WordNet

see and understand, have a good eye; "The artist must first learn to see"
the seat within a bishops diocese where his cathedral is located
be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something; "He verified that the valves were closed"; "See that the curtains are closed"; "control the quality of the product" (同)check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain, assure
deem to be; "She views this quite differently from me"; "I consider her to be shallow"; "I dont see the situation quite as negatively as you do" (同)consider, reckon, view, regard
accompany or escort; "Ill see you to the door" (同)escort
deliberate or decide; "See whether you can come tomorrow"; "lets see--which movie should we see tonight?"
go to see for a social visit; "I went to see my friend Mary the other day"
go to see for professional or business reasons; "You should see a lawyer"; "We had to see a psychiatrist"
match or meet; "I saw the bet of one of my fellow players"
observe as if with an eye; "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it"
perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight; "You have to be a good observer to see all the details"; "Can you see the bird in that tree?"; "He is blind--he cannot see"
receive as a specified guest; "the doctor will see you now"; "The minister doesnt see anybody before noon"
sprinkle with silver iodide particles to disperse and cause rain; "seed clouds"
a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat or testa
a small hard fruit
inoculate with microorganisms
remove the seeds from; "seed grapes"
bear seeds
distribute (players or teams) so that outstanding teams or players will not meet in the early rounds
go to seed; shed seeds; "The dandelions went to seed"
help (an enterprise) in its early stages of development by providing seed money
take a liking to; "cotton to something"
soft silky fibers from cotton plants in their raw state (同)cotton_fiber, cotton_wool
erect bushy mallow plant or small tree bearing bolls containing seeds with many long hairy fibers (同)cotton_plant
fabric woven from cotton fibers
thread made of cotton fibers
having the seeds extracted; "seeded raisins"
sprinkled with seed; "a seeded lawn" (同)sown
(of the more skilled contestants) selectively arranged in the draw for position in a tournament so that they meet each other in later rounds
having or supplied with seeds; "a seeded breadfruit"; "seeded rolls"
having seeds as specified; "many-seeded"; "black-seeded"
cover with oil, as if by rubbing; "oil the wooden surface"
a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water
oil paint containing pigment that is used by an artist (同)oil_color, oil colour

PrepTutorEJDIC

(視野にはいって)…‘が'『見える』,(目にとめて)…‘を'『見る』,(夢・空想の中で)…‘を'見る / 〈名所など〉‘を'『見物する』;〈劇・映画など〉‘を'見る / …‘を'『理解する』,‘が'分かる / …‘を'予見する,予測する / …‘を'判断する / …‘を'調べる,確かめる / …‘を'取り計らう,…‘に'気を配る / (…まで)〈人〉‘と'いっしょに行く,〈人〉‘を'送り届ける《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …‘を'体験する,‘に'遭遇する / 〈人〉‘に'会う,面会する;…‘を'訪問する;〈医者など〉‘に'見てもらう,〈医者が〉〈患者〉‘を'見る / 『見える』,見る / 『理解する』,わかる / 調べる,見てみる,考えてみる
司教区 / 司教の地位;司教管轄権
〈U〉〈C〉『種』,種子 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(物事・事件などの)原因,根源,種 / 〈U〉(聖書で)子供たち,子孫 / 〈土地〉‘に'『種をまく』,まく;(…を)…‘に'まく《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈果物など〉‘の'種を除く / 〈チーム・競技者など〉‘を'シードする / (人工雨を降らすため)〈雲〉‘に'ドライアイス(その他の化学薬品)を散布する / 〈植物が〉種(実)を生ずる;種(実)を落とす
『綿』,綿花 / 綿の木(cotton plant) / 『綿布』,もめん / 綿糸,もめん糸 / 綿製の
〈U〉〈C〉『油』;油状物 / =petroleum / 《複数形で》=oil paint / =oil painting / …‘に'油を塗る,油を引く,油を差す

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/14 22:14:58」(JST)

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Cotton seeds

Cottonseed oil is a cooking oil extracted from the seeds of cotton plants of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum, that are grown for cotton fiber, animal feed, and oil.^[1]

Cotton seed has a similar structure to other oilseeds such as sunflower seed, having an oil-bearing kernel surrounded by a hard outer hull; in processing, the oil is extracted from the kernel. Cottonseed oil is used for salad oil, mayonnaise, salad dressing, and similar products because of its flavor stability.^[2]

Composition

Mississippi Cottonseed Oil Co. seed house, Jackson, Mississippi, USA

Its fatty acid profile generally consists of 70% unsaturated fatty acids (18% monounsaturated, and 52% polyunsaturated), 26% saturated fatty acids.^[3] When it is fully hydrogenated, its profile is 94% saturated fat and 2% unsaturated fatty acids (1.5% monounsaturated, and 0.5% polyunsaturated).^[3] According to the cottonseed oil industry, cottonseed oil does not need to be hydrogenated as much as other polyunsaturated oils to achieve similar results.^[2]

Gossypol is a toxic, yellow, polyphenolic compound produced by cotton and other members of the order Malvaceae, such as okra.^[4] This naturally occurring coloured compound is found in tiny glands in the seed, leaf, stem, tap root bark, and root of the cotton plant. The adaptive function of the compound facilitates natural insect resistance. The three key steps of refining, bleaching and deodorization in producing finished oil act to eliminate the gossypol level. Ferric chloride is often used to decolorize cotton seed oil.^[5]

Comparison to other vegetable oils

Vegetable oils
Type	Processing Treatment	Saturated fatty acids^[6]	Mono- unsaturated fatty acids^[6]	Polyunsaturated fatty acids			Oleic acid (ω-9)	Smoke point
Type	Processing Treatment	Saturated fatty acids^[6]	Mono- unsaturated fatty acids^[6]	Total poly^[6]	linolenic acid (ω-3)	Linoleic acid (ω-6)	Oleic acid (ω-9)	Smoke point
Canola (rapeseed)	-	7.365	63.276	28.142	9-11	19-21	-	400 °F (204 °C)^[7]
Coconut	-	91.00	6.000	3.000	-	2	6	350 °F (177 °C)^[7]
Corn	-	12.948	27.576	54.677	1	58	28	450 °F (232 °C)^[8]
Cottonseed	-	25.900	17.800	51.900	1	54	19	420 °F (216 °C)^[8]
Flaxseed/Linseed (European)^[9]	-	6 - 9	10 - 22	68 - 89	56 - 71	12 - 18	10 - 22	225 °F (107 °C)
Olive	-	14.00	72.00	14.00	<1.5	9–20	-	380 °F (193 °C)^[7]
Palm	-	49.300	37.000	9.300	-	10	40	455 °F (235 °C)^[10]
Peanut	-	16.900	46.200	32.000	-	32	48	437 °F (225 °C)^[8]
Safflower (>70% linoleic)	-	8.00	15.00	75.00	-	-	-	410 °F (210 °C)^[7]
Safflower (high oleic)	-	7.541	75.221	12.820	-	-	-	410 °F (210 °C)^[7]
Soybean	-	15.650	22.783	57.740	7	50	24	460 °F (238 °C)^[8]
Sunflower (<60% linoleic)	-	10.100	45.400	40.100	0.200	39.800	45.300	440 °F (227 °C)^[8]
Sunflower (>70% oleic)	-	9.859	83.689	3.798	-	-	-	440 °F (227 °C)^[8]
Cottonseed (hydrogenated)	Hydrogenated	93.600	1.529	.587		.287^[6]
Palm (hydrogenated)	Hydrogenated	47.500	40.600	7.500
Soybean (hydrogenated)	Hydrogenated	21.100	73.700	.400	.096^[6]
Values as percent (%) by weight of total fat.

Physical properties

Once processed, cottonseed oil has a mild taste and appears generally clear with a light golden color, the amount of color depending on the amount of refining.^[11] It has a relatively high smoke point as a frying medium. Density ranges from 0.917 g/cm³ to 0.933 g/cm³.^[12] Like other long-chain fatty acid oils, cottonseed oil has a smoke point of about 450 °F (232 °C),^[4] and is high in tocopherols, which also contribute its stability, giving products that contain it a long shelf life, hence manufacturers' proclivity to use it in packaged goods.

Economic History

The by-product of cotton processing, cottonseed was considered virtually worthless before the late 19th century.^[13] While cotton production expanded throughout the 17th, 18th, and mid 19th centuries, a largely worthless stock of cottonseed grew.^[13] Although some of the seed was used for planting, fertilizer, and animal feed, the majority was left to rot or was illegally dumped into rivers.^[14]

In the 1820s and 1830s Europe experienced fats and oils shortages due to rapid population expansion during the Industrial Revolution and the English blockade during the Napoleonic Wars.^[14] The increased demand for fats and oils, coupled with a decreasing supply caused prices to rise sharply.^[13] Consequently, many Europeans could not afford to buy the fats and oils they had used for cooking and for lighting.^[13] Many United States entrepreneurs tried to take advantage of the increasing European demand for oils and America’s increasingly large supply of cottonseed by crushing the seed for oil.^[14] But separating the seed hull from the seed meat proved difficult and most of these ventures failed within a few years.^[14] This problem was resolved in 1857, when William Fee invented a huller, which effectively separated the tough hulls from the meats of cottonseed.^[13] With this new invention, cottonseed oil began to be used for illumination purposes in lamps to supplement increasingly expensive whale oil and lard.^[13] But by 1859, this use came to end as the petroleum industry emerged.^[13]

Cottonseed oil then began to be used illegally to fortify animal fats and lards.^[13] Initially, meat packers secretly added cottonseed oil to the pure fats, but this practice was uncovered in 1884.^[13] Armour and Company, an American meatpacking and food processing company, sought to corner the lard market and realized that it had purchased more lard than the existing hog population could have produced.^[13] A congressional investigation followed, and legislation was passed that required products fortified with cottonseed oil to be labeled as ‘‘lard compound.”^[14] Similarly, cottonseed oil was often blended with olive oil. Once the practice was exposed, many countries put import tariffs on American olive oil and Italy banned the product completely in 1883.^[14] Both of these regulatory schemes depressed cottonseed oil sales and exports, once again creating an oversupply of cottonseed oil, which decreased its value.^[14]

It was cottonseeds depressed value that lead a newly formed Procter & Gamble to utilize its oil.^[14] The Panic of 1837 caused the two brothers-in-law to merge their candlestick and soap manufacturing businesses in an effort to minimize costs and weather the bear market.^[13] Looking for a replacement for expensive animal fats in production, the brothers finally settled on cottonseed oil.^[13] Procter & Gamble cornered the cottonseed oil market to circumvent the meat packer's monopoly on the price. But as electricity emerged, the demand for candles decreased.^[14] Procter and Gamble then found an edible use for cottonseed oil. Through patented technology, the brothers were able to hydrogenate cottonseed oil and develop a substance that closely resembled lard.^[13] In 1911, Procter & Gamble launched an aggressive marketing campaign to publicize its new product, Crisco, a vegetable shortening that could be used in place of lard.^[15] Crisco placed ads in major newspapers advertising that the product was "easier on digestion...a healthier alternative to cooking with animal fats. . . and more economical than butter.”^[16] The company also gave away free cookbooks, with every recipe calling for Crisco.^[16] By the 1920s the company developed cookbooks for specific ethnicities in their native tongues.^[16] Additionally, Crisco starting airing radio cooking programs.^[16] Similarly, in 1899 David Wesson, a food chemist, developed deodorized cottonseed oil, Wesson cooking oil.^[14] Wesson Oil also was marketed heavily and became quite popular too.^[14]

Over the next 30 years cottonseed oil became the pre-eminent oil in the United States.^[13] Crisco and Wesson oil became direct substitutes for lard and other more expensive oils in baking, frying, sautéing, and salad dressings.^[13] But by World War Two cottonseed oil shortages forced the utilization of another direct substitute, soybean oil.^[13] By 1944, soybean oil production outranked cottonseed oil production due to cottonseed shortages and soybean oil costs falling below that of cottonseed oil.^[13] By 1950, soybean oil replaced cottonseed oil in the use of shortenings like Crisco due to soybeans comparatively low price.^[13] Prices for cottonseed were also increased by the replacement of cotton acreage by corn and soybeans, a trend fueled in large part by the boom in demand for corn syrup and ethanol.^[13] Cottonseed oil and production continued to decline throughout the mid and late 20th century.^[13]

In the mid to late 2000s, the consumer trend of avoiding trans fats, and mandatory labeling of trans fats in some jurisdictions, sparked an increase in the consumption of cottonseed oil,^[17] with some health experts^[18]^:220 and public health agencies^[19] recommending it as a healthy oil. Crisco and other producers have been able to reformulate cottonseed oil so it contains little to no trans fats.^[20] Still, some health experts claim that cottonseed oil’s high ratio of polyunsaturated fats to monounsaturated fats and processed nature make it unhealthy.^[21]

Use in food

Cottonseed oil has traditionally been used in foods such as potato chips and is a primary ingredient in Crisco, the shortening product.^[22] But since it is significantly less expensive than olive oil or canola oil, cottonseed has started to be used in a much wider range of processed foods, including cereals, breads and snack foods.^[23]

Use as insecticide

In an agricultural context, the toxicity of cottonseed oil may be considered beneficial: Oils, including vegetable oils, have been used for centuries to control insect and mite pests.^[24] This oil has been generally considered the most insecticidal of vegetable oils.^[24]

References

^ http://cotton.tamu.edu/cottoncountry.htm
^ ^a ^b "Twenty Facts About Cottonseed Oil". National Cottonseed Products Association.
^ ^a ^b "Nutrient data for 04502, Oil, cottonseed, salad or cooking". United States Department of Agriculture.
^ ^a ^b Jones, Lynn A.; King, C. Clay (1996). "Cottonseed oil". In Y. H. Hui (ed.). Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Edible Oil and Fat Products: Oils and Oilseeds. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-59426-0.
^ "Research abstract: Southern Regional Research Laboratory".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Nutrient database, Release 24". United States Department of Agriculture. All values in this column are from the USDA Nutrient database unless otherwise cited.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Katragadda, H. R.; Fullana, A. S.; Sidhu, S.; Carbonell-Barrachina, Á. A. (2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry 120: 59. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070. edit
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wolke, Robert L. (May 16, 2007). "Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Fatty acid composition of important plant and animal fats and oils (German) 21 December 2011, Hans-Jochen Fiebig, Münster
^ Scheda tecnica dell'olio di palma bifrazionato PO 64 (Italian)
^ "Cottonseed oil". National Cottonseed Products Association. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
^ "Cottonseed oil". Transport Information Service, Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t O’Brien, Richard D., et al. “Cottonseed oil.” Chapter 5 in Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Volume 2: Edible Oil & Fat Products: Edible Oils. Editor, Fereidoon Shahidi. John Wiley and Sons, Inc 2005. ISBN 9780471678496
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Nixon HC. (2005) The Rise of the American Cottonseed Oil Industry. Journal of Political Economy 38(1):73-85
^ Drew Ramsey and Tyler Graham for The Atlantic. April 26, 2012. How Vegetable Oils Replaced Animals Fats in the American Diet.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Crisco Corporate Historical Timeline
^ Staff, Cotton247.com. September 12, 2009 Cottonseed Oil Production, Consumption On The Rise - Crushers expect over 100 million pound increase.
^ Willett WC and Skerrett PJ. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. Free Press 2005 (paperback), sold in ebook form by Simon and Schuster Digital Sales Inc.
^ Staff, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. March 2005 Health Bulletin: Healthy Heart - Eat Less Trans Fat
^ Associated Press. January 25, 2007 Crisco drops trans fats from shortening formula
^ Danielle Walsh, Health Columnist for Bon Appetit Magazine. January 27, 2012. 3 Best and Worst Oils For Your Health
^ "Ingredient facts". crisco.com.
^ "Cottonseed oil use on the rise". cotton 247.com.
^ ^a ^b W.S. Cranshaw and B. Baxendale, Colorado State University Extension. Updated Friday, April 19, 2013 Insect Control: Horticultural Oils

External links

Cottonseed oil production, supply, and distribution statistics by country - Sourced from the United States Department of Agriculture

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of cottonseed oil and evaluation of its oxidative stability and physicochemical properties.

Taghvaei M1, Jafari SM2, Assadpoor E3, Nowrouzieh S4, Alishah O4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Oct 1;160:90-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.064. Epub 2014 Mar 21.
Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is a novel method, which can reduce the extraction time and solvent consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of MAE on oxidative stability and physicochemical properties of cottonseed oil. We found that the optimum extraction conditions were: irradi
PMID 24799213

Photochemical behavior of sethoxydim in presence of vegetable oils.

Hammami H, Rashed Mohassel MH, Parsa M, Bannayan-Aval M, Zand E, Hassanzadeh-Khayyat M, Nassirli H.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.J Agric Food Chem.2014 Jun 16. [Epub ahead of print]
The photodecomposition of herbicides can be affectedvia adding vegetable oils to spray tank. Nine vegetable oils were compared to assess the photodecomposition of sethoxydim under natural light conditions. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized factorial design with three replications
PMID 24932839

Current status of genetic engineering in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L): an assessment.

Chakravarthy VS1, Reddy TP, Reddy VD, Rao KV.
Critical reviews in biotechnology.Crit Rev Biotechnol.2014 Jun;34(2):144-60. doi: 10.3109/07388551.2012.743502. Epub 2012 Nov 28.
Abstract Cotton is considered as the foremost commercially important fiber crop and is deemed as the backbone of the textile industry. The productivity of cotton crop, worldwide, is severely hampered by the occurrence of pests, weeds, pathogens apart from various environmental factors. Several benef
PMID 23190258

Japanese Journal

Immobilization of Candida rugosa Lipase on MCM-41 for the Transesterification of Cotton Seed Oil

Katiyar Madhu,Ali Amjad
Journal of Oleo Science 61(9), 469-475, 2012-09
NAID 40019384491

Persistence of novaluron in soil, cotton lint and seed oil(Sorption and Biodegradation in Soils,Poster,2) Environmental Fate and Safety Assessment)

Kumari B.
Journal of pesticide science 36(1), 187, 2011-02-20
NAID 110008463325

Use of Immobilized Pseudomonas sp. as Whole Cell Catalyst for the Transesterification of Used Cotton Seed Oil

Ali Amjad,Kaur Mandeep,Mehra Upasna
Journal of Oleo Science 60(1), 7-10, 2011
… Lipase enzyme producing bacteria, Pseudomonas sp., have been grown at varying oil concentrations to make it adaptive for high oil concentrations and it was found to show the maximum growth and maximum lipase activity when 40- and 30-vol% of oil respectively was used as a source of carbon in growth medium. …
NAID 130000438320