WordNet

separate (a metal) from an ore
remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense; "pull weeds"; "extract a bad tooth"; "take out a splinter"; "extract information from the telegram" (同)pull_out, pull, pull up, take_out, draw_out
calculate the root of a number
get despite difficulties or obstacles; "I extracted a promise from the Dean for two new positions"
give an abstract (of)
not representing or imitating external reality or the objects of nature; "a large abstract painting" (同)abstractionist, nonfigurative, nonobjective
consider a concept without thinking of a specific example; consider abstractly or theoretically
consider apart from a particular case or instance; "Lets abstract away from this particular example"
dealing with a subject in the abstract without practical purpose or intention; "abstract reasoning"; "abstract science"
existing only in the mind; separated from embodiment; "abstract words like `truth and `justice"
a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examples (同)abstract entity
an abstract painting
the act of withdrawing or removing something
a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance; "he loved her only in the abstract--not in person" (同)abstract
the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instances (同)generalization, generalisation
a mechanism in a firearm that pulls an empty shell case out of the chamber and passes it to the ejector (同)cartridge remover, extractor
unusually or exceptionally; "an extra fast car"
something additional of the same kind; "he always carried extras in case of an emergency" (同)duplicate
an additional edition of a newspaper (usually to report a crisis)
further or added; "called for additional troops"; "need extra help"; "an extra pair of shoes" (同)additional
added to a regular schedule; "a special holiday flight"; "put on special buses for the big game" (同)special

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…から)〈物〉‘を'『引き抜く』,抜き取る《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (‥から)〈金・情報・約束など〉‘を'『引き出す』《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (圧搾・蒸留などが)(…から)〈成分など〉‘を'絞り出す,抽出する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (…から)〈喜び・慰めなど〉‘を'引き出す,得る《+『名』+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / (本などから)〈語句〉‘を'抜粋する,抜き出す《+『名』+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(自然の物質から調製した)濃縮液,精,エキス / 〈C〉(文学作品からの)引用句,抜粋《+『from』+『名』》
『抽象的な』 / 理論的な,観念的な / (美術において)抽象派の / 〈U〉抽象 / 〈C〉抜粋,摘要(summary) / 〈C〉抽象美術作品 / (いくつかのものから)〈ある概念〉'を'抽象する,抽出する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈本・スピーチなど〉'を'要約する(summarize),抜粋する / (…から)〈金属など〉'を'抽出する,分離する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》
〈U〉抽象[作用] / 〈C〉抽象的概念 / 〈U〉(化学的な)抽出[作用] / 〈U〉放心[状態] / 〈C〉抽象美術の作品
『余分の』(additional);『臨時の』,特別の,割増しの / 『付属するもの』(別売りの不属品など) / (新聞の)告外《+『to』+『名』》 / 割増し料金 / (映画の)エキストラ / 余分に / 異常に,特別に

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/22 00:33:03」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

An extract is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material, often by using a solvent such as ethanol or water. Extracts may be sold as tinctures or in powder form.

The aromatic principles of many spices, nuts, herbs, fruits, etc., and some flowers, are marketed as extracts, among the best known of true extracts being almond, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, lemon, nutmeg, orange, peppermint, pistachio, rose, spearmint, vanilla, violet, and wintergreen.

Extraction techniques

The majority of natural essences are obtained by extracting the essential oil from the blossoms, fruit, roots, etc., or the whole plants, through four techniques:

Expression when the oil is very plentiful and easily obtained, as in lemon peel.
Absorption is generally accomplished by steeping in alcohol, as vanilla beans.
Maceration is used to create smaller bits of the whole, as in making peppermint extract, etc.
Distillation is used with maceration, but in many cases, it requires expert chemical knowledge and the erection of costly stills.

The distinctive flavors of nearly all fruits, in the popular acceptance of the word, are desirable adjuncts to many food preparations, but only a few are practical sources of sufficiently concentrated flavor extract. The most important among those that lend themselves to "pure" extract manufacture include lemons, oranges, and vanilla beans.

Traditional extraction pot in Iran

Chemical-created essence

The majority of concentrated fruit flavors such as banana, cherry, peach, pineapple, raspberry and strawberry, are produced by combining a variety of esters with special oils. The desired colors are generally obtained by the use of dyes. Among the esters most generally employed are ethyl acetate and ethyl butyrate. The chief factors in the production of artificial banana, pineapple, and strawberry extract are amyl acetate and amyl butyrate.

Artificial extracts generally do not possess the delicacy of natural fruit flavor, but usually taste sufficiently similar to be useful when true essences are unobtainable or too expensive.

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ward, Artemas (1911). The Grocer's Encyclopedia.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 癌に対する補完代替療法 complementary and alternative therapies for cancer
2. 下肢慢性静脈疾患の内科的マネージメント medical management of lower extremity chronic venous disease
3. SCIT：治療用アレルゲンエキスの調製 scit preparation of allergen extracts for therapeutic use
4. アレルゲン抽出液の概要 an overview of allergen extracts
5. 外因性甲状腺機能亢進症 exogenous hyperthyroidism

English Journal

Natural products from cyanobacteria with antimicrobial and antitumor activity.

Silva-Stenico ME, Kaneno R, Zambuzi FA, Vaz MG, Alvarenga DO, Fiore MF1.Author information 1University of São Paulo, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Molecular Ecology of Cyanobacteria Laboratory, 13400-970, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil. fiore@cena.usp.br.AbstractCyanobacteria are an important source of structurally bioactive metabolites, with cytotoxic, antiviral, anticancer, antimitotic, antimicrobial, specific enzyme inhibition and immunosuppressive activities. This study focused on the antitumor and antimicrobial activities of intra and extracellular cyanobacterial extracts. A total of 411 cyanobacterial strains were screened for antimicrobial activity using a subset of pathogenic bacteria as target. The in vitro antitumor assays were performed with extracts of 24 strains tested against two murine cancer cell lines (colon carcinoma CT-26 and lung cancer 3LL). Intracellular extracts inhibited 49 and 35% of Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacterial growth, respectively. Furthermore, the methanolic intracellular extract of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii CYP011K and Nostoc sp. CENA69 showed inhibitory activity against the cancer cell lines. The extracellular extract from Fischerella sp. CENA213 and M. aeruginosa NPJB-1 exhibited inhibitory activity against 3LL lung cancer cells at 0.8 µg ml⁻¹ and Oxynema sp. CENA135, Cyanobium sp. CENA154, M. aeruginosa NPJB-1 and M. aeruginosa NPLJ-4 presented inhibitory activity against CT26 colon cancer cells at 0.8 µg ml⁻¹. Other extracts were able to inhibit 3LL cell-growth at higher concentrations (20 µg ml⁻¹) such as Nostoc sp. CENA67, Cyanobium sp. CENA154 and M. aeruginosa NPLJ-4, while CT26 cells were inhibited at the same concentration by Nostoc sp. CENA67 and Fischerella sp. CENA213. These extracts presented very low inhibitory activity on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results showed that some cyanobacterial strains are a rich source of natural products with potential for pharmacological and biotechnological applications.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Oct;14(9):820-8.
Cyanobacteria are an important source of structurally bioactive metabolites, with cytotoxic, antiviral, anticancer, antimitotic, antimicrobial, specific enzyme inhibition and immunosuppressive activities. This study focused on the antitumor and antimicrobial activities of intra and extracellular cya
PMID 24372264

Evaluating the effects of amylose and Concord grape extract powder substitution on physicochemical properties of wheat flour extrudates produced at different temperatures.

Tacer-Caba Z1, Nilufer-Erdil D2, Boyacioglu MH3, Ng PK4.Author information 1Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: tacerz@itu.edu.tr.2Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.3Okan University Food Engineering Department, Istanbul, Turkey.4Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 135 GM Trout FSHN Building, 469 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA.AbstractIn this study, the effects of Concord grape extract powder (CGEP), high-amylose starch, and their combinations on quality parameters of extruded products were investigated by substituting wheat flour with those ingredients in the formulations. Physical quality parameters such as water absorption, bulk density, diametric expansion and hardness of extrudates were evaluated in addition to thermal properties, pasting properties and resistant starch contents. Average values obtained for 90, 120 and 150°C extrusion temperatures changed respectively as follows: 0.916, 0.987 and 0.467N for hardness; 2.12, 4.07 and 5.12mlwater/g sample for water absorption; 1.35, 2.09 and 2.51 for diametric expansions and 1286.6, 723.6 and 311.1kg/m3 for bulk densities. Extrusion temperature was found to have more distinct effect on physical quality parameters of extrudates than the substitution level of ingredients. Both CGEP and amylose additions negatively affected pasting properties, slightly affected resistant starch content and prevented gelatinization. However retardation of retrogradation was more evident when substitution was with CGEP alone rather than its combination with amylose.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Aug 15;157C:476-484. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.064. Epub 2014 Feb 25.
In this study, the effects of Concord grape extract powder (CGEP), high-amylose starch, and their combinations on quality parameters of extruded products were investigated by substituting wheat flour with those ingredients in the formulations. Physical quality parameters such as water absorption, bu
PMID 24679807

A modified QuEChERS method for simultaneous determination of flonicamid and its metabolites in paprika using tandem mass spectrometry.

Ko AY1, Abd El-Aty AM2, Rahman MM1, Jang J1, Kim SW1, Choi JH1, Shim JH3.Author information 1Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.2Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt. Electronic address: abdelaty44@hotmail.com.3Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jhshim@chonnam.ac.kr.AbstractA modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) acetate-buffered sample preparation method was developed to improve extraction recovery of flonicamid and its two metabolites (4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid and N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine) in paprika followed by analysis using tandem mass spectrometry. Acidified acetonitrile (containing 5% acetic acid) was used as an extraction solvent and partitioning was carried out using sodium chloride. The extract was then cleaned up using C18. The linearity over a concentration range of 0.005-1μg/mL was good with a determination coefficient (R2)>0.9997. Recovery at three different fortification levels was 82.2-101.7% with a relative standard deviation <10 for all analytes. The limit of quantitation of 0.01mg/kg was quite lower than the maximum residue level set by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (2mg/kg). The method was successfully applied to determine flonicamid and its metabolites from field incurred samples. The undulating residue pattern observed for the parent analyte together with its metabolites could explain the movement behavior of systemic pesticides into plants over time.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Aug 15;157C:413-420. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.038. Epub 2014 Feb 22.
A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) acetate-buffered sample preparation method was developed to improve extraction recovery of flonicamid and its two metabolites (4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid and N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine) in paprika followed by analy
PMID 24679799

Comparison of extraction methods for analysis of citrinin in red fermented rice.

Wang W1, Chen Q2, Zhang X2, Zhang H2, Huang Q2, Li D3, Yao J4.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China. Electronic address: Wang1wei1ping1@163.com.2Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.3Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China. Electronic address: Dongshengli86@163.com.4Wuhan Jiacheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China.AbstractThere is no standard method for the extraction and analysis of citrinin in red fermented rice (RFR). In the study, five extraction methods were compared for their efficiency to analyse citrinin in RFR by HPLC-FLD (reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection), including, (1) ultrasonic extraction with EW solution (ethanol:water, 7:3, v/v); (2) ultrasonic extraction with TEF solvent mixtures (toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid, 7:3:1, v/v); (3) shaking extraction with EW; (4) shaking extraction with EF solvent mixtures (ethyl acetate:formic acid, 1:1, v/v); (5) shaking combined with ultrasonic extraction in EW. Comparison of chromatograms of citrinin by HPLC-FLD with different extraction methods revealed that EW was the best extraction solvent. It was also found that shaking combined with ultrasonic extraction in EW was the most efficient extraction method to extract citrinin from RFR for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Aug 15;157C:408-412. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.060. Epub 2014 Feb 23.
There is no standard method for the extraction and analysis of citrinin in red fermented rice (RFR). In the study, five extraction methods were compared for their efficiency to analyse citrinin in RFR by HPLC-FLD (reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection), in
PMID 24679798

Japanese Journal

Impact of the firing step on Al

Pawlik Matthieu,Vilcot Jean-Pierre,Halbwax Mathieu,Gauthier Michel,Le Quang Nam
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(8S1), 08KD21, 2015-07-22
… Following which, the capacitance–voltage measurement results are used to extract electrical parameters, namely, the densities of interface defects and effective charges. …
NAID 150000111094

Application of heterojunction to Si-based solar cells using photonic nanostructures coupled with vertically aligned Ge quantum dots

Takahashi Isao,Hoshi Yusuke,Tayagaki Takeshi,Oikawa Takafumi,Ohdaira Keisuke,Usami Noritaka
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(8S1), 08KA06, 2015-07-07
… Hence, the presence of built-in potential in a Ge dot layer was found to be necessary to extract the carriers generated in the Ge layer. …
NAID 150000111159

Effect of Natural Leaf-derived Surfactants on Wettability Alteration and Interfacial Tension Reduction in Water-oil System : EOR Application

RAHMATI Mehdi,MASHAYEKHI Milad,SONGOLZADEH Reza [他]
Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 58(4), 245-251, 2015-07
NAID 40020521399

経験と考察手根管症候群に対する術前からのワクシニアウイルス接種家兎炎症皮膚抽出液投与の有効性の検討

見目智紀,岩倉菜穂子,小沼賢治 [他]
整形外科 = Orthopedic surgery 66(7), 615-619, 2015-07
NAID 40020512687

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「abstract」「abstraction」「抽出物」「エキス」「抽出液」
拡張検索	「supercritical fluid extraction」「malt extract」「tooth extraction」
関連記事	「extra」