 / (時間的に)延びる;(…の期間に)わたる《+『over(for)』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《the~》(…が)『広がること』,(…の)普及《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《しばしばa~》(…の)広がり,広がった距離(程度)《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(食卓掛けなどの)掛け布;(特に)ベッドカバー / 〈C〉(食卓に出された)たくさんの食へ物,ごちそう / 〈U〉〈C〉スプレッド(パンに塗るバター,ジャム,ゼリー類) / 〈C〉(新聞,雑誌などの数段ぬきまたは2ページにわたる)大広告,大見出し記事
〈C〉〈U〉(…の)『流行』,はやり《+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(特に婦人服の)ファション / 《the~》人気のある人(もの) / 〈C〉〈U〉《文》(…の)『方法』,仕方《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)作り(make),様式(style),型(shape)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《古》《集合的に》上流会社[の人々] / (…から)…‘を'作る《+『名』+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》;…‘を'細工して(…を)作る《+『名』+『into』+『名』》
《文》 / (…に)〈強さ・影響力が〉『勝る』,勝つ《+『over』(『against』)+『名』》 / (…に)『普及している』,広く行きわたる《『in』(『among』)+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/11/02 10:30:52」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Prevalence in epidemiology is the proportion of disease found to be affecting a particular population (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seat-belt use). It is arrived at by comparing the number of people found to have the condition with the total number of people studied, and is usually expressed as a fraction, as a percentage or as the number of cases per 10,000 or 100,000 people. Point prevalence is the proportion of a population that has the condition at a specific point in time. Period prevalence is the proportion of a population that has the condition at some time during a given period (e.g., 12 month prevalence), and includes people who already have the condition at the start of the study period as well as those who acquire it during that period. Lifetime prevalence (LTP) is the proportion of a population that at some point in their life (up to the time of assessment) have experienced the condition.^[1]

Prevalence estimates are used by epidemiologists, health care providers, government agencies, and insurers.

Prevalence is contrasted with incidence, which is a measure of new cases arising in a population over a given period (month, year, etc.). The difference between prevalence and incidence can be summarized thus: prevalence answers "How many people have this disease right now?" and incidence answers "How many people per year newly acquire this disease?"..

Examples and utility

In science, prevalence describes a proportion (typically expressed as a percentage). For example, the prevalence of obesity among American adults in 2001 was estimated by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) at approximately 20.9%.^[2]

Prevalence is a term which means being widespread and it is distinct from incidence. Prevalence is a measurement of all individuals affected by the disease at a particular time, whereas incidence is a measurement of the number of new individuals who contract a disease during a particular period of time.

To illustrate, a long term disease that was spread widely in a community in 2002 will have a high prevalence at a given point of 2003 (assuming it has a long duration) but it might have a low incidence rate during 2003 (i.e. lots of existing cases, but not many new ones in that year). Conversely, a disease that is easily transmitted but has a short duration might spread widely during 2002 but is likely to have a low prevalence at any given point in 2003 (due to its short duration) but a high incidence during 2002 (as many people develop the disease). As such, prevalence is a useful parameter when talking about long lasting diseases, such as HIV, but incidence is more useful when talking about diseases of short duration, such as chickenpox.

Uses

Lifetime prevalence

Lifetime prevalence (LTP) is the number of individuals in a statistical population that at some point in their life (up to the time of assessment) have experienced a "case" (e.g., a disorder), compared to the total number of individuals (i.e. it is expressed as a ratio or percentage). Often, a 12-month prevalence (or some other type of "period prevalence") is used in conjunction with lifetime prevalence. There is also point prevalence, the prevalence of disorder at a more specific (a month or less) point in time. There is also a related figure lifetime morbid risk - the theoretical prevalence at any point in life for anyone, regardless of time of assessment.

Period prevalence

In epidemiology, Period prevalence is the proportion of the population with a given disease or condition over a specific period of time. It could describe how many people in a population had a cold over the cold season in 2006, for example. It is expressed as a percentage of the population and can be described by the following formula:

Period prevalence (ratio) = Number of cases that occurred in a given period ÷ Number of people in the population during this period

The relationship between incidence (rate), point prevalence (ratio) and period prevalence (ratio) is easily explicated via an analogy with photography. Point prevalence is akin to a flashlit photograph: what is happening at this instant frozen in time. Period prevalence is analogous to a long exposure (seconds, rather than an instant) photograph: the number of events recorded in the photo whilst the camera shutter was open. In a movie each frame records an instant (point prevalence); by looking from frame to frame one notices new events (incident events) and can relate the number of such events to a period (number of frames); see incidence rate.

Point prevalence

In epidemiology, point prevalence is a measure of the proportion of people in a population who have a disease or condition at a particular time, such as a particular date. It is like a snap shot of the disease in time. It can be used for statistics on the occurrence of chronic diseases. This is in contrast to period prevalence which is a measure of the proportion of people in a population who have a disease or condition over a specific period of time, say a season, or a year. Point prevalence can be described by the formula: Prevalence = Number of existing cases on a specific date ÷ Number of people in the population on this date ^[3]

Limitations

It can be said that a very small error applied over a very large number of individuals (that is, those who are not affected by the condition in the general population during their lifetime; for example, over 95%) produces a relevant, non-negligible number of subjects who are incorrectly classified as having the condition or any other condition which is the object of a survey study: these subjects are the so-called false positives; such reasoning applies to the 'false positive' but not the 'false negative' problem where we have an error applied over a relatively very small number of individuals to begin with (that is, those who are affected by the condition in the general population; for example, less than 5%). Hence, a very high percentage of subjects who seem to have a history of a disorder at interview are false positives for such a medical condition and apparently never suffered a fully clinical syndrome.

A different but related problem in evaluating the public health significance of psychiatric conditions has been highlighted by Robert Spitzer of Columbia University: fulfillment of diagnostic criteria and the resulting diagnosis do not necessarily imply need for treatment.^[4]

A well-known statistical problem arises when ascertaining rates for disorders and conditions with a relatively low population prevalence or base rate. Even assuming that lay interview diagnoses are highly accurate in terms of sensitivity and specificity and their corresponding area under the ROC curve (that is, AUC, or area under the receiver operating characteristic curve), a condition with a relatively low prevalence or base-rate is bound to yield high false positive rates, which exceed false negative rates; in such a circumstance a limited positive predictive value, PPV, yields high false positive rates even in presence of a specificity which is very close to 100%.^[5]

References

^ Kenneth J. Rothman (21 June 2012). Epidemiology: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-975455-7.
^ http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/trend/prev_reg.htm
^ Gerstman, B.B. (2003). Epidemiology Kept Simple: An Introduction to Traditional and Modern Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss.
^ Spitzer, Robert (February 1998). "Diagnosis and need for treatment are not the same". Archives of General Psychiatry. 55 (2): 120. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.2.120. PMID 9477924.
^ Baldessarini, Ross J.; Finklestein S.; Arana G. W. (May 1983). "The predictive power of diagnostic tests and the effect of prevalence of illness". Archives of General Psychiatry. 40 (5): 569–73. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790050095011. PMID 6838334.

External links

PlusNews, the UN's HIV/AIDS news service provides HIV prevalence rates for nearly 60 countries worldwide
Synopsis of article on "How Prevalent Is Schizophrenia?" from Public Library of Science

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 生物統計学および疫学に関する一般用語集 glossary of common biostatistical and epidemiological terms
2. 骨転移を有する成人患者の疫学、臨床所見、診断、およびマネージメントの概要 overview of the epidemiology clinical presentation diagnosis and management of adult patients with bone metastasis
3. ウエストナイルウイルス感染の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of west nile virus infection
4. インフルエンザの疫学 epidemiology of influenza
5. ヒトパピローマウイルス感染の疫学 epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections

English Journal

Renal impairment among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis from a large health plan in Israel.

Yu J1, Goldshtein I, Shalev V, Chodick G, Ish-Shalom S, Sharon O, Modi A.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2015 Dec;10(1):210. doi: 10.1007/s11657-015-0210-y. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
Bisphosphonates are a first-line treatment for osteoporosis but require adequate renal function. We estimated the prevalence of renal impairment among osteoporotic women in Israeli. Approximately 2.3 % of women had renal impairment at a level that makes them inappropriate for bisphosphonate use, dem
PMID 25753617

Epidemiology of proximal humerus fractures.

Launonen AP1, Lepola V, Saranko A, Flinkkilä T, Laitinen M, Mattila VM.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2015 Dec;10(1):209. doi: 10.1007/s11657-015-0209-4. Epub 2015 Feb 13.
There are only a few previous population-based studies that include both inpatient and outpatient treatment data. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of proximal humerus fractures. The incidence of proximal humerus fractures increases with age, and we observe a seasonal variati
PMID 25675881

Vertebral fracture prevalence in black and white South African women.

Conradie M1, Conradie MM, Scher AT, Kidd M, Hough S.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2015 Dec;10(1):203. doi: 10.1007/s11657-015-0203-x. Epub 2015 Feb 13.
Black women are generally regarded as being less prone to the development of osteoporosis. This study reports a similar prevalence of morphometric vertebral fractures in black (9.1 %) and white (5.0 %) South African women. Clinical risk factors and bone strength parameters contributed differently to
PMID 25675880

Histories of forced sex and health outcomes among Southern African lesbian and bisexual women: a cross-sectional study.

Sandfort T1, Frazer MS, Matebeni Z, Reddy V, Southey-Swartz I; Southern African Lesbian and Bisexual Women Research Team.
BMC women's health.BMC Womens Health.2015 Dec;15:181. doi: 10.1186/s12905-015-0181-6. Epub 2015 Mar 6.
BACKGROUND: Experiences of forced sex have been shown to be prevalent in Southern Africa. Negative outcomes of forced sex have been documented in general populations of women and men and include alcohol abuse, drug use, mental health problems, mental distress, sexual health problems and poor overall
PMID 25783653

Japanese Journal

Differential Development of Facial and Hind Paw Allodynia in a Nitroglycerin-Induced Mouse Model of Chronic Migraine; Role of Capsaicin Sensitive Primary Afferents

Ｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ　＆　Ｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌ　Ｂｕｌｌｅｔｉｎ, 2018
NAID 130006224987

高尿酸血症・痛風の疫学 (特集高尿酸血症 : 基礎・臨床の最新知見)

日本臨床 = Japanese journal of clinical medicine 75(12), 1803-1811, 2017-12
NAID 40021390869

Radiographic Parameters of Acetabular Dysplasia in a Healthy Japanese Population : Data from the Katashina Study

The Kitakanto medical journal = 北関東医学 67(4), 307-312, 2017-11
NAID 40021393879

介護職員の腰痛有病率とそのJOABPEQを含めたQOL評価との関係について

臨床整形外科 52(11), 1041-1044, 2017-11
NAID 40021384054

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「有病率」「罹患率」「ascertain」「spread」「prevalent」

「有病率」

　　[★]

英: prevalence rate, morbidity prevalence rate
関: 罹患率 incidence rate morbidity rate

有病率(prevalence)の定義

SUB.178

単位人口に対する一時点における疾病異常者の割合　　→　　静的な数字

有病率 = 集団のある一時点における疾病を有する者の数[人] / 集団の調査対象全員の数[人]

参考

厚労省平成17年患者調査報告（傷病分類編）

http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/kanja/05syoubyo/index.html

10月の時点での患者総数を表している。

厚労省　患者調査 > 平成20年患者調査 > 閲覧 > 年次 > 2008年

http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?lid=000001060268

「罹患率」

　　[★]

英: incidence rate, morbidity rate
同: 発病率、疾病率、罹病率
関: 有病率 prevalence ←　区別する！; 罹患期間

罹患率(incidence)の定義