vt.

～を突然引き起こす。～を早める

the combined negative inotropic and chronotropic effects may precipitate heart failure.

we report the first case of myocardial infarction in a hemophilia patient which was not directly precipitated by infusion of a clotting factor.

～を真っ逆さまに落とす
(化)～を沈殿させる

vi.

(化)沈殿する
真っ逆さまに落ちる

n.

(化)沈殿
(気)凝血した水分

adj.

真っ逆さまの。突進する
大あわての、軽率な。(十分考えず)突然の

関: challenge、elicit、elicitation、evocation、evoke、induce、induction、inductive、precipitation、provocation、provoke、sediment、sedimentation、spark

WordNet

separate as a fine suspension of solid particles
a precipitated solid substance in suspension or after settling or filtering
fall from clouds; "rain, snow and sleet were falling"; "Vesuvius precipitated its fiery, destructive rage on Herculaneum" (同)come_down, fall
bring about abruptly; "The crisis precipitated by Russias revolution"
fall vertically, sharply, or headlong; "Our economy precipitated into complete ruin"
hurl or throw violently; "The bridge broke and precipitated the train into the river below"
reason or establish by induction
cause to arise; "induce a crisis" (同)bring_on
produce electric current by electrostatic or magnetic processes (同)induct
cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner; "The ads induced me to buy a VCR"; "My children finally got me to buy a computer"; "My wife made me buy a new sofa" (同)stimulate, cause, have, get, make
cause to occur rapidly; "the infection precipitated a high fever and allergic reactions" (同)stimulate, rush, hasten
emit or produce sparks; "A high tension wire, brought down by a storm, can continue to spark" (同)sparkle
a small but noticeable trace of some quality that might become stronger; "a spark of interest"; "a spark of decency"
a small fragment of a burning substance thrown out by burning material or by friction
an electrical phenomenon whereby an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in a closed circuit by a change in the flow of current (同)inductance
the act of bringing about something (especially at an early time); "the induction of an anesthetic state"
of reasoning; proceeding from particular facts to a general conclusion; "inductive reasoning"
inducing or influencing; leading on; "inductive to the sin of Eve"- John Milton (同)inducive
arising from inductance; "inductive reactance"
derive by reason; "elicit a solution"
bringing on suddenly or abruptly; "the completion of the railroad was the precipitating cause in the extinction of waterborne commerce"

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'思いがけなく引き起こす,‘の'致来を早める / (…の中に)…‘を'投げ落とす,(…の状態に)…‘を'陥らせる《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / 〈流動体〉‘を'沈殿させる / (雨・雪・霧などに)〈水蒸気〉‘を'凝結させる / 〈水蒸気が〉凝結して雨(雪など)となる / 〈流動体が〉沈殿して固体になる / 大急ぎの;まっしぐらの / (化学で)沈殿物
〈人〉‘に'『勧めて』(…)『させる』 / …‘を'『引き起こす』,もたらす(cause) / 〈電気〉‘を'誘導する / …‘を'帰納する
〈C〉『火花』,火の粉;(電気の)スパーク;(一般に)閃光(せんこう),(宝石などの)きらめき / 〈C〉(人などの)活気,生気;(才気などの)ひらめき《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(事件などの)発端,発火点 / 《a spark》ほんの少し(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / 火花を出す;閃光を発する;〈電気が〉スパークする / 〈人〉‘を'かり立てて…させる《+『名』〈人〉+『to』(『into』)+『名』(do『ing』)》
〈C〉《米》募兵 / 〈C〉(聖職・公職などへの)就任,就任式 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…を)引き起こすこと《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(電気の)誘導 / 〈U〉〈C〉(論理学・数学で)帰納,帰納法
帰納的 / (電気が)誘導の,感応の
(…から)〈事・動作など〉‘を'引き出す,誘い出す《+『名』+『from』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/17 14:20:21」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Chemical Precipitation

Precipitation is the creation of a solid. When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution, the solid formed is called the 'precipitate'.The chemical that causes the solid to form is called the 'precipitant'. Without sufficient force of gravity (settling) to bring the solid particles together, the precipitate remains in suspension. After sedimentation, especially when using a centrifuge to press it into a compact mass, the precipitate may be referred to as a 'pellet'. The precipitate-free liquid remaining above the solid is called the 'supernate' or 'supernatant'. Powders derived from precipitation have also historically been known as 'flowers'.

Sometimes the formation of a precipitate indicates the occurrence of a chemical reaction. If silver nitrate solution is poured into a solution of sodium chloride, a chemical reaction occurs forming a white precipitate of silver chloride. When potassium iodide solution reacts with lead nitrate solution, a yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed.

Precipitation may occur if the concentration of a compound exceeds its solubility (such as when mixing solvents or changing their temperature). Precipitation may occur rapidly from a supersaturated solution.

In solids, precipitation occurs if the concentration of one solid is above the solubility limit in the host solid, due to e.g. rapid quenching or ion implantation, and the temperature is high enough that diffusion can lead to segregation into precipitates. Precipitation in solids is routinely used to synthesize nanoclusters.^[1]

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of nucleation. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative surface energy of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, supersaturation occurs.

Applications

Crystals of meso-tetratolylporphyrin from a reflux of propanoic acid precipitate on cooling

Copper from a wire displaces silver in a silver nitrate solution it is dipped into, and solid silver precipitates out.

Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments, removing salts from water in water treatment, and in classical qualitative inorganic analysis.

Precipitation is also useful to isolate the products of a reaction during workup. Ideally, the product of the reaction is insoluble in the reaction solvent. Thus, it precipitates as it is formed, preferably forming pure crystals. An example of this would be the synthesis of porphyrins in refluxing propionic acid. By cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, crystals of the porphyrin precipitate, and are collected by filtration:^[2]

Precipitation may also occur when an antisolvent (a solvent in which the product is insoluble) is added, drastically reducing the solubility of the desired product. Thereafter, the precipitate may easily be separated by filtration, decanting, or centrifugation). An example would be the synthesis of chromic tetraphenylporphyrin chloride: water is added to the DMF reaction solution, and the product precipitates.^[3] Precipitation is also useful in purifying products: crude bmim-Cl is taken up in acetonitrile, and dropped into ethyl acetate, where it precipitates.^[4] Another important application of an antisolvent is in ethanol precipitation of DNA.

In metallurgy, precipitation from a solid solution is also a useful way to strengthen alloys; this process is known as solid solution strengthening.

Representation using chemical equations

An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO₃) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl), the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride (AgCl), is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)

AgNO₃ (aq) + KCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + KNO₃ (aq)

The silver chloride (AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution. This is known as the ionic equation.

Ag⁺ (aq) + NO₃⁻ (aq) + K⁺ (aq) + Cl⁻ (aq) → AgCl (s) + K⁺ (aq) + NO₃⁻ (aq)

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a net ionic reaction. In this case, any spectator ions (those that do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:

Ag⁺ (aq) + Cl⁻ (aq) → AgCl (s)

Precipitate colors

Many compounds containing metal ions produce precipitates with distinctive colors. The following are typical colors for various metals. However, many of these compounds can produce colors very different from those listed.

Gold	Orange
Chromium	Deep green, murky green, orange, purple, yellow, brown
Cobalt	Pink
Copper	Blue
Iron (II)	Green
Iron (III)	Reddish brown
Manganese	Pale pink
Nickel	Green

Other compounds generally form white precipitates.

Anion/Cation Analysis

Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of cation in a salt. To do this, an alkali first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate that is the hydroxide of the unknown salt. To identify the cation, the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted. Similar processes are often used in sequence - for example, a barium nitrate solution will react with sulfate ions to form a solid barium sulfate precipitate, indicating that it is likely that sulfate ions are present.

Digestion

Digestion, or precipitate ageing, happens when a freshly formed precipitate is left, usually at a higher temperature, in the solution from which it precipitates. It results in cleaner and bigger particles. The physico-chemical process underlying digestion is called Ostwald ripening.

References

^ Dhara, S. (2007). "Formation, Dynamics, and Characterization of Nanostructures by Ion Beam Irradiation". Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 32 (1): 1–50. doi:10.1080/10408430601187624.
^ A. D. Adler; F. R. Longo; J. D. Finarelli; J. Goldmacher; J. Assour; L. Korsakoff (1967). "A simplified synthesis for meso-tetraphenylporphine". J. Org. Chem. 32 (2): 476–476. doi:10.1021/jo01288a053.
^ Alan D. Adler; Frederick R. Longo; Frank Kampas; Jean Kim (1970). "On the preparation of metalloporphyrins". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 32 (7): 2443. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(70)80535-8.
^ Dupont, J., Consorti, C., Suarez, P., de Souza, R. (2004). "Preparation of 1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium-based Room Temperature Ionic Liquids". Org. Synth. ; Coll. Vol. 10, p. 184

5. Precipitaion colours - From Chemistry For Wa Stage 2 Units 2a and 2b by Chris Lewis and Peter Lewis

External links

http://www.answers.com/supernatant.............
Precipitation reactions of certain cations
Digestion Instruments
A Thesis on pattern formation in precipitation reactions

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 陣痛室および分娩室以外での急産 precipitous birth not occurring on a labor and delivery unit
2. 正常な陣痛および分娩のマネージメント management of normal labor and delivery
3. 外回転術 external cephalic version
4. 計画的自宅出産 planned home birth
5. 妊娠37週未満の前期（陣痛開始前）破水 preterm premature prelabor rupture of membranes

English Journal

Bioaccumulation characterization of zinc and cadmium by Streptomyces zinciresistens, a novel actinomycete.

Lin Y, Wang X, Wang B, Mohamad O, Wei G.SourceCollege of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2012 Mar;77:7-17. Epub 2011 Oct 15.
The bioaccumulation characteristics of Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) by a novel species, Streptomyces zinciresistens CCNWNQ0016(T), were investigated. S. zinciresistens accumulated Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) mainly on the cell wall followed by intracellular accumulation. The mycelium was deformed, aggregated and formed
PMID 22001317

Enzyme precipitate coatings of glucose oxidase onto carbon paper for biofuel cell applications.

Fischback M, Kwon KY, Lee I, Shin SJ, Park HG, Kim BC, Kwon Y, Jung HT, Kim J, Ha S.SourceChemical Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2710; telephone: 1-509-335-3786; fax: 1-509-335-4806.
Biotechnology and bioengineering.Biotechnol Bioeng.2012 Feb;109(2):318-24. doi: 10.1002/bit.23317. Epub 2011 Sep 9.
Enzymatic biofuel cells (BFC) have a great potential as a small power source, but their practical applications are being hampered by short lifetime and low power density. This study describes the direct immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) onto the carbon paper in the form of highly stable and ac
PMID 21898369

Critical conditions for ferric chloride-induced flocculation of freshwater algae.

Wyatt NB, Gloe LM, Brady PV, Hewson JC, Grillet AM, Hankins MG, Pohl PI.SourceEngineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185; telephone: 505-284-2150; fax: (505) 844-6620. nbwyatt@sandia.gov.
Biotechnology and bioengineering.Biotechnol Bioeng.2012 Feb;109(2):493-501. doi: 10.1002/bit.23319. Epub 2011 Sep 9.
The effects of algae concentration, ferric chloride dose, and pH on the flocculation efficiency of the freshwater algae Chlorella zofingiensis can be understood by considering the nature of the electrostatic charges on the algae and precipitate surfaces. Two critical conditions are identified which,
PMID 21882173

In-hospital cardiac arrest.

Monteleone PP, Lin CM.SourceDepartment of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 800136, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0136, USA.
Emergency medicine clinics of North America.Emerg Med Clin North Am.2012 Feb;30(1):25-34. Epub 2011 Oct 11.
In-hospital sudden cardiac arrest and resuscitation is distinct from out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest (OOHSCA) and warrants specific attention. Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a manifestation of an underlying process rather than a disease itself. The complex, multiorgan system dysfunction common
PMID 22107972

Japanese Journal

Selective recovery of indium from lead-smelting dust

Sawai Hikaru,Rahman Ismail M.M.,Tsukagoshi Yoshinori,Wakabayashi Tomoya,Maki Teruya,Mizutanai Satoshi,Hasegawa Hiroshi
Chemical Engineering Journal 277, 219-228, 2015-10-01
… Therefore, hydroxide precipitation at pH 5 has been introduced as the final step, ensuring the maintenance of zinc as a soluble species in the supernatant and the selective separation of indium (~88%) as a hydroxide precipitate. …
NAID 120005613963

金型鋳造したMg-Al-Mn系合金の時効硬化挙動に及ぼすアルミニウム濃度の影響

才川清二,重長泰弘,山田洋司 [他]
スマートプロセス学会誌 = Journal of smart processing 4(2), 122-128, 2015-03
NAID 40020424900

Precipitation Behavior and Properties of Cu-Ti Alloys with Added Nitrogen

Ikeda Jun,Semboshi Satoshi,Iwase Akihiro [他]
Materials transactions 56(3), 297-302, 2015-03
NAID 40020382417

透過電子顕微鏡による加工面評価 (特集精密加工面の分析技術)

中村主志,小田英治,永井哲也 [他]
砥粒加工学会誌 59(3), 118-121, 2015-03
NAID 40020382276

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「elicit」「induce」「induction」「provocation」「inductive」
拡張検索	「precipitated calcium carbonate」「immunoprecipitate」「reprecipitate」「cryoprecipitate」