WordNet

the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)
of plants or persons; having the nature or habits of a parasite or leech; living off another; "a wealthy class parasitic upon the labor of the masses"; "parasitic vines that strangle the trees"; "bloodsucking blackmailer"; "his indolent leechlike existence" (同)parasitical, leechlike, bloodsucking
relating to or caused by parasites; "parasitic infection" (同)parasitical
the state of being invaded or overrun by parasites
a swarm of insects that attack plants; "a plague of grasshoppers" (同)plague

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(害虫・賊・病気などの)横行,はびこり

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/24 08:54:24」(JST)

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A titan triggerfish (Balistoides viridescens) creates feeding opportunities for smaller fish by moving large rocks too big for them to shift themselves.

In ecology, commensalism is a class of relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits without affecting the other. It compares with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit, amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected, and parasitism, where one benefits while the other is harmed.

Commensalism derives from the English word commensal, meaning "sharing of food" in human social interaction, which in turn derives from the Latin cum mensa, meaning "sharing a table". Originally, the term was used to describe the use of waste food by second animals, like the carcass eaters that follow hunting animals, but wait until they have finished their meal.

Examples of commensurable relationships

Commensalism is harder to demonstrate than parasitism and mutualism, for it is easier to show a single instance whereby the host is affected, than it is to prove or disprove that possibility. Usually, a detailed investigation will show that the host indeed has become affected by the relationship.

Cattle egrets and livestock

Cattle egrets foraging in fields among cattle or other livestock is an example of commensalism. As cattle, horses and other livestock graze on the field, they cause movements that stir up various insects. As the insects are stirred up, the cattle egrets following the livestock catch and feed upon them. The egrets benefit from this relationship because the livestock have helped them find their meals, while the livestock are typically unaffected by it.

Other examples

Another example of commensalism: birds following army ant raids on a forest floor. As the army ant colony travels on the forest floor, they stir up various flying insect species. As the insects flee from the army ants, the birds following the ants catch the fleeing insects. In this way, the army ants and the birds are in a commensalistic relationship because the birds benefit while the army ants are unaffected.^{[citation needed]}

Orchids and mosses are plants that can exhibit commensalism with trees. The plants grow on the trunks or branches of trees, getting the light they need as well as nutrients that run down along the tree. As long as these plants do not grow too heavy, the tree is not affected.^{[citation needed]}

Arguments

Whether the relationship between humans and some types of our gut flora is commensal or mutualistic is still unanswered.

Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely mutualistic or parasitic in a subtle way that has not been detected. For example, epiphytes are "nutritional pirates" that may intercept substantial amounts of nutrients that would otherwise go to the host plant.^[1] Large numbers of epiphytes can also cause tree limbs to break or shade the host plant and reduce its rate of photosynthesis. Similarly, phoretic mites may hinder their host by making flight more difficult, which may affect its aerial hunting ability or cause it to expend extra energy while carrying these passengers.

Types

Phoretic mites on a fly (Pseudolynchia canariensis)

Like all ecological interactions, commensalisms vary in strength and duration from intimate, long-lived symbioses to brief, weak interactions through intermediaries.

Phoresy

Phoresys is one animal attaching to another exclusively for transportation. This concerns mainly arthropods, examples of which are mites on insects (such as beetles, flies or bees), pseudoscorpions on mammals^[2] or beetles, and millipedes on birds.^[3] Phoresy can be either obligate or facultative (induced by environmental conditions).

Inquilinism

Inquilinism is the use of a second organism for housing. Examples are epiphytic plants (such as many orchids) that grow on trees,^[4] or birds that live in holes in trees.

Metabiosis

Metabiosis is a more indirect dependency, in which one organism creates or prepares a suitable environment for a second. Examples include maggots, which feast and develop on corpses, and hermit crabs, which use gastropod shells to protect their bodies.

References

^ Benzing, D.H. (1980) Biology of the Bromeliads. Eureka, California: Mad River Press.
^ Durden, Lance A. (2001) "Pseudoscorpions Associated With Mammals in Papua New Guinea". Biotropica, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 204–206.
^ Tajovy, Karel, et al. (2001) "Millipedes (Diplopoda) in Dogs' nests". European Journal of Soil Biology, vol. 37, pp. 321–323.
^ C. Michael Hogan. 2011. Commensalism. Topic Ed. M.Mcginley. Ed-in-chief C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC

English Journal

Carnobacterium species: effect of metabolic activity and interaction with Brochothrix thermosphacta on sensory characteristics of modified atmosphere packed shrimp.

Laursen BG, Leisner JJ, Dalgaard P.SourceDepartment of Seafood Research, Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Lyngby, Denmark.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.J Agric Food Chem.2006 May 17;54(10):3604-11.
The importance of carnobacteria as spoilage microorganisms or potential protective cultures in food is not resolved, and little is known about their metabolism during growth in specific products. This study used chromatographic techniques including GC-MS and HPLC to evaluate the spoilage metabolism
PMID 19127732

Putrescine accumulation in wine: role of Oenococcus oeni.

Mangani S, Guerrini S, Granchi L, Vincenzini M.SourceDipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine, 24-50144 , Florence, Italy.
Current microbiology.Curr Microbiol.2005 Jul;51(1):6-10. Epub 2005 Jun 17.
Putrescine, the most abundant biogenic amine in wine, was proved to be produced by Oenococcus oeni strains in wine not only from ornithine but also from arginine. In this case, putrescine may originate from strains possessing the complete enzyme system to convert arginine to putrescine or by a metab
PMID 15971096