WordNet

the state of being invaded or overrun by parasites
a swarm of insects that attack plants; "a plague of grasshoppers" (同)plague
the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)
(medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease
(phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound
the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
(international law) illegality that taints or contaminates a ship or cargo rendering it liable to seizure
moral corruption or contamination; "ambitious men are led astray by an infection that is almost unavoidable"
an incident in which an infectious disease is transmitted (同)contagion, transmission
the gears that transmit power from an automobile engine via the driveshaft to the live axle (同)transmission system
the act of sending a message; causing a message to be transmitted (同)transmittal, transmitting
communication by means of transmitted signals
the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder
any entry into an area not previously occupied; "an invasion of tourists"; "an invasion of locusts" (同)encroachment, intrusion
(pathology) the spread of pathogenic microorganisms or malignant cells to new sites in the body; "the tumors invasion of surrounding structures"
violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked (同)hostility
a disposition to behave aggressively
deliberately unfriendly behavior
the act of initiating hostilities
a feeling of hostility that arouses thoughts of attack (同)aggressiveness
corrupt with ideas or an ideology; "society was infected by racism"
contaminate with a disease or microorganism (同)taint
communicate a disease to; "Your children have infected you with this head cold"
affect in a contagious way; "His laughter infects everyone who is in the same room"
the activity of getting rid of vermin

PrepTutorEJDIC

(害虫・賊・病気などの)横行,はびこり
〈U〉(病気の)伝染;感染 / 〈C〉伝染病
(また transmittal)〈U〉(…を)伝える(送る)こと,(…が)伝えられる(送られる)こし,(…の)伝達,伝送《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(ラジオ・テレビなどで)送られたもの(画面・番組など) / 〈C〉伝動装置,(車の)変速装置,ギヤ
(敵軍の)侵入,侵略《+『of』+『名』》 / (人・物の)殺到;(災害などの)襲来《+『of』+『名』》 / (権利などの)侵害《+『of』+『名』》
〈U〉〈C〉(武力による他国への)侵略,攻撃 / 〈U〉〈C〉(他人の権利などへの)侵害
〈病気が〉…‘に'『感染する』;(病気を)…‘に'感染させる,すつす《+『名』+『with』+『名』〈病気〉》 / …‘に'『影響を及ぼす』

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/25 11:13:29」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Infestation refers to the state of being invaded or overrun by pests or parasites.^[1] It can also refer to the actual organisms living on or within a host.^[2]

Terminology

In general, the term "infestation" refers to parasitic diseases caused by animals such as arthropods (i.e. mites, ticks, and lice) and worms, but excluding those caused by protozoa, fungi, and bacteria.^[3]

External and internal

Infestations can be classified as either external or internal with regards to the parasites' location in relation to the host.

External or ectoparasitic infestation is a condition in which organisms live primarily on the surface of the host (though porocephaliasis can penetrate viscerally) and includes those involving mites, ticks, head lice and bed bugs.^[4]

An internal (or endoparasitic) infestation is a condition in which organisms live within the host and includes those involving worms (though swimmer's itch stays near the surface).

Medically, the term "infestation" is often reserved only for external ectoparasitic infestations^[5] while the term infection refers to internal endoparasitic conditions.^[6]

References

^ "infestation" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ "Infestation - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary".
^ Harvard Medical School; Anthony L. Komaroff (28 December 2004). Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide. Simon and Schuster. pp. 889–. ISBN 978-0-684-86373-3. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
^ "Bed Bug Information".
^ "Bedbugs". Skin Problems & Treatments Health Center. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
^ Leland S. Shapiro; Leland Shapiro (2005). Pathology and parasitology for veterinary technicians. Cengage Learning. pp. 111-. ISBN 978-1-4018-3745-7. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 疥癬 scabies
2. 南京虫 bedbugs
3. 寄生虫妄想症：疫学、臨床症状、評価および診断 delusional parasitosis epidemiology clinical presentation assessment and diagnosis
4. コロモジラミ症 pediculosis corporis
5. レプトスピラ症の疫学、微生物学、臨床症状、および診断 epidemiology microbiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of leptospirosis

English Journal

De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans.

García-Bayona L1, Garavito MF1, Lozano GL2, Vasquez JJ1, Myers K3, Fry WE3, Bernal A4, Zimmermann BH2, Restrepo S5.Author information 1Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18-10, Edificio J-205, Bogotá DC, Colombia; Grupo de Investigaciones en Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Parásitos, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18-10, Edificio M-301, Bogotá DC, Colombia.2Grupo de Investigaciones en Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Parásitos, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18-10, Edificio M-301, Bogotá DC, Colombia.3Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.4Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18-10, Edificio J-205, Bogotá DC, Colombia.5Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18-10, Edificio J-205, Bogotá DC, Colombia. Electronic address: srestrep@uniandes.edu.co.AbstractThe oomycete Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of the tomato and potato late blight, generates important economic and environmental losses worldwide. As current control strategies are becoming less effective, there is a need for studies on oomycete metabolism to help identify promising and more effective targets for chemical control. The pyrimidine pathways are attractive metabolic targets to combat tumors, virus and parasitic diseases but have not yet been studied in Phytophthora. Pyrimidines are involved in several critical cellular processes and play structural, metabolic and regulatory functions. Here, we used genomic and transcriptomic information to survey the pyrimidine metabolism during the P. infestans life cycle. After assessing the putative gene machinery for pyrimidine salvage and de novo synthesis, we inferred genealogies for each enzymatic domain in the latter pathway, which displayed a mosaic origin. The last two enzymes of the pathway, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine-5-monophosphate decarboxylase, are fused in a multi-domain enzyme and are duplicated in some P. infestans strains. Two splice variants of the third gene (dihydroorotase) were identified, one of them encoding a premature stop codon generating a non-functional truncated protein. Relative expression profiles of pyrimidine biosynthesis genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR during infection in Solanum phureja. The third and fifth genes involved in this pathway showed high up-regulation during biotrophic stages and down-regulation during necrotrophy, whereas the uracil phosphoribosyl transferase gene involved in pyrimidine salvage showed the inverse behavior. These findings suggest the importance of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis during the fast replicative early infection stages and highlight the dynamics of the metabolism associated with the hemibiotrophic life style of pathogen.
Gene.Gene.2014 Mar 10;537(2):312-21. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.009. Epub 2013 Dec 18.
The oomycete Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of the tomato and potato late blight, generates important economic and environmental losses worldwide. As current control strategies are becoming less effective, there is a need for studies on oomycete metabolism to help identify promising and more e
PMID 24361203

Exocrine cell-derived microparticles in response to lipopolysaccharide promote endocrine dysfunction in cystic fibrosis.

Constantinescu AA1, Gleizes C2, Alhosin M3, Yala E2, Zobairi F2, Leclercq A4, Stoian G5, Mitrea IL6, Prévost G7, Toti F8, Kessler L9.Author information 1EA7293, Vascular and Tissular Stress in Transplantation, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France; Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases and Animal Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 105 spl. Independentei, sector 5, 050097 Bucharest, Romania.2EA7293, Vascular and Tissular Stress in Transplantation, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.3UMR7213 CNRS, Laboratory of Biophotonics and Pharmacology, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France.4Department of Pneumology, University Hospital, 1 place de L'hôpital, CHU de Strasbourg, BP426, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France.5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 spl. Independentei, sector 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.6Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases and Animal Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 105 spl. Independentei, sector 5, 050097 Bucharest, Romania.7EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.8UMR7213 CNRS, Laboratory of Biophotonics and Pharmacology, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France.9EA7293, Vascular and Tissular Stress in Transplantation, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France; Department of Diabetology, University Hospital, 1 place de l'Hôpital, CHU de Strasbourg, BP421, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France. Electronic address: kesslerl@unistra.fr.AbstractBACKGROUND: Diabetes in cystic fibrosis (CF) is a result of exocrine pancreas alteration followed by endocrine dysfunction at a later stage. Microparticles (MPs) are plasma membrane fragments shed from stimulated or damaged cells that act as cellular effectors. Our aim was to identify a new form of interaction between exocrine and endocrine pancreatic cells mediated by exocrine MPs, in the context of recurrent infection in CF.
Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society.J Cyst Fibros.2014 Mar;13(2):219-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2013.08.012. Epub 2013 Oct 2.
BACKGROUND: Diabetes in cystic fibrosis (CF) is a result of exocrine pancreas alteration followed by endocrine dysfunction at a later stage. Microparticles (MPs) are plasma membrane fragments shed from stimulated or damaged cells that act as cellular effectors. Our aim was to identify a new form of
PMID 24095207

Phylogenetic analysis of HCV-4d in Turkey: the curious case of Kayseri Province.

Ciccozzi M, Zehender G, Polat C, Lai A, Kayman T, Sorrentino C, Ebranati E, Cella E, Lo Presti A, Abacioglu H.Author information Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.AbstractIn Turkey, genotype 1, especially type 1b virus, causes approximately 90% of these infections, while types 2, 3, and 4 exist, albeit in low prevalences and are due to relatively recent and limited introductions. Two recent reports from Kayseri, a relatively large city in Central Anatolia, indicated unusually high prevalence for type 4 infections in the province reaching a 35% among patients admitted to hospitals for treatment of chronic hepatitis C. In this study, the origin, the demographic history, and the dynamic of the epidemic of unusual HCV genotype 4d in Turkey by using Bayesian coalescent-based method were investigated. A gene flow migration approach was also used to describe the synchronous geographical dispersal and genetic diversification of this unusual genotype in Kayseri province. The Turkish clade had a tMRCA of 44 years corresponding to the year 1967 and seems to have a different origin being completely segregated from the European one. Gene flow migration analysis indicated that Kayseri province appeared to be the epicenter of HCV-4d epidemic, exporting the infections. The demographic history of HCV-4d showed that the epidemic started in 1970s year then following a slow exponential growth until 1980s. The Turkish monophyletic clade suggests a segregate circulation of the epidemic in this region mostly due to unsafe parenteral medical procedures (with drug addiction playing a relatively negligible role). J. Med. Virol. 86:454-460, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2014 Mar;86(3):454-60. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23787. Epub 2013 Oct 16.
In Turkey, genotype 1, especially type 1b virus, causes approximately 90% of these infections, while types 2, 3, and 4 exist, albeit in low prevalences and are due to relatively recent and limited introductions. Two recent reports from Kayseri, a relatively large city in Central Anatolia, indicated
PMID 24132509

Problems caused by isopod parasites in commercial fishes.

Rameshkumar G, Ravichandran S.Author information Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608 502 Tamil Nadu India.AbstractCrustaceans are found in every type of aquatic ecosystem, and there are species adapted to extremes of temperature, pressure, salinity, and even anoxia. Parasitic isopods are typically marine and usually inhabit the warmer seas. They are blood-feeding; several species settle in the buccal cavity of fish, others live in the gill chamber or on the body surface including the fins. Isopods can cause morbidity and mortality in captive fish populations. The damage of gill filaments thus was not only due to the feeding but also by the pressure exerted by the dorsal side of the parasite. Erosion of gill lamellae, damage of gill rakers and pale gills were the severe gross lesions observed as a consequence of isopod infestation. Infested fish exhibited histopathological anomalies such as tissue reactions, primarily associated with the formation of granulomas consisted of macrophages and epithelioid cells, which are occasionally surrounded by a thin rim of fibroblasts. A marked increase in the size of the parasite is associated with the development of marsupium full of juvenile parasite. The infestation usually pressure atrophy often accompanies the presence of larger parasites. They may lead to economic losses in commercial species of fish. Thus, treating fishes infected with isopods without treating their environment may only provide temporary relief. It is also important to recognize the potential for secondary infections associated with severe isopod infections.
Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology.J Parasit Dis.2014 Mar;38(1):138-41. doi: 10.1007/s12639-012-0210-4. Epub 2012 Dec 11.
Crustaceans are found in every type of aquatic ecosystem, and there are species adapted to extremes of temperature, pressure, salinity, and even anoxia. Parasitic isopods are typically marine and usually inhabit the warmer seas. They are blood-feeding; several species settle in the buccal cavity of
PMID 24505194