educe

引き出す

関

derive、draw、elicit

　 　

WordNet

1. deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning); "We drew out some interesting linguistic data from the native informant" (同)evoke, elicit, extract, draw_out
2. write a legal document or paper; "The deed was drawn in the lawyers office"
3. cause to localize at one point; "Draw blood and pus"
4. flatten, stretch, or mold metal or glass, by rolling or by pulling it through a die or by stretching; "draw steel"
5. steep; pass through a strainer; "draw pulp from the fruit"
6. (American football) the quarterback moves back as if to pass and then hands the ball to the fullback who is running toward the line of scrimmage (同)draw play
7. poker in which a player can discard cards and receive substitutes from the dealer; "he played only draw and stud" (同)draw poker
8. the act of drawing or hauling something; "the haul up the hill went very slowly" (同)haul, haulage
9. anything (straws or pebbles etc.) taken or chosen at random; "the luck of the draw"; "they drew lots for it" (同)lot
10. a playing card or cards dealt or taken from the pack; "he got a pair of kings in the draw"
11. the finish of a contest in which the score is tied and the winner is undecided; "the game ended in a draw"; "their record was 3 wins, 6 losses and a tie" (同)standoff, tie
12. a gully that is shallower than a ravine
13. choose at random; "draw a card"; "cast lots" (同)cast
14. earn or achieve a base by being walked by the pitcher; "He drew a base on balls" (同)get
15. make, formulate, or derive in the mind; "I draw a line here"; "draw a conclusion"; "draw parallels"; "make an estimate"; "What do you make of his remarks?" (同)make
16. bring, take, or pull out of a container or from under a cover; "draw a weapon"; "pull out a gun"; "The mugger pulled a knife on his victim" (同)pull, pull_out, get_out, take_out
17. pull (a person) apart with four horses tied to his extremities, so as to execute him; "in the old days, people were drawn and quartered for certain crimes" (同)quarter, draw and quarter
18. take liquid out of a container or well; "She drew water from the barrel" (同)take_out
19. allow a draft; "This chimney draws very well"
20. bring or lead someone to a certain action or condition; "She was drawn to despair"; "The President refused to be drawn into delivering an ultimatum"; "The session was drawn to a close"
21. cause to flow; "The nurse drew blood"
22. contract; "The material drew after it was washed in hot water"
23. elicit responses, such as objections, criticism, applause, etc.; "The Presidents comments drew sharp criticism from the Republicans"; "The comedian drew a lot of laughter"
24. engage in drawing; "He spent the day drawing in the garden"
25. move or go steadily or gradually; "The ship drew near the shore"
26. move or pull so as to cover or uncover something; "draw the shades"; "draw the curtains"
27. reduce the diameter of (a wire or metal rod) by pulling it through a die; "draw wire"
28. represent by making a drawing of, as with a pencil, chalk, etc. on a surface; "She drew an elephant"; "Draw me a horse"
29. require a specified depth for floating; "This boat draws 70 inches"
30. select or take in from a given group or region; "The participants in the experiment were drawn from a representative population"
31. obtain; "derive pleasure from ones garden" (同)gain
32. develop or evolve from a latent or potential state (同)educe
33. come from; "The present name derives from an older form"
34. come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example; "She was descended from an old Italian noble family"; "he comes from humble origins" (同)come, descend
35. derive by reason; "elicit a solution"
36. undergo meiosis; "The cells reduce"
37. cook until very little liquid is left; "The cook reduced the sauce by boiling it for a long time" (同)boil_down, concentrate
38. be the essential element; "The proposal boils down to a compromise" (同)come_down, boil_down
39. take off weight (同)melt off, lose weight, slim, slenderize, thin, slim down
40. make smaller; "reduce an image" (同)scale_down
41. narrow or limit; "reduce the influx of foreigners" (同)tighten
42. make less complex; "reduce a problem to a single question"
43. cut down on; make a reduction in; "reduce your daily fat intake"; "The employer wants to cut back health benefits" (同)cut_down, cut_back, trim, trim down, trim back, cut, bring_down
44. bring to humbler or weaker state or condition; "He reduced the population to slavery"
45. destress and thus weaken a sound when pronouncing it
46. lessen and make more modest; "reduce ones standard of living"
47. lower in grade or rank or force somebody into an undignified situation; "She reduced her niece to a servant"
48. reposition (a broken bone after surgery) back to its normal site
49. simplify the form of a mathematical equation of expression by substituting one term for another
50. a man who takes advantage of women (同)ladies'' man, lady killer
51. a bad person who entices others into error or wrongdoing

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (…から)〈隠れた能力など〉‘を'引き出す;(表情などから)〈気持ちなど〉‘を'推し量る《+『名』+『from』+『名』》
2. …‘を'『引く』,引っぱる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'『引いて』(ある状態に)『する』 / (…から)…‘を'『引き抜く』,取り出す《+『名』+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / (…から)〈液体など〉‘を'『くみ出す』,くみ上げる《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (…から)…‘を'得る,引き出す《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈事〉‘を'招く,もたらす / 〈人〉‘を'引きつける,引き寄せる / 〈絵・図〉‘を'『線で描く』,〈線〉‘を'引く / …‘を'描写する,述べる / 〈文書〉‘を'書く,作成する;〈小切手〉‘を'振り出す / 〈息〉‘を'吸い込む;〈ため息〉‘を'つく / …‘を'引き伸ばす,いっぱいに張る / 〈くじなど〉‘を'引く,引き当てる / 〈勝負など〉‘を'引き分ける / 喫水が…‘だけ'ある / 《副詞[句]を伴って》『動く』,『近づく』,行く / (…に向けて)剣(ピストル)を抜く《+『on』+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》人を引き付ける / 《副詞[句]を伴って》『線で書く』 / くじを引く / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈水が〉はける,〈パイプ・煙突などが〉通る / (勝負などが)引き分けになる / 〈茶などが〉出る / 〈船が〉喫水する / 引くこと,抜くこと,(たばこなどの)一吸い,一服 / (人を)引きつけるもの,呼び物,人気者 / くじ引き,抽せん(lot) / 引き分け,無勝負
3. 《『derive』+『名』+『from』+『名』(do『ing』)》(…から)…‘を'『引き出す』,得る,求める / 《『derive from』+『名』(do『ing』)》《文》(…から)派生する,(…に)由来する
4. (…から)〈事・動作など〉‘を'引き出す,誘い出す《+『名』+『from』+『名』》
5. (あるところまで)〈数量など〉‘を'『減らす』,小さくする;〈程度・地位など〉‘を'『下げる』《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 《しばしば受動態で》(ある状態・形に)…‘を'『する,』変える,至らせる《+『名』+『to』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (単純な要素・部分に)…‘を'分解する,還元する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …‘を'(…に)換算する,約分する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 《話》〈人が〉減量する / 〈数量などが〉減る;〈程度・位などが〉下がる
6. 誘惑者;女たらし

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/29 12:04:19」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion. It differs from inductive reasoning and abductive reasoning.

Deductive reasoning links premises with conclusions. If all premises are true, the terms are clear, and the rules of deductive logic are followed, then the conclusion reached is necessarily true.

Deductive reasoning (top-down logic) contrasts with inductive reasoning (bottom-up logic) in the following way: In deductive reasoning, a conclusion is reached reductively by applying general rules that hold over the entirety of a closed domain of discourse, narrowing the range under consideration until only the conclusion(s) is left. In inductive reasoning, the conclusion is reached by generalizing or extrapolating from specific cases to general rules, i.e., there is epistemic uncertainty. However, the inductive reasoning mentioned here is not the same as induction used in mathematical proofs – mathematical induction is actually a form of deductive reasoning.

Simple example

An example of a deductive argument:

1. All men are mortal.
2. Socrates is a man.
3. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

The first premise states that all objects classified as "men" have the attribute "mortal". The second premise states that "Socrates" is classified as a "man" – a member of the set "men". The conclusion then states that "Socrates" must be "mortal" because he inherits this attribute from his classification as a "man".

Law of detachment

Main article: Modus ponens

The law of detachment (also known as affirming the antecedent and Modus ponens) is the first form of deductive reasoning. A single conditional statement is made, and a hypothesis (P) is stated. The conclusion (Q) is then deduced from the statement and the hypothesis. The most basic form is listed below:

1. P → Q (conditional statement)
2. P (hypothesis stated)
3. Q (conclusion deduced)

In deductive reasoning, we can conclude Q from P by using the law of detachment. However, if the conclusion (Q) is given instead of the hypothesis (P) then there is no definitive conclusion.

The following is an example of an argument using the law of detachment in the form of an if-then statement:

1. If an angle satisfies 90° < A < 180°, then A is an obtuse angle.
2. A = 120°.
3. A is an obtuse angle.

Since the measurement of angle A is greater than 90° and less than 180°, we can deduce that A is an obtuse angle. If however, we are given the conclusion that A is an obtuse angle we cannot deduce the premise that A = 120°.

Law of syllogism

The law of syllogism takes two conditional statements and forms a conclusion by combining the hypothesis of one statement with the conclusion of another. Here is the general form:

1. P → Q
2. Q → R
3. Therefore, P → R.

The following is an example:

1. If Larry is sick, then he will be absent.
2. If Larry is absent, then he will miss his classwork.
3. Therefore, if Larry is sick, then he will miss his classwork.

We deduced the final statement by combining the hypothesis of the first statement with the conclusion of the second statement. We also allow that this could be a false statement. This is an example of the transitive property in mathematics. The transitive property is sometimes phrased in this form:

1. A = B.
2. B = C.
3. Therefore, A = C.

Law of contrapositive

Main article: Modus tollens

The law of contrapositive states that, in a conditional, if the conclusion is false, then the hypothesis must be false also. The general form is the following:

1. P → Q.
2. ~Q.
3. Therefore, we can conclude ~P.

The following are examples:

1. If it is raining, then there are clouds in the sky.
2. There are no clouds in the sky.
3. Thus, it is not raining.

Validity and soundness

Argument terminology

Deductive arguments are evaluated in terms of their validity and soundness.

An argument is “valid” if it is impossible for its premises to be true while its conclusion is false. In other words, the conclusion must be true if the premises are true. An argument can be “valid” even if one or more of its premises are false.

An argument is “sound” if it is valid and the premises are true.

It is possible to have a deductive argument that is logically valid but is not sound. Fallacious arguments often take that form.

The following is an example of an argument that is “valid”, but not “sound”:

1. Everyone who eats carrots is a quarterback.
2. John eats carrots.
3. Therefore, John is a quarterback.

The example’s first premise is false – there are people who eat carrots who are not quarterbacks – but the conclusion would necessarily be true, if the premises were true. In other words, it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. Therefore, the argument is “valid”, but not “sound”. False generalizations – such as “Everyone who eats carrots is a quarterback” – are often used to make unsound arguments. The fact that there are some people who eat carrots but are not quarterbacks proves the flaw of the argument.

In this example, the first statement uses categorical reasoning, saying that all carrot-eaters are definitely quarterbacks. This theory of deductive reasoning – also known as term logic – was developed by Aristotle, but was superseded by propositional (sentential) logic and predicate logic.

Deductive reasoning can be contrasted with inductive reasoning, in regards to validity and soundness. In cases of inductive reasoning, even though the premises are true and the argument is “valid”, it is possible for the conclusion to be false (determined to be false with a counterexample or other means).

History

Aristotle started documenting deductive reasoning in the 4th century BC.

Education

Deductive reasoning is generally considered to be a skill that develops without any formal teaching or training. As a result of this belief, deductive reasoning skills are not taught in secondary schools, where students are expected to use reasoning more often and at a higher level. It is in high school, for example, that students have an abrupt introduction to mathematical proofs – which rely heavily on deductive reasoning.

See also

• Abductive reasoning
• Analogical reasoning
• Argument (logic)
• Correspondence theory of truth
• Decision making
• Decision theory
• Defeasible reasoning
• Fallacy
• Fault Tree Analysis
• Geometry
• Hypothetico-deductive method
• Inductive reasoning
• Inference
• Inquiry
• Logic and rationality
• Logical consequence
• Mathematical induction
• Mathematical logic
• Natural deduction
• Peirce's theory of deductive reasoning
• Propositional calculus
• Retroductive reasoning
• Scientific method
• Soundness
• Syllogism
• Theory of justification

References

Further reading

• Vincent F. Hendricks, Thought 2 Talk: A Crash Course in Reflection and Expression, New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2005, ISBN 87-991013-7-8
• Philip Johnson-Laird, Ruth M. J. Byrne, Deduction, Psychology Press 1991, ISBN 978-0-86377-149-1
• Zarefsky, David, Argumentation: The Study of Effective Reasoning Parts I and II, The Teaching Company 2002
• Bullemore, Thomas, * The Pragmatic Problem of Induction.

External links

• Deductive reasoning at PhilPapers
• Deductive reasoning at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
• "Deductive reasoning". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 

English Journal

• [Clinico-instrumental characteristics of arterial hypertension, liable to the ishemic stroke].

• Ovchinnikov IuV, Simonenko VB, Shirokov EA, Denishchuk IS, Ibragimova FM.AbstractClinico-instrumental characteristics of arterial hypertension, liable to the ishemic stroke were studied. The pecularities of clinical, neurological picture of disease and results of instrumental methods of examination were determined. These peculiarities let to educe the course of arterial hypertension, liable to the ishemic stroke. This course appeared because of hypertensional macroangiopathy during 3-5 years, two atherosclerotic stenosis of brachiocephalic arteria, occlusions and stenosis of these arterias, left ventricular hypertrophy of hypodynamic type, circulatory dynamics against the bad daily profile of arterial pressure and/or increased variability of arterial pressure accompanied with ischemic attacks, signs of chronicle heart failure and circulatory encephalopathy. The scheme of the examination of patients with AH during the long-term examination with the goal of prophylaxis IS was offered.
• Voenno-medit͡sinskiĭ zhurnal.Voen Med Zh.2011 Jun;332(6):43-52.
• Clinico-instrumental characteristics of arterial hypertension, liable to the ishemic stroke were studied. The pecularities of clinical, neurological picture of disease and results of instrumental methods of examination were determined. These peculiarities let to educe the course of arterial hyperten
• PMID 21899079

• The genetic basis of non-syndromic intellectual disability: a review.

• Kaufman L, Ayub M, Vincent JB.AbstractIntellectual disability (ID), also referred to as mental retardation (MR), is frequently the result of genetic mutation. Where ID is present together with additional clinical symptoms or physical anomalies, there is often sufficient information available for the diagnosing physician to identify a known syndrome, which may then educe the identification of the causative defect. However, where co-morbid features are absent, narrowing down a specific gene can only be done by 'brute force' using the latest molecular genetic techniques. Here we attempt to provide a systematic review of genetic causes of cases of ID where no other symptoms or co-morbid features are present, or non-syndromic ID. We attempt to summarize commonalities between the genes and the molecular pathways of their encoded proteins. Since ID is a common feature of autism, and conversely autistic features are frequently present in individuals with ID, we also look at possible overlaps in genetic etiology with non-syndromic ID.
• Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders.J Neurodev Disord.2010 Dec;2(4):182-209. Epub 2010 Jul 29.
• Intellectual disability (ID), also referred to as mental retardation (MR), is frequently the result of genetic mutation. Where ID is present together with additional clinical symptoms or physical anomalies, there is often sufficient information available for the diagnosing physician to identify a kn
• PMID 21124998

• Effect of Certain Antibiotics Against Filarial Parasite Brugia malayi In Vitro: Possible Role of Oxidative Stress.

• Mahajan RS, Veerpathran A, Dakshinamoorthy G, Sharma RD, Goswami K, Reddy MV.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry and JB Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra 442102 India.
• Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB.Indian J Clin Biochem.2010 Oct;25(4):362-6. doi: 10.1007/s12291-010-0068-0. Epub 2010 Aug 25.
• WHO-Tropical Disease Research scheme highlighted the need for development of new anti-filarial drugs. Certain antibiotics have recently been found effective against Wolbachia, co-existing symbiotically with filarial parasites. Inflammatory response entails oxidative mechanism to educe direct anti-mi
• PMID 21966105

• Characterization and functional expression of the natriuretic peptide system in human lens epithelial cells.

• Cammarata PR, Braun B, Dimitrijevich SD, Pack J.SourceDepartment of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. pcammara@hsc.unt.edu
• Molecular vision.Mol Vis.2010 Apr 9;16:630-8.
• PURPOSE: The family of natriuretic peptides (NPs); atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) as well as three associated receptors (NPRs); natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A), natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), and natriuretic pep
• PMID 20700369

Japanese Journal

• 無線センサネットワークにおける消費電力削減を目的とした受信端末主導型MACプロトコルの導入効果

• 伊達 仁美,重安 哲也
• 情報処理学会論文誌 55(4), 1404-1414, 2014-04-15
• … By results conducted from computer simulations, we clarify that the newly proposed receiver initiated MAC protocol (1) can achieve lower power operation by reducing packet collisions, and (2) can educe the effects of power saving performance under transmission power controlling, effectively. …
• NAID 110009752451

• 建築をテーマにした美術教育の可能性の考察及び実践 2 : 題材「可動式建築のイメージ制作」の分析を通して

• 春野 修二
• 美術教育学 : 美術科教育学会誌 (35), 411-426, 2014-03-20
• 筆者は2012年度,美術科において建築をテーマにした授業「題材:アンビルト建築の鑑賞から空中都市のイメージ制作へ)」(『美術教育学』34号掲載論文参考)」を実施した。その授業で生徒たちは建築のドローイングなどを鑑賞しながら,建築に対する考察を深め,個々の想いを基に表現方法を工夫して建築のデザインを立体制作できた。だが,設計図制作(側面図や間取り)を含め,生活する人々の気持ちを考えて内部空間をデザイ …
• NAID 110009913030

• 現場の実務担当者による景観の誘導と保全の制度運用に関する研究:−フランスにおける公共財の形成に関する事例研究−

• 白井 裕子
• 日本建築学会技術報告集 19(43), 1133-1138, 2013
• … We educe the significant alternations from historical transition. …
• NAID 130004932900

• 張懐〓『書断』の史料利用と通俗書論

• 成田 健太郎
• 書学書道史研究 2012(22), 13-26, 2012
• … Therefore, in order to gain an understanding of the Shuduan, it is essential to clarify his use of sources.  In this article, taking into account past research, I carefully examine the actual use of sources in the Shuduan, and I educe the following general rules: (1) facts that are found in general (non-calligraphic) works possessing an established scholarly reputation, are widely shared, and are publicly recognized are used without citing the author's name or the book's title; …
• NAID 130003378811

Related Links

• EDUCE

EDUCEではお客様とのコミュニケーションを大切にしています。 ... アシスタント募集！男性アシスタント 大歓迎 エデュースではお客様とのコミュニケーションを大切にしています。

• EDUCE(エデュウス)～システム構築・WEB制作

株式会社EDUCE(エデュウス)のシステム構築・WEB制作のご案内 ...

• 津市 進学塾 学習塾【educe(エデュース)】

educe(エデュース)は三重県津市にある中学受験専門塾です。四谷大塚の教材をベースにした指導方法で、個々の<脳力>を最大限に引き出しています。

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「elicit」「draw」「derive」「引き出す」
拡張検索	「reduced NAD」「reduced nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide」「filtration under reduced pressure」

「elicit」

　　[★]

e-(外へ) + -licit(誘う) = 誘い出す

• vt.

• (見えないもの・潜在的な者などを)顕現させる、潜在化させる。(心理などを)(理論的手順によって)導き出す。(情報などを)引き出す。(反応・返事・笑い声などを)誘い出す、誘発する。

Therefore, a careful history probing several features of the discomfort should be elicited.

関

challenge, derive, draw, educe, elicitation, induce, induction, precipitate, provocation, provoke, spark

　 　

「draw」

　　[★]

(p)drew-(pp)drawn

• vt.

• 引く、非パル、牽引する
• (物を)引き抜く、抜き取る
• つるべでくみ上げる。(容器から液体を)出す。～から排水する。(血、膿などを)出させる、取る、(医)(パップなどが)吸い出す、(化膿を)促す

関

derive、educe、elicit、pull、subtract

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「derive」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 由来する

同

stem

• 由来する、派生する、引き出す

関

borne、come from、descend、draw、educe、elicit、stem

　 　 　 　 　

「引き出す」

　　[★]

英

elicit、derive、draw、(能力などを)educe

関

誘発、由来、派生、引く、描く

「reduced NAD」

　　[★] 還元型ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチド

「reduced nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide」

　　[★] 還元型ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチド

「filtration under reduced pressure」

　　[★]

• 減圧濾過

関

vacuum filtration