WordNet

a deliberately offensive act or something producing the effect of deliberate disrespect; "turning his back on me was a deliberate insult" (同)affront
the act of attacking; "attacks on women increased last year"; "they made an attempt on his life" (同)attempt
(military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons); "the attack began at dawn" (同)onslaught, onset, onrush
a decisive manner of beginning a musical tone or phrase (同)tone-beginning
an offensive move in a sport or game; "they won the game with a 10-hit attack in the 9th inning"
strong criticism; "he published an unexpected attack on my work"
a sudden occurrence of an uncontrollable condition; "an attack of diarrhea"
begin to injure; "The cancer cells are attacking his liver"; "Rust is attacking the metal"
set to work upon; turn ones energies vigorously to a task; "I attacked the problem as soon as I got out of bed"
the onset of a corrosive or destructive process (as by a chemical agent); "the film was sensitive to attack by acids"; "open to attack by the elements"
attack in speech or writing; "The editors of the left-leaning paper attacked the new House Speaker" (同)round, assail, lash out, snipe, assault
take the initiative and go on the offensive; "The Serbs attacked the village at night"; "The visiting team started to attack" (同)aggress
launch an attack or assault on; begin hostilities or start warfare with; "Hitler attacked Poland on September 1, 1939 and started World War II"; "Serbian forces assailed Bosnian towns all week" (同)assail
any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc. (同)hurt, harm, trauma
an act that causes someone or something to receive physical damage
wrongdoing that violates anothers rights and is unjustly inflicted
an accident that results in physical damage or hurt (同)accidental injury
the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder
any entry into an area not previously occupied; "an invasion of tourists"; "an invasion of locusts" (同)encroachment, intrusion
(pathology) the spread of pathogenic microorganisms or malignant cells to new sites in the body; "the tumors invasion of surrounding structures"
violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked (同)hostility
a disposition to behave aggressively
deliberately unfriendly behavior
the act of initiating hostilities
a feeling of hostility that arouses thoughts of attack (同)aggressiveness
any localized abnormal structural change in a bodily part
in a disrespectful and insulting manner; "he behaves insultingly toward his parents"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈人・物など〉‘を'『侮辱する』,はずかしめる / (…に対する)『侮辱』,侮辱的な言動《+『to』+『名』》
…'を'『襲う』,『攻撃する』;(ゲームで)…'を'攻める / (演説・文書などで)…'を'『非難する』,攻撃する / 〈病気・不運などが〉…'を'襲う,冒す / 〈仕事など〉‘に'勢いよく取りかかる,着手する / 『攻撃をする』 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に対する)『攻撃』;(ゲームの)攻め;非難《+『on』(『upon, against』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉発病,発作 / 〈U〉(仕事への)着手,開始
『負傷』,『損害』,損傷 / (名誉などを)傷つけること,侮辱《+『to』+『名』》
(敵軍の)侵入,侵略《+『of』+『名』》 / (人・物の)殺到;(災害などの)襲来《+『of』+『名』》 / (権利などの)侵害《+『of』+『名』》
〈U〉〈C〉(武力による他国への)侵略,攻撃 / 〈U〉〈C〉(他人の権利などへの)侵害
傷害,傷 / (体の組織や機能の)障害
侮辱的な,無礼な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/16 14:31:51」(JST)

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A portion of Hippolyte Delaroche's 1836 oil painting Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers

An insult is an expression, statement (or sometimes behavior) which is disrespectful or scornful. Insults ^[1] may be intentional or accidental. An insult may be factual, but at the same time pejorative, such as the word "inbred".

Exchange

Lacan considered insults a primary form of social interaction, central to the imaginary order - 'a situation that is symbolised in the "Yah-boo, so are you" of the transitivist quarrel, the original form of aggressive communication'.^[2]

Erving Goffman points out that every 'crack or remark set up the possibility of a counter-riposte, topper, or squelch, that is, a comeback'.^[3] He cites the example of possible interchanges at a dance in a school gym:

'A one-liner: Boy: "Care to dance?" Girl: "No, I came here to play basketball" Boy: "Crumbles"
A comeback: Boy: "Care to dance?" Girl: "No, I came here to play basketball" Boy: "Sorry, I should have guessed by the way you're dressed"'.^[4]

Backhanded compliment

A backhanded compliment, also known as a left-handed compliment or asteism, is an insult that is disguised as a compliment. Sometimes, a backhanded compliment may be inadvertent. However, the term usually connotes an intent to belittle or condescend.^[5]

A backhanded compliment may fool the listener, but the compliment remains "backhanded" because the speaker is being intentionally slighting and insulting. In some cultures, backhanded compliments are considered a genteel or polite way of expressing disdain.^{[citation needed]}

Some examples of backhanded compliments may be:

"I did not expect you to ace that exam. Good for you." (Implying that you aren't very smart.)^[6]
"That skirt makes you look far thinner." (Implying that they believe you're too fat.)^[6]
"I wish I could be as straightforward as you, but I always try to get along with everyone." (the implication here is that you're too bold or overbearing.)^[6]

Sexual

Verbal insults often take a phallic form; this includes many of the more offensive curse words.^[7]^[8]

Formal

The flyting was a formalized sequence of literary insults: 'invective or flyting, the literary equivalent of the spell-binding curse, uses similar incantatory devices for opposite reasons, as in Dunbar's Flyting with Kennedy '.^[9]

'A little-known survival of the ancient "flytings," or contests-in-insults of the Anglo-Scottish bards, is the type of xenophobic humor once known as "water wit" in which passengers in small boats crossing the Thames...would insult each other grossly, in all the untouchable safety of being able to get away fast'.^[10]

Samuel Johnson once triumphed in such an exchange: 'a fellow having attacked him with some coarse raillery, Johnson answered him thus, "Sir, your wife, under pretence of keeping a bawdy-house, is a receiver of stolen goods"'.^[11]

Anatomies

Various typologies of insults have been proposed over the years. Desmond Morris, noting that 'almost any action can operate as an Insult Signal if it is performed out of its appropriate context - at the wrong time or in the wrong place' - classes such signals in ten 'basic categories: 1. Disinterest Signals...2. Boredom Signals...3. Impatience Signals...4. Superiority Signals...5. Deformed-compliment Signals...6. Mock-discomfort Signals...7. Rejection Signals....8. Mockery Signals...9. Symbolic Insults...10. Dirt Signals'.^[12]

Elizabethans took great interest in such analyses, distinguishing out, for example, the 'fleering frump...when we give a mock with a scornful countenance as in some smiling sort looking aside or by drawing the lip awry, or shrinking up the nose'.^[13] Shakespeare himself set up an insult-hierarchy of seven-fold 'degrees. The first, the Retort Courteous; the second, the Quip Modest; the third, the Reply Churlish; the fourth, the Reproof Valiant; the fifth, the Countercheck Quarrelsome; the sixth, the Lie with Circumstance; the seventh, the Lie Direct'.^[14]

Perceptions

Sociologists^[who?] suggest that insults are often an indicator of flawed reasoning about the character or motivation of others. Though insults are common, and often used in jest, a fundamental axiom of sociology recognizes that derogatory forms of speech make erroneous attributions about the motivation of a person. Scholars classify the erroneous assumptions as the fundamental attribution error.

What qualifies as an insult is also determined both by the individual social situation and by changing social mores. Thus on the one hand the insulting 'obscene invitations of a man to a strange girl can be the spicy endearments of a husband to his wife';^[15] on the other hand, the male gaze may be insulting in and of itself to a feminist, whereas a post-feminist might note how 'his eyes took me in...[but] at least he didn't look at me offensively; and believe me, if you're a woman who works in a bar, you can tell the difference between an evaluation and an eye fuck'.^[16]

References

^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (Penguin 1972) p. 214
^ Jacques Lacan, Écrits: A Selection (1997) p. 138
^ Goffman, p. 215-6
^ Mad, quoted in Goffman, p. 216
^ "Backhanded — Definition of Backhanded at Dictionary.com:". Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c Burbach, Cherie. "Backhanded Compliment." About Relationships. About.com, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015. <http://friendship.about.com/od/Friendship_Definitions/g/Backhanded-Compliment.htm>.
^ Desmond Morris, The Naked Ape Trilogy (London 1994) p. 241
^ Emma Renold, Girls, Boys, and Junior Sexualities (2005) p. 130
^ Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton 1973 )p. 270
^ G. Legman, Rationale of the Dirty Joke Vol I (1973) p. 177
^ James Boswell, The Life of Boswell (Penguin 1984) p. 269
^ Desmond Morris, Manwatching (London 1987) p. 186-192
^ George Puttenham in Boris Ford ed., The Age of Shakespeare (1973) p. 72=3
^ Peter Alexander ed., William Shakespeare: The Complete Works (London 1962) p. 282
^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (1972) p. 412
^ Charlaine Harris, Dead as a Doornail (London 2009) p. 26

Literature

Thomas Conley: Toward a rhetoric of insult. University of Chicago Press, 2010, ISBN 0-226-11478-3.
Croom, Adam M. "Slurs." Language Sciences, Volume 33, Number 3, May 2011, pp. 343-358. Published by Elsevier.

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